#### 21.1.3 Explicit and Implicit Conversions ¶

The diagonal and permutation matrices are special objects in their own right. A number of operations and built-in functions are defined for these matrices to use special, more efficient code than would be used for a full matrix in the same place. Examples are given in further sections.

To facilitate smooth mixing with full matrices, backward compatibility, and compatibility with MATLAB, the diagonal and permutation matrices should allow any operation that works on full matrices, and will either treat it specially, or implicitly convert themselves to full matrices.

Instances include matrix indexing, except for extracting a single element or a leading submatrix, indexed assignment, or applying most mapper functions, such as exp.

An explicit conversion to a full matrix can be requested using the built-in function full. It should also be noted that the diagonal and permutation matrix objects will cache the result of the conversion after it is first requested (explicitly or implicitly), so that subsequent conversions will be very cheap.