# Working with missing data

In this section, we will discuss missing (also referred to as NA) values in pandas.

Note

The choice of using `NaN` internally to denote missing data was largely for simplicity and performance reasons. It differs from the MaskedArray approach of, for example, `scikits.timeseries`. We are hopeful that NumPy will soon be able to provide a native NA type solution (similar to R) performant enough to be used in pandas.

See the cookbook for some advanced strategies.

## Values considered “missing”

As data comes in many shapes and forms, pandas aims to be flexible with regard to handling missing data. While `NaN` is the default missing value marker for reasons of computational speed and convenience, we need to be able to easily detect this value with data of different types: floating point, integer, boolean, and general object. In many cases, however, the Python `None` will arise and we wish to also consider that “missing” or “not available” or “NA”.

Note

If you want to consider `inf` and `-inf` to be “NA” in computations, you can set `pandas.options.mode.use_inf_as_na = True`.

    In [1]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(5, 3), index=['a', 'c', 'e', 'f', 'h'],
       ...:                   columns=['one', 'two', 'three'])
       ...:

    In [2]: df['four'] = 'bar'

    In [3]: df['five'] = df['one'] > 0

    In [4]: df
    Out[4]:
            one       two     three four   five
    a  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059  bar   True
    c -1.135632  1.212112 -0.173215  bar  False
    e  0.119209 -1.044236 -0.861849  bar   True
    f -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804  bar  False
    h  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  bar   True

    In [5]: df2 = df.reindex(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h'])

    In [6]: df2
    Out[6]:
            one       two     three four   five
    a  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059  bar   True
    b       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN    NaN
    c -1.135632  1.212112 -0.173215  bar  False
    d       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN    NaN
    e  0.119209 -1.044236 -0.861849  bar   True
    f -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804  bar  False
    g       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN    NaN
    h  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  bar   True

To make detecting missing values easier (and across different array dtypes), pandas provides the `isna()` and `notna()` functions, which are also methods on Series and DataFrame objects:

    In [7]: df2['one']
    Out[7]:
    a    0.469112
    b         NaN
    c   -1.135632
    d         NaN
    e    0.119209
    f   -2.104569
    g         NaN
    h    0.721555
    Name: one, dtype: float64

    In [8]: pd.isna(df2['one'])
    Out[8]:
    a    False
    b     True
    c    False
    d     True
    e    False
    f    False
    g     True
    h    False
    Name: one, dtype: bool

    In [9]: df2['four'].notna()
    Out[9]:
    a     True
    b    False
    c     True
    d    False
    e     True
    f     True
    g    False
    h     True
    Name: four, dtype: bool

    In [10]: df2.isna()
    Out[10]:
         one    two  three   four   five
    a  False  False  False  False  False
    b   True   True   True   True   True
    c  False  False  False  False  False
    d   True   True   True   True   True
    e  False  False  False  False  False
    f  False  False  False  False  False
    g   True   True   True   True   True
    h  False  False  False  False  False

Warning

One has to be mindful that in Python (and NumPy), the `nan's` don’t compare equal, but `None's` do. Note that pandas/NumPy uses the fact that `np.nan != np.nan`, and treats `None` like `np.nan`.

    In [11]: None == None                                                 # noqa: E711
    Out[11]: True

    In [12]: np.nan == np.nan
    Out[12]: False

So as compared to above, a scalar equality comparison versus a `None/np.nan` doesn’t provide useful information.

    In [13]: df2['one'] == np.nan
    Out[13]:
    a    False
    b    False
    c    False
    d    False
    e    False
    f    False
    g    False
    h    False
    Name: one, dtype: bool

### Integer dtypes and missing data

Because `NaN` is a float, a column of integers with even one missing values is cast to floating-point dtype (see Support for integer NA for more). Pandas provides a nullable integer array, which can be used by explicitly requesting the dtype:

    In [14]: pd.Series([1, 2, np.nan, 4], dtype=pd.Int64Dtype())
    Out[14]:
    0      1
    1      2
    2    NaN
    3      4
    dtype: Int64

Alternatively, the string alias `dtype='Int64'` (note the capital `"I"`) can be used.

See Nullable integer data type for more.

### Datetimes

For datetime64[ns] types, `NaT` represents missing values. This is a pseudo-native sentinel value that can be represented by NumPy in a singular dtype (datetime64[ns]). pandas objects provide compatibility between `NaT` and `NaN`.

    In [15]: df2 = df.copy()

    In [16]: df2['timestamp'] = pd.Timestamp('20120101')

    In [17]: df2
    Out[17]:
            one       two     three four   five  timestamp
    a  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059  bar   True 2012-01-01
    c -1.135632  1.212112 -0.173215  bar  False 2012-01-01
    e  0.119209 -1.044236 -0.861849  bar   True 2012-01-01
    f -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804  bar  False 2012-01-01
    h  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  bar   True 2012-01-01

    In [18]: df2.loc[['a', 'c', 'h'], ['one', 'timestamp']] = np.nan

    In [19]: df2
    Out[19]:
            one       two     three four   five  timestamp
    a       NaN -0.282863 -1.509059  bar   True        NaT
    c       NaN  1.212112 -0.173215  bar  False        NaT
    e  0.119209 -1.044236 -0.861849  bar   True 2012-01-01
    f -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804  bar  False 2012-01-01
    h       NaN -0.706771 -1.039575  bar   True        NaT

    In [20]: df2.dtypes.value_counts()
    Out[20]:
    float64           3
    bool              1
    object            1
    datetime64[ns]    1
    dtype: int64

### Inserting missing data

You can insert missing values by simply assigning to containers. The actual missing value used will be chosen based on the dtype.

For example, numeric containers will always use `NaN` regardless of the missing value type chosen:

    In [21]: s = pd.Series([1, 2, 3])

    In [22]: s.loc[0] = None

    In [23]: s
    Out[23]:
    0    NaN
    1    2.0
    2    3.0
    dtype: float64

Likewise, datetime containers will always use `NaT`.

For object containers, pandas will use the value given:

    In [24]: s = pd.Series(["a", "b", "c"])

    In [25]: s.loc[0] = None

    In [26]: s.loc[1] = np.nan

    In [27]: s
    Out[27]:
    0    None
    1     NaN
    2       c
    dtype: object

### Calculations with missing data

Missing values propagate naturally through arithmetic operations between pandas objects.

    In [28]: a
    Out[28]:
            one       two
    a       NaN -0.282863
    c       NaN  1.212112
    e  0.119209 -1.044236
    f -2.104569 -0.494929
    h -2.104569 -0.706771

    In [29]: b
    Out[29]:
            one       two     three
    a       NaN -0.282863 -1.509059
    c       NaN  1.212112 -0.173215
    e  0.119209 -1.044236 -0.861849
    f -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
    h       NaN -0.706771 -1.039575

    In [30]: a + b
    Out[30]:
            one  three       two
    a       NaN    NaN -0.565727
    c       NaN    NaN  2.424224
    e  0.238417    NaN -2.088472
    f -4.209138    NaN -0.989859
    h       NaN    NaN -1.413542

The descriptive statistics and computational methods discussed in the data structure overview (and listed here and here) are all written to account for missing data. For example:

- When summing data, NA (missing) values will be treated as zero.
- If the data are all NA, the result will be 0.
- Cumulative methods like `cumsum()` and `cumprod()` ignore NA values by default, but preserve them in the resulting arrays. To override this behaviour and include NA values, use `skipna=False`.

    In [31]: df
    Out[31]:
            one       two     three
    a       NaN -0.282863 -1.509059
    c       NaN  1.212112 -0.173215
    e  0.119209 -1.044236 -0.861849
    f -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
    h       NaN -0.706771 -1.039575

    In [32]: df['one'].sum()
    Out[32]: -1.9853605075978744

    In [33]: df.mean(1)
    Out[33]:
    a   -0.895961
    c    0.519449
    e   -0.595625
    f   -0.509232
    h   -0.873173
    dtype: float64

    In [34]: df.cumsum()
    Out[34]:
            one       two     three
    a       NaN -0.282863 -1.509059
    c       NaN  0.929249 -1.682273
    e  0.119209 -0.114987 -2.544122
    f -1.985361 -0.609917 -1.472318
    h       NaN -1.316688 -2.511893

    In [35]: df.cumsum(skipna=False)
    Out[35]:
       one       two     three
    a  NaN -0.282863 -1.509059
    c  NaN  0.929249 -1.682273
    e  NaN -0.114987 -2.544122
    f  NaN -0.609917 -1.472318
    h  NaN -1.316688 -2.511893

## Sum/prod of empties/nans

Warning

This behavior is now standard as of v0.22.0 and is consistent with the default in `numpy`; previously sum/prod of all-NA or empty Series/DataFrames would return NaN. See v0.22.0 whatsnew for more.

The sum of an empty or all-NA Series or column of a DataFrame is 0.

    In [36]: pd.Series([np.nan]).sum()
    Out[36]: 0.0

    In [37]: pd.Series([]).sum()
    Out[37]: 0.0

The product of an empty or all-NA Series or column of a DataFrame is 1.

    In [38]: pd.Series([np.nan]).prod()
    Out[38]: 1.0

    In [39]: pd.Series([]).prod()
    Out[39]: 1.0

## NA values in GroupBy

NA groups in GroupBy are automatically excluded. This behavior is consistent with R, for example:

    In [40]: df
    Out[40]:
            one       two     three
    a       NaN -0.282863 -1.509059
    c       NaN  1.212112 -0.173215
    e  0.119209 -1.044236 -0.861849
    f -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
    h       NaN -0.706771 -1.039575

    In [41]: df.groupby('one').mean()
    Out[41]:
                    two     three
    one
    -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
     0.119209 -1.044236 -0.861849

See the groupby section here for more information.

### Cleaning / filling missing data

pandas objects are equipped with various data manipulation methods for dealing with missing data.

## Filling missing values: fillna

`fillna()` can “fill in” NA values with non-NA data in a couple of ways, which we illustrate:

Replace NA with a scalar value

    In [42]: df2
    Out[42]:
            one       two     three four   five  timestamp
    a       NaN -0.282863 -1.509059  bar   True        NaT
    c       NaN  1.212112 -0.173215  bar  False        NaT
    e  0.119209 -1.044236 -0.861849  bar   True 2012-01-01
    f -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804  bar  False 2012-01-01
    h       NaN -0.706771 -1.039575  bar   True        NaT

    In [43]: df2.fillna(0)
    Out[43]:
            one       two     three four   five            timestamp
    a  0.000000 -0.282863 -1.509059  bar   True                    0
    c  0.000000  1.212112 -0.173215  bar  False                    0
    e  0.119209 -1.044236 -0.861849  bar   True  2012-01-01 00:00:00
    f -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804  bar  False  2012-01-01 00:00:00
    h  0.000000 -0.706771 -1.039575  bar   True                    0

    In [44]: df2['one'].fillna('missing')
    Out[44]:
    a     missing
    c     missing
    e    0.119209
    f    -2.10457
    h     missing
    Name: one, dtype: object

Fill gaps forward or backward

Using the same filling arguments as reindexing, we can propagate non-NA values forward or backward:

    In [45]: df
    Out[45]:
            one       two     three
    a       NaN -0.282863 -1.509059
    c       NaN  1.212112 -0.173215
    e  0.119209 -1.044236 -0.861849
    f -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
    h       NaN -0.706771 -1.039575

    In [46]: df.fillna(method='pad')
    Out[46]:
            one       two     three
    a       NaN -0.282863 -1.509059
    c       NaN  1.212112 -0.173215
    e  0.119209 -1.044236 -0.861849
    f -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
    h -2.104569 -0.706771 -1.039575

Limit the amount of filling

If we only want consecutive gaps filled up to a certain number of data points, we can use the limit keyword:

    In [47]: df
    Out[47]:
       one       two     three
    a  NaN -0.282863 -1.509059
    c  NaN  1.212112 -0.173215
    e  NaN       NaN       NaN
    f  NaN       NaN       NaN
    h  NaN -0.706771 -1.039575

    In [48]: df.fillna(method='pad', limit=1)
    Out[48]:
       one       two     three
    a  NaN -0.282863 -1.509059
    c  NaN  1.212112 -0.173215
    e  NaN  1.212112 -0.173215
    f  NaN       NaN       NaN
    h  NaN -0.706771 -1.039575

To remind you, these are the available filling methods:

Method | Action
--- | ---
pad / ffill | Fill values forward
bfill / backfill | Fill values backward

With time series data, using pad/ffill is extremely common so that the “last known value” is available at every time point.

`ffill()` is equivalent to `fillna(method='ffill')` and `bfill()` is equivalent to `fillna(method='bfill')`

## Filling with a PandasObject

You can also fillna using a dict or Series that is alignable. The labels of the dict or index of the Series must match the columns of the frame you wish to fill. The use case of this is to fill a DataFrame with the mean of that column.

    In [49]: dff = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 3), columns=list('ABC'))

    In [50]: dff.iloc[3:5, 0] = np.nan

    In [51]: dff.iloc[4:6, 1] = np.nan

    In [52]: dff.iloc[5:8, 2] = np.nan

    In [53]: dff
    Out[53]:
              A         B         C
    0  0.271860 -0.424972  0.567020
    1  0.276232 -1.087401 -0.673690
    2  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988
    3       NaN  0.577046 -1.715002
    4       NaN       NaN -1.157892
    5 -1.344312       NaN       NaN
    6 -0.109050  1.643563       NaN
    7  0.357021 -0.674600       NaN
    8 -0.968914 -1.294524  0.413738
    9  0.276662 -0.472035 -0.013960

    In [54]: dff.fillna(dff.mean())
    Out[54]:
              A         B         C
    0  0.271860 -0.424972  0.567020
    1  0.276232 -1.087401 -0.673690
    2  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988
    3 -0.140857  0.577046 -1.715002
    4 -0.140857 -0.401419 -1.157892
    5 -1.344312 -0.401419 -0.293543
    6 -0.109050  1.643563 -0.293543
    7  0.357021 -0.674600 -0.293543
    8 -0.968914 -1.294524  0.413738
    9  0.276662 -0.472035 -0.013960

    In [55]: dff.fillna(dff.mean()['B':'C'])
    Out[55]:
              A         B         C
    0  0.271860 -0.424972  0.567020
    1  0.276232 -1.087401 -0.673690
    2  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988
    3       NaN  0.577046 -1.715002
    4       NaN -0.401419 -1.157892
    5 -1.344312 -0.401419 -0.293543
    6 -0.109050  1.643563 -0.293543
    7  0.357021 -0.674600 -0.293543
    8 -0.968914 -1.294524  0.413738
    9  0.276662 -0.472035 -0.013960

Same result as above, but is aligning the ‘fill’ value which is a Series in this case.

    In [56]: dff.where(pd.notna(dff), dff.mean(), axis='columns')
    Out[56]:
              A         B         C
    0  0.271860 -0.424972  0.567020
    1  0.276232 -1.087401 -0.673690
    2  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988
    3 -0.140857  0.577046 -1.715002
    4 -0.140857 -0.401419 -1.157892
    5 -1.344312 -0.401419 -0.293543
    6 -0.109050  1.643563 -0.293543
    7  0.357021 -0.674600 -0.293543
    8 -0.968914 -1.294524  0.413738
    9  0.276662 -0.472035 -0.013960

## Dropping axis labels with missing data: dropna

You may wish to simply exclude labels from a data set which refer to missing data. To do this, use `dropna()`:

    In [57]: df
    Out[57]:
       one       two     three
    a  NaN -0.282863 -1.509059
    c  NaN  1.212112 -0.173215
    e  NaN  0.000000  0.000000
    f  NaN  0.000000  0.000000
    h  NaN -0.706771 -1.039575

    In [58]: df.dropna(axis=0)
    Out[58]:
    Empty DataFrame
    Columns: [one, two, three]
    Index: []

    In [59]: df.dropna(axis=1)
    Out[59]:
            two     three
    a -0.282863 -1.509059
    c  1.212112 -0.173215
    e  0.000000  0.000000
    f  0.000000  0.000000
    h -0.706771 -1.039575

    In [60]: df['one'].dropna()
    Out[60]: Series([], Name: one, dtype: float64)

An equivalent `dropna()` is available for Series. DataFrame.dropna has considerably more options than Series.dropna, which can be examined in the API.

## Interpolation

New in version 0.23.0: The `limit_area` keyword argument was added.

Both Series and DataFrame objects have `interpolate()` that, by default, performs linear interpolation at missing data points.

    In [61]: ts
    Out[61]:
    2000-01-31    0.469112
    2000-02-29         NaN
    2000-03-31         NaN
    2000-04-28         NaN
    2000-05-31         NaN
                    ...
    2007-12-31   -6.950267
    2008-01-31   -7.904475
    2008-02-29   -6.441779
    2008-03-31   -8.184940
    2008-04-30   -9.011531
    Freq: BM, Length: 100, dtype: float64

    In [62]: ts.count()
    Out[62]: 66

    In [63]: ts.plot()
    Out[63]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fe545e4d160>

    In [64]: ts.interpolate()
    Out[64]:
    2000-01-31    0.469112
    2000-02-29    0.434469
    2000-03-31    0.399826
    2000-04-28    0.365184
    2000-05-31    0.330541
                    ...
    2007-12-31   -6.950267
    2008-01-31   -7.904475
    2008-02-29   -6.441779
    2008-03-31   -8.184940
    2008-04-30   -9.011531
    Freq: BM, Length: 100, dtype: float64

    In [65]: ts.interpolate().count()
    Out[65]: 100

    In [66]: ts.interpolate().plot()
    Out[66]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fe545ebdfd0>

Index aware interpolation is available via the `method` keyword:

    In [67]: ts2
    Out[67]:
    2000-01-31    0.469112
    2000-02-29         NaN
    2002-07-31   -5.785037
    2005-01-31         NaN
    2008-04-30   -9.011531
    dtype: float64

    In [68]: ts2.interpolate()
    Out[68]:
    2000-01-31    0.469112
    2000-02-29   -2.657962
    2002-07-31   -5.785037
    2005-01-31   -7.398284
    2008-04-30   -9.011531
    dtype: float64

    In [69]: ts2.interpolate(method='time')
    Out[69]:
    2000-01-31    0.469112
    2000-02-29    0.270241
    2002-07-31   -5.785037
    2005-01-31   -7.190866
    2008-04-30   -9.011531
    dtype: float64

For a floating-point index, use `method='values'`:

    In [70]: ser
    Out[70]:
    0.0      0.0
    1.0      NaN
    10.0    10.0
    dtype: float64

    In [71]: ser.interpolate()
    Out[71]:
    0.0      0.0
    1.0      5.0
    10.0    10.0
    dtype: float64

    In [72]: ser.interpolate(method='values')
    Out[72]:
    0.0      0.0
    1.0      1.0
    10.0    10.0
    dtype: float64

You can also interpolate with a DataFrame:

    In [73]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 2.1, np.nan, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8],
       ....:                    'B': [.25, np.nan, np.nan, 4, 12.2, 14.4]})
       ....:

    In [74]: df
    Out[74]:
         A      B
    0  1.0   0.25
    1  2.1    NaN
    2  NaN    NaN
    3  4.7   4.00
    4  5.6  12.20
    5  6.8  14.40

    In [75]: df.interpolate()
    Out[75]:
         A      B
    0  1.0   0.25
    1  2.1   1.50
    2  3.4   2.75
    3  4.7   4.00
    4  5.6  12.20
    5  6.8  14.40

The `method` argument gives access to fancier interpolation methods. If you have scipy installed, you can pass the name of a 1-d interpolation routine to `method`. You’ll want to consult the full scipy interpolation documentation and reference guide for details. The appropriate interpolation method will depend on the type of data you are working with.

- If you are dealing with a time series that is growing at an increasing rate, `method='quadratic'` may be appropriate.
- If you have values approximating a cumulative distribution function, then `method='pchip'` should work well.
- To fill missing values with goal of smooth plotting, consider `method='akima'`.

Warning

These methods require `scipy`.

    In [76]: df.interpolate(method='barycentric')
    Out[76]:
          A       B
    0  1.00   0.250
    1  2.10  -7.660
    2  3.53  -4.515
    3  4.70   4.000
    4  5.60  12.200
    5  6.80  14.400

    In [77]: df.interpolate(method='pchip')
    Out[77]:
             A          B
    0  1.00000   0.250000
    1  2.10000   0.672808
    2  3.43454   1.928950
    3  4.70000   4.000000
    4  5.60000  12.200000
    5  6.80000  14.400000

    In [78]: df.interpolate(method='akima')
    Out[78]:
              A          B
    0  1.000000   0.250000
    1  2.100000  -0.873316
    2  3.406667   0.320034
    3  4.700000   4.000000
    4  5.600000  12.200000
    5  6.800000  14.400000

When interpolating via a polynomial or spline approximation, you must also specify the degree or order of the approximation:

    In [79]: df.interpolate(method='spline', order=2)
    Out[79]:
              A          B
    0  1.000000   0.250000
    1  2.100000  -0.428598
    2  3.404545   1.206900
    3  4.700000   4.000000
    4  5.600000  12.200000
    5  6.800000  14.400000

    In [80]: df.interpolate(method='polynomial', order=2)
    Out[80]:
              A          B
    0  1.000000   0.250000
    1  2.100000  -2.703846
    2  3.451351  -1.453846
    3  4.700000   4.000000
    4  5.600000  12.200000
    5  6.800000  14.400000

Compare several methods:

    In [81]: np.random.seed(2)

    In [82]: ser = pd.Series(np.arange(1, 10.1, .25) ** 2 + np.random.randn(37))

    In [83]: missing = np.array([4, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 29])

    In [84]: ser[missing] = np.nan

    In [85]: methods = ['linear', 'quadratic', 'cubic']

    In [86]: df = pd.DataFrame({m: ser.interpolate(method=m) for m in methods})

    In [87]: df.plot()
    Out[87]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fe545d20d30>

Another use case is interpolation at new values. Suppose you have 100 observations from some distribution. And let’s suppose that you’re particularly interested in what’s happening around the middle. You can mix pandas’ `reindex` and `interpolate` methods to interpolate at the new values.

    In [88]: ser = pd.Series(np.sort(np.random.uniform(size=100)))

    # interpolate at new_index
    In [89]: new_index = ser.index | pd.Index([49.25, 49.5, 49.75, 50.25, 50.5, 50.75])

    In [90]: interp_s = ser.reindex(new_index).interpolate(method='pchip')

    In [91]: interp_s[49:51]
    Out[91]:
    49.00    0.471410
    49.25    0.476841
    49.50    0.481780
    49.75    0.485998
    50.00    0.489266
    50.25    0.491814
    50.50    0.493995
    50.75    0.495763
    51.00    0.497074
    dtype: float64

### Interpolation limits

Like other pandas fill methods, `interpolate()` accepts a `limit` keyword argument. Use this argument to limit the number of consecutive `NaN` values filled since the last valid observation:

    In [92]: ser = pd.Series([np.nan, np.nan, 5, np.nan, np.nan,
       ....:                  np.nan, 13, np.nan, np.nan])
       ....:

    In [93]: ser
    Out[93]:
    0     NaN
    1     NaN
    2     5.0
    3     NaN
    4     NaN
    5     NaN
    6    13.0
    7     NaN
    8     NaN
    dtype: float64

    # fill all consecutive values in a forward direction
    In [94]: ser.interpolate()
    Out[94]:
    0     NaN
    1     NaN
    2     5.0
    3     7.0
    4     9.0
    5    11.0
    6    13.0
    7    13.0
    8    13.0
    dtype: float64

    # fill one consecutive value in a forward direction
    In [95]: ser.interpolate(limit=1)
    Out[95]:
    0     NaN
    1     NaN
    2     5.0
    3     7.0
    4     NaN
    5     NaN
    6    13.0
    7    13.0
    8     NaN
    dtype: float64

By default, `NaN` values are filled in a `forward` direction. Use `limit_direction` parameter to fill `backward` or from `both` directions.

    # fill one consecutive value backwards
    In [96]: ser.interpolate(limit=1, limit_direction='backward')
    Out[96]:
    0     NaN
    1     5.0
    2     5.0
    3     NaN
    4     NaN
    5    11.0
    6    13.0
    7     NaN
    8     NaN
    dtype: float64

    # fill one consecutive value in both directions
    In [97]: ser.interpolate(limit=1, limit_direction='both')
    Out[97]:
    0     NaN
    1     5.0
    2     5.0
    3     7.0
    4     NaN
    5    11.0
    6    13.0
    7    13.0
    8     NaN
    dtype: float64

    # fill all consecutive values in both directions
    In [98]: ser.interpolate(limit_direction='both')
    Out[98]:
    0     5.0
    1     5.0
    2     5.0
    3     7.0
    4     9.0
    5    11.0
    6    13.0
    7    13.0
    8    13.0
    dtype: float64

By default, `NaN` values are filled whether they are inside (surrounded by) existing valid values, or outside existing valid values. Introduced in v0.23 the `limit_area` parameter restricts filling to either inside or outside values.

    # fill one consecutive inside value in both directions
    In [99]: ser.interpolate(limit_direction='both', limit_area='inside', limit=1)
    Out[99]:
    0     NaN
    1     NaN
    2     5.0
    3     7.0
    4     NaN
    5    11.0
    6    13.0
    7     NaN
    8     NaN
    dtype: float64

    # fill all consecutive outside values backward
    In [100]: ser.interpolate(limit_direction='backward', limit_area='outside')
    Out[100]:
    0     5.0
    1     5.0
    2     5.0
    3     NaN
    4     NaN
    5     NaN
    6    13.0
    7     NaN
    8     NaN
    dtype: float64

    # fill all consecutive outside values in both directions
    In [101]: ser.interpolate(limit_direction='both', limit_area='outside')
    Out[101]:
    0     5.0
    1     5.0
    2     5.0
    3     NaN
    4     NaN
    5     NaN
    6    13.0
    7    13.0
    8    13.0
    dtype: float64

## Replacing generic values

Often times we want to replace arbitrary values with other values.

`replace()` in Series and `replace()` in DataFrame provides an efficient yet flexible way to perform such replacements.

For a Series, you can replace a single value or a list of values by another value:

    In [102]: ser = pd.Series([0., 1., 2., 3., 4.])

    In [103]: ser.replace(0, 5)
    Out[103]:
    0    5.0
    1    1.0
    2    2.0
    3    3.0
    4    4.0
    dtype: float64

You can replace a list of values by a list of other values:

    In [104]: ser.replace([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [4, 3, 2, 1, 0])
    Out[104]:
    0    4.0
    1    3.0
    2    2.0
    3    1.0
    4    0.0
    dtype: float64

You can also specify a mapping dict:

    In [105]: ser.replace({0: 10, 1: 100})
    Out[105]:
    0     10.0
    1    100.0
    2      2.0
    3      3.0
    4      4.0
    dtype: float64

For a DataFrame, you can specify individual values by column:

    In [106]: df = pd.DataFrame({'a': [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], 'b': [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]})

    In [107]: df.replace({'a': 0, 'b': 5}, 100)
    Out[107]:
         a    b
    0  100  100
    1    1    6
    2    2    7
    3    3    8
    4    4    9

Instead of replacing with specified values, you can treat all given values as missing and interpolate over them:

    In [108]: ser.replace([1, 2, 3], method='pad')
    Out[108]:
    0    0.0
    1    0.0
    2    0.0
    3    0.0
    4    4.0
    dtype: float64

## String/regular expression replacement

Note

Python strings prefixed with the `r` character such as `r'hello world'` are so-called “raw” strings. They have different semantics regarding backslashes than strings without this prefix. Backslashes in raw strings will be interpreted as an escaped backslash, e.g., `r'\' == '\\'`. You should read about them if this is unclear.

Replace the ‘.’ with `NaN` (str -> str):

    In [109]: d = {'a': list(range(4)), 'b': list('ab..'), 'c': ['a', 'b', np.nan, 'd']}

    In [110]: df = pd.DataFrame(d)

    In [111]: df.replace('.', np.nan)
    Out[111]:
       a    b    c
    0  0    a    a
    1  1    b    b
    2  2  NaN  NaN
    3  3  NaN    d

Now do it with a regular expression that removes surrounding whitespace (regex -> regex):

    In [112]: df.replace(r'\s*\.\s*', np.nan, regex=True)
    Out[112]:
       a    b    c
    0  0    a    a
    1  1    b    b
    2  2  NaN  NaN
    3  3  NaN    d

Replace a few different values (list -> list):

    In [113]: df.replace(['a', '.'], ['b', np.nan])
    Out[113]:
       a    b    c
    0  0    b    b
    1  1    b    b
    2  2  NaN  NaN
    3  3  NaN    d

list of regex -> list of regex:

    In [114]: df.replace([r'\.', r'(a)'], ['dot', r'\1stuff'], regex=True)
    Out[114]:
       a       b       c
    0  0  astuff  astuff
    1  1       b       b
    2  2     dot     NaN
    3  3     dot       d

Only search in column `'b'` (dict -> dict):

    In [115]: df.replace({'b': '.'}, {'b': np.nan})
    Out[115]:
       a    b    c
    0  0    a    a
    1  1    b    b
    2  2  NaN  NaN
    3  3  NaN    d

Same as the previous example, but use a regular expression for searching instead (dict of regex -> dict):

    In [116]: df.replace({'b': r'\s*\.\s*'}, {'b': np.nan}, regex=True)
    Out[116]:
       a    b    c
    0  0    a    a
    1  1    b    b
    2  2  NaN  NaN
    3  3  NaN    d

You can pass nested dictionaries of regular expressions that use `regex=True`:

    In [117]: df.replace({'b': {'b': r''}}, regex=True)
    Out[117]:
       a  b    c
    0  0  a    a
    1  1       b
    2  2  .  NaN
    3  3  .    d

Alternatively, you can pass the nested dictionary like so:

    In [118]: df.replace(regex={'b': {r'\s*\.\s*': np.nan}})
    Out[118]:
       a    b    c
    0  0    a    a
    1  1    b    b
    2  2  NaN  NaN
    3  3  NaN    d

You can also use the group of a regular expression match when replacing (dict of regex -> dict of regex), this works for lists as well.

    In [119]: df.replace({'b': r'\s*(\.)\s*'}, {'b': r'\1ty'}, regex=True)
    Out[119]:
       a    b    c
    0  0    a    a
    1  1    b    b
    2  2  .ty  NaN
    3  3  .ty    d

You can pass a list of regular expressions, of which those that match will be replaced with a scalar (list of regex -> regex).

    In [120]: df.replace([r'\s*\.\s*', r'a|b'], np.nan, regex=True)
    Out[120]:
       a   b    c
    0  0 NaN  NaN
    1  1 NaN  NaN
    2  2 NaN  NaN
    3  3 NaN    d

All of the regular expression examples can also be passed with the `to_replace` argument as the `regex` argument. In this case the `value` argument must be passed explicitly by name or `regex` must be a nested dictionary. The previous example, in this case, would then be:

    In [121]: df.replace(regex=[r'\s*\.\s*', r'a|b'], value=np.nan)
    Out[121]:
       a   b    c
    0  0 NaN  NaN
    1  1 NaN  NaN
    2  2 NaN  NaN
    3  3 NaN    d

This can be convenient if you do not want to pass `regex=True` every time you want to use a regular expression.

Note

Anywhere in the above `replace` examples that you see a regular expression a compiled regular expression is valid as well.

## Numeric replacement

`replace()` is similar to `fillna()`.

    In [122]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 2))

    In [123]: df[np.random.rand(df.shape[0]) > 0.5] = 1.5

    In [124]: df.replace(1.5, np.nan)
    Out[124]:
              0         1
    0 -0.844214 -1.021415
    1  0.432396 -0.323580
    2  0.423825  0.799180
    3  1.262614  0.751965
    4       NaN       NaN
    5       NaN       NaN
    6 -0.498174 -1.060799
    7  0.591667 -0.183257
    8  1.019855 -1.482465
    9       NaN       NaN

Replacing more than one value is possible by passing a list.

    In [125]: df00 = df.iloc[0, 0]

    In [126]: df.replace([1.5, df00], [np.nan, 'a'])
    Out[126]:
              0         1
    0         a  -1.02141
    1  0.432396  -0.32358
    2  0.423825   0.79918
    3   1.26261  0.751965
    4       NaN       NaN
    5       NaN       NaN
    6 -0.498174   -1.0608
    7  0.591667 -0.183257
    8   1.01985  -1.48247
    9       NaN       NaN

    In [127]: df[1].dtype
    Out[127]: dtype('float64')

You can also operate on the DataFrame in place:

    In [128]: df.replace(1.5, np.nan, inplace=True)

Warning

When replacing multiple `bool` or `datetime64` objects, the first argument to `replace` (`to_replace`) must match the type of the value being replaced. For example,

    >>> s = pd.Series([True, False, True])
    >>> s.replace({'a string': 'new value', True: False})  # raises
    TypeError: Cannot compare types 'ndarray(dtype=bool)' and 'str'

will raise a `TypeError` because one of the `dict` keys is not of the correct type for replacement.

However, when replacing a single object such as,

    In [129]: s = pd.Series([True, False, True])

    In [130]: s.replace('a string', 'another string')
    Out[130]:
    0     True
    1    False
    2     True
    dtype: bool

the original `NDFrame` object will be returned untouched. We’re working on unifying this API, but for backwards compatibility reasons we cannot break the latter behavior. See GH6354 for more details.

### Missing data casting rules and indexing

While pandas supports storing arrays of integer and boolean type, these types are not capable of storing missing data. Until we can switch to using a native NA type in NumPy, we’ve established some “casting rules”. When a reindexing operation introduces missing data, the Series will be cast according to the rules introduced in the table below.

data type | Cast to
--- | ---
integer | float
boolean | object
float | no cast
object | no cast

For example:

    In [131]: s = pd.Series(np.random.randn(5), index=[0, 2, 4, 6, 7])

    In [132]: s > 0
    Out[132]:
    0    True
    2    True
    4    True
    6    True
    7    True
    dtype: bool

    In [133]: (s > 0).dtype
    Out[133]: dtype('bool')

    In [134]: crit = (s > 0).reindex(list(range(8)))

    In [135]: crit
    Out[135]:
    0    True
    1     NaN
    2    True
    3     NaN
    4    True
    5     NaN
    6    True
    7    True
    dtype: object

    In [136]: crit.dtype
    Out[136]: dtype('O')

Ordinarily NumPy will complain if you try to use an object array (even if it contains boolean values) instead of a boolean array to get or set values from an ndarray (e.g. selecting values based on some criteria). If a boolean vector contains NAs, an exception will be generated:

    In [137]: reindexed = s.reindex(list(range(8))).fillna(0)

    In [138]: reindexed[crit]
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
    <ipython-input-138-0dac417a4890> in <module>
    ----> 1 reindexed[crit]

    /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/core/series.py in __getitem__(self, key)
       1108             key = list(key)
       1109
    -> 1110         if com.is_bool_indexer(key):
       1111             key = check_bool_indexer(self.index, key)
       1112

    /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/core/common.py in is_bool_indexer(key)
        128             if not lib.is_bool_array(key):
        129                 if isna(key).any():
    --> 130                     raise ValueError(na_msg)
        131                 return False
        132             return True

    ValueError: cannot index with vector containing NA / NaN values

However, these can be filled in using `fillna()` and it will work fine:

    In [139]: reindexed[crit.fillna(False)]
    Out[139]:
    0    0.126504
    2    0.696198
    4    0.697416
    6    0.601516
    7    0.003659
    dtype: float64

    In [140]: reindexed[crit.fillna(True)]
    Out[140]:
    0    0.126504
    1    0.000000
    2    0.696198
    3    0.000000
    4    0.697416
    5    0.000000
    6    0.601516
    7    0.003659
    dtype: float64

Pandas provides a nullable integer dtype, but you must explicitly request it when creating the series or column. Notice that we use a capital “I” in the `dtype="Int64"`.

    In [141]: s = pd.Series([0, 1, np.nan, 3, 4], dtype="Int64")

    In [142]: s
    Out[142]:
    0      0
    1      1
    2    NaN
    3      3
    4      4
    dtype: Int64

See Nullable integer data type for more.

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