# Tutorial

## Installation

Install openpyxl using pip. It is advisable to do this in a Python virtualenv without system packages:

    $ pip install openpyxl

Note

There is support for the popular lxml library which will be used if it is installed. This is particular useful when creating large files.

Warning

To be able to include images (jpeg, png, bmp,…) into an openpyxl file, you will also need the “pillow” library that can be installed with:

    $ pip install pillow

or browse https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Pillow/, pick the latest version and head to the bottom of the page for Windows binaries.

### Working with a checkout

Sometimes you might want to work with the checkout of a particular version. This may be the case if bugs have been fixed but a release has not yet been made.

    $ pip install -e hg+https://foss.heptapod.net/openpyxl/openpyxl/@3.1#egg=openpyxl

## Create a workbook

There is no need to create a file on the filesystem to get started with openpyxl. Just import the `Workbook` class and start work:

    >>> from openpyxl import Workbook
    >>> wb = Workbook()

A workbook is always created with at least one worksheet. You can get it by using the `Workbook.active` property:

    >>> ws = wb.active

Note

This is set to 0 by default. Unless you modify its value, you will always get the first worksheet by using this method.

You can create new worksheets using the `Workbook.create_sheet()` method:

    >>> ws1 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet") # insert at the end (default)
    # or
    >>> ws2 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet", 0) # insert at first position
    # or
    >>> ws3 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet", -1) # insert at the penultimate position

Sheets are given a name automatically when they are created. They are numbered in sequence (Sheet, Sheet1, Sheet2, …). You can change this name at any time with the `Worksheet.title` property:

    ws.title = "New Title"

Once you gave a worksheet a name, you can get it as a key of the workbook:

    >>> ws3 = wb["New Title"]

You can review the names of all worksheets of the workbook with the `Workbook.sheetname` attribute

    >>> print(wb.sheetnames)
    ['Sheet2', 'New Title', 'Sheet1']

You can loop through worksheets

    >>> for sheet in wb:
    ...     print(sheet.title)

You can create copies of worksheets within a single workbook:

`Workbook.copy_worksheet()` method:

    >>> source = wb.active
    >>> target = wb.copy_worksheet(source)

Note

Only cells (including values, styles, hyperlinks and comments) and certain worksheet attributes (including dimensions, format and properties) are copied. All other workbook / worksheet attributes are not copied - e.g. Images, Charts.

You also cannot copy worksheets between workbooks. You cannot copy a worksheet if the workbook is open in read-only or write-only mode.

## Playing with data

### Accessing one cell

Now we know how to get a worksheet, we can start modifying cells content. Cells can be accessed directly as keys of the worksheet:

    >>> c = ws['A4']

This will return the cell at A4, or create one if it does not exist yet. Values can be directly assigned:

    >>> ws['A4'] = 4

There is also the `Worksheet.cell()` method.

This provides access to cells using row and column notation:

    >>> d = ws.cell(row=4, column=2, value=10)

Note

When a worksheet is created in memory, it contains no cells. They are created when first accessed.

Warning

Because of this feature, scrolling through cells instead of accessing them directly will create them all in memory, even if you don’t assign them a value.

Something like

    >>> for x in range(1,101):
    ...        for y in range(1,101):
    ...            ws.cell(row=x, column=y)

will create 100x100 cells in memory, for nothing.

### Accessing many cells

Ranges of cells can be accessed using slicing:

    >>> cell_range = ws['A1':'C2']

Ranges of rows or columns can be obtained similarly:

    >>> colC = ws['C']
    >>> col_range = ws['C:D']
    >>> row10 = ws[10]
    >>> row_range = ws[5:10]

You can also use the `Worksheet.iter_rows()` method:

    >>> for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2):
    ...    for cell in row:
    ...        print(cell)
    <Cell Sheet1.A1>
    <Cell Sheet1.B1>
    <Cell Sheet1.C1>
    <Cell Sheet1.A2>
    <Cell Sheet1.B2>
    <Cell Sheet1.C2>

Likewise the `Worksheet.iter_cols()` method will return columns:

    >>> for col in ws.iter_cols(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2):
    ...     for cell in col:
    ...         print(cell)
    <Cell Sheet1.A1>
    <Cell Sheet1.A2>
    <Cell Sheet1.B1>
    <Cell Sheet1.B2>
    <Cell Sheet1.C1>
    <Cell Sheet1.C2>

Note

For performance reasons the `Worksheet.iter_cols()` method is not available in read-only mode.

If you need to iterate through all the rows or columns of a file, you can instead use the `Worksheet.rows` property:

    >>> ws = wb.active
    >>> ws['C9'] = 'hello world'
    >>> tuple(ws.rows)
    ((<Cell Sheet.A1>, <Cell Sheet.B1>, <Cell Sheet.C1>),
    (<Cell Sheet.A2>, <Cell Sheet.B2>, <Cell Sheet.C2>),
    (<Cell Sheet.A3>, <Cell Sheet.B3>, <Cell Sheet.C3>),
    (<Cell Sheet.A4>, <Cell Sheet.B4>, <Cell Sheet.C4>),
    (<Cell Sheet.A5>, <Cell Sheet.B5>, <Cell Sheet.C5>),
    (<Cell Sheet.A6>, <Cell Sheet.B6>, <Cell Sheet.C6>),
    (<Cell Sheet.A7>, <Cell Sheet.B7>, <Cell Sheet.C7>),
    (<Cell Sheet.A8>, <Cell Sheet.B8>, <Cell Sheet.C8>),
    (<Cell Sheet.A9>, <Cell Sheet.B9>, <Cell Sheet.C9>))

or the `Worksheet.columns` property:

    >>> tuple(ws.columns)
    ((<Cell Sheet.A1>,
    <Cell Sheet.A2>,
    <Cell Sheet.A3>,
    <Cell Sheet.A4>,
    <Cell Sheet.A5>,
    <Cell Sheet.A6>,
    ...
    <Cell Sheet.B7>,
    <Cell Sheet.B8>,
    <Cell Sheet.B9>),
    (<Cell Sheet.C1>,
    <Cell Sheet.C2>,
    <Cell Sheet.C3>,
    <Cell Sheet.C4>,
    <Cell Sheet.C5>,
    <Cell Sheet.C6>,
    <Cell Sheet.C7>,
    <Cell Sheet.C8>,
    <Cell Sheet.C9>))

Note

For performance reasons the `Worksheet.columns` property is not available in read-only mode.

### Values only

If you just want the values from a worksheet you can use the `Worksheet.values` property. This iterates over all the rows in a worksheet but returns just the cell values:

    for row in ws.values:
       for value in row:
         print(value)

Both `Worksheet.iter_rows()` and `Worksheet.iter_cols()` can take the `values_only` parameter to return just the cell’s value:

    >>> for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2, values_only=True):
    ...   print(row)

    (None, None, None)
    (None, None, None)

## Data storage

Once we have a `Cell`, we can assign it a value:

    >>> c.value = 'hello, world'
    >>> print(c.value)
    'hello, world'

    >>> d.value = 3.14
    >>> print(d.value)
    3.14

### Saving to a file

The simplest and safest way to save a workbook is by using the `Workbook.save()` method of the `Workbook` object:

    >>> wb = Workbook()
    >>> wb.save('balances.xlsx')

Warning

This operation will overwrite existing files without warning.

Note

The filename extension is not forced to be xlsx or xlsm, although you might have some trouble opening it directly with another application if you don’t use an official extension.

As OOXML files are basically ZIP files, you can also open it with your favourite ZIP archive manager.

If required, you can specify the attribute wb.template=True, to save a workbook as a template:

    >>> wb = load_workbook('document.xlsx')
    >>> wb.template = True
    >>> wb.save('document_template.xltx')

### Saving as a stream

If you want to save the file to a stream, e.g. when using a web application such as Pyramid, Flask or Django then you can simply provide a `NamedTemporaryFile()`:

    >>> from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile
    >>> from openpyxl import Workbook
    >>> wb = Workbook()
    >>> with NamedTemporaryFile() as tmp:
            wb.save(tmp.name)
            tmp.seek(0)
            stream = tmp.read()

Warning

You should monitor the data attributes and document extensions for saving documents in the document templates and vice versa, otherwise the result table engine can not open the document.

Note

The following will fail:

    >>> wb = load_workbook('document.xlsx')
    >>> # Need to save with the extension *.xlsx
    >>> wb.save('new_document.xlsm')
    >>> # MS Excel can't open the document
    >>>
    >>> # or
    >>>
    >>> # Need specify attribute keep_vba=True
    >>> wb = load_workbook('document.xlsm')
    >>> wb.save('new_document.xlsm')
    >>> # MS Excel will not open the document
    >>>
    >>> # or
    >>>
    >>> wb = load_workbook('document.xltm', keep_vba=True)
    >>> # If we need a template document, then we must specify extension as *.xltm.
    >>> wb.save('new_document.xlsm')
    >>> # MS Excel will not open the document

## Loading from a file

You can use the `openpyxl.load_workbook()` to open an existing workbook:

    >>> from openpyxl import load_workbook
    >>> wb = load_workbook(filename = 'empty_book.xlsx')
    >>> sheet_ranges = wb['range names']
    >>> print(sheet_ranges['D18'].value)
    3

Note

There are several flags that can be used in load_workbook.

- data_only controls whether cells with formulae have either the

    formula (default) or the value stored the last time Excel read the sheet.

- keep_vba controls whether any Visual Basic elements are preserved or

    not (default). If they are preserved they are still not editable.

- read-only opens workbooks in a read-only mode. This uses much less

    memory and is faster but not all features are available (charts, images, etc.)

- rich_text controls whether any rich-text formatting in cells is

    preserved. The default is False.

- keep_links controls whether data cached from external workbooks is

    preserved.

Warning

openpyxl does currently not read all possible items in an Excel file so shapes will be lost from existing files if they are opened and saved with the same name.

## Errors loading workbooks

Sometimes openpyxl will fail to open a workbook. This is usually because there is something wrong with the file. If this is the case then openpyxl will try and provide some more information. Openpyxl follows the OOXML specification closely and will reject files that do not because they are invalid. When this happens you can use the exception from openpyxl to inform the developers of whichever application or library produced the file. As the OOXML specification is publicly available it is important that developers follow it.

You can find the spec by searching for ECMA-376, most of the implementation specifics are in Part 4.

This ends the tutorial for now, you can proceed to the Simple usage section