### B.1 Test Functions ¶

test `name` ¶
test `name quiet|normal|verbose` ¶
test `("name", "quiet|normal|verbose", fid)` ¶
test `("name", "quiet|normal|verbose", fname)` ¶
`success =` test `(…)` ¶
`[n, nmax, nxfail, nbug, nskip, nrtskip, nregression] =` test `(…)` ¶
`[code, idx] =` test `("name", "grabdemo")` ¶
test `([], "explain", fid)` ¶
test `([], "explain", fname)` ¶

  Perform built-in self-tests from the first file in the loadpath matching name.

  `test` can be called in either command or functional form. The exact operation of test is determined by a combination of mode (interactive or batch), reporting level (`"quiet"`, `"normal"`, `"verbose"`), and whether a logfile or summary output variable is used.

  The default mode when `test` is called from the command line is interactive. In this mode, tests will be run until the first error is encountered, or all tests complete successfully. In batch mode, all tests are run regardless of any failures, and the results are collected for reporting. Tests which require user interaction, i.e., demo blocks, are never run in batch mode.

  Batch mode is enabled by either 1) specifying a logfile using the third argument fname or fid, or 2) requesting an output argument such as success, n, etc.

  The optional second argument determines the amount of output to generate and which types of tests to run. The default value is `"normal"`. Requesting an output argument will suppress printing the final summary message and any intermediate warnings, unless verbose reporting is enabled.

  `"quiet"`

    Print a summary message when all tests pass, or print an error with the results of the first bad test when a failure occurs. Don’t run tests which require user interaction.

  `"normal"`

    Display warning messages about skipped tests or failing xtests during test execution. Print a summary message when all tests pass, or print an error with the results of the first bad test when a failure occurs. Don’t run tests which require user interaction.

  `"verbose"`

    Display tests before execution. Print all warning messages. In interactive mode, run all tests including those which require user interaction.

  The optional third input argument specifies a logfile where results of the tests should be written. The logfile may be a character string (fname) or an open file descriptor ID (fid). To enable batch processing, but still print the results to the screen, use `stdout` for fid.

  When called with just a single output argument success, `test` returns true if all of the tests were successful. If called with more than one output argument then the number of successful tests (n), the total number of tests in the file (nmax), the number of xtest failures (nxfail), the number of tests failed due known bugs (nbug), the number of tests skipped due to missing features (nskip), the number of tests skipped due to run-time conditions (nrtskip), and the number of regressions (nregression) are returned.

  Example

      test sind
      ⇒
      PASSES 5 out of 5 tests

      [n, nmax] = test ("sind")
      ⇒
      n =  5
      nmax =  5

  Additional Calling Syntaxes

  If the second argument is the string `"grabdemo"`, the contents of any built-in demo blocks are extracted but not executed. The text for all code blocks is concatenated and returned as code with idx being a vector of positions of the ends of each demo block. For an easier way to extract demo blocks from files, See example.

  If the second argument is `"explain"` then name is ignored and an explanation of the line markers used in `test` output reports is written to the file specified by fname or fid.

  See also: assert, fail, demo, example, error.

`test` scans the named script file looking for lines which start with the identifier ‘`%!`’. The prefix is stripped off and the rest of the line is processed through the Octave interpreter. If the code generates an error, then the test is said to fail.

Since `eval()` will stop at the first error it encounters, you must divide your tests up into blocks, with anything in a separate block evaluated separately. Blocks are introduced by valid keywords like `test`, `function`, or `assert` immediately following ‘`%!`’. A block is defined by indentation as in Python. Lines beginning with ‘`%!<whitespace>`’ are part of the preceding block.

For example:

    %!test error ("this test fails!")
    %!test "test doesn't fail.  it doesn't generate an error"

When a test fails, you will see something like:

      ***** test error ("this test fails!")
    !!!!! test failed
    this test fails!

Generally, to test if something works, you want to assert that it produces a correct value. A real test might look something like

    %!test
    %! a = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6]; B = [1; 2];
    %! expect = [ a ; 2*a ];
    %! get = kron (b, a);
    %! if (any (size (expect) != size (get)))
    %!   error ("wrong size: expected %d,%d but got %d,%d",
    %!          size (expect), size (get));
    %! elseif (any (any (expect != get)))
    %!   error ("didn't get what was expected.");
    %! endif

To make the process easier, use the `assert` function. For example, with `assert` the previous test is reduced to:

    %!test
    %! a = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6]; b = [1; 2];
    %! assert (kron (b, a), [ a; 2*a ]);

`assert` can accept a tolerance so that you can compare results absolutely or relatively. For example, the following all succeed:

    %!test assert (1+eps, 1, 2*eps)           # absolute error
    %!test assert (100+100*eps, 100, -2*eps)  # relative error

You can also do the comparison yourself, but still have assert generate the error:

    %!test assert (isempty ([]))
    %!test assert ([1, 2; 3, 4] > 0)

Because `assert` is so frequently used alone in a test block, there is a shorthand form:

    %!assert (...)

which is equivalent to:

    %!test assert (...)

Occasionally a block of tests will depend on having optional functionality in Octave. Before testing such blocks the availability of the required functionality must be checked. A `%!testif HAVE_XXX` block will only be run if Octave was compiled with functionality ‘`HAVE_XXX`’. For example, the sparse single value decomposition, `svds()`, depends on having the ARPACK library. All of the tests for `svds` begin with

    %!testif HAVE_ARPACK

Review `config.h` or `__octave_config_info__ ("build_features")` to see some of the possible values to check.

Sometimes during development there is a test that should work but is known to fail. You still want to leave the test in because when the final code is ready the test should pass, but you may not be able to fix it immediately. To avoid unnecessary bug reports for these known failures, mark the block with `xtest` rather than `test`:

    %!xtest assert (1==0)
    %!xtest fail ("success=1", "error")

In this case, the test will run and any failure will be reported. However, testing is not aborted and subsequent test blocks will be processed normally. Another use of `xtest` is for statistical tests which should pass most of the time but are known to fail occasionally.

Each block is evaluated in its own function environment, which means that variables defined in one block are not automatically shared with other blocks. If you do want to share variables, then you must declare them as `shared` before you use them. For example, the following declares the variable a, gives it an initial value (default is empty), and then uses it in several subsequent tests.

    %!shared a
    %! a = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6];
    %!assert (kron ([1; 2], a), [ a; 2*a ])
    %!assert (kron ([1, 2], a), [ a, 2*a ])
    %!assert (kron ([1,2; 3,4], a), [ a,2*a; 3*a,4*a ])

You can share several variables at the same time:

    %!shared a, b

Modifications to shared variables persist from one test to the next only if the test succeeds. Thus, if one test modifies a shared variable, later tests cannot know which value of the shared variable to expect because the pass/fail status of earlier tests is unknown. For this reason, it is not recommended to modify shared variables in tests.

You can also share test functions:

    %!function a = fn (b)
    %!  a = 2*b;
    %!endfunction
    %!assert (fn(2), 4)

Note that all previous variables and values are lost when a new shared block is declared.

Remember that `%!function` begins a new block and that `%!endfunction` ends this block. Be aware that until a new block is started, lines starting with ‘`%!<space>`’ will be discarded as comments. The following is nearly identical to the example above, but does nothing.

    %!function a = fn (b)
    %!  a = 2*b;
    %!endfunction
    %! assert (fn(2), 4)

Because there is a space after ‘`%!`’ the `assert` statement does not begin a new block and this line is treated as a comment.

Error and warning blocks are like test blocks, but they only succeed if the code generates an error. You can check the text of the error is correct using an optional regular expression `<pattern>`. For example:

    %!error <passes!> error ("this test passes!")

If the code doesn’t generate an error, the test fails. For example:

    %!error "this is an error because it succeeds."

produces

      ***** error "this is an error because it succeeds."
    !!!!! test failed: no error

It is important to automate the tests as much as possible, however some tests require user interaction. These can be isolated into demo blocks, which if you are in batch mode, are only run when called with `demo` or the `verbose` option to `test`. The code is displayed before it is executed. For example,

    %!demo
    %! t = [0:0.01:2*pi]; x = sin (t);
    %! plot (t, x);
    %! # you should now see a sine wave in your figure window

produces

    funcname example 1:
     t = [0:0.01:2*pi]; x = sin (t);
     plot (t, x);
     # you should now see a sine wave in your figure window

    Press <enter> to continue:

Note that demo blocks cannot use any shared variables. This is so that they can be executed by themselves, ignoring all other tests.

If you want to temporarily disable a test block, put `#` in place of the block type. This creates a comment block which is echoed in the log file but not executed. For example:

    %!#demo
    %! t = [0:0.01:2*pi]; x = sin (t);
    %! plot (t, x);
    %! # you should now see a sine wave in your figure window

The following trivial code snippet provides examples for the use of fail, assert, error, and xtest:

    function output = must_be_zero (input)
      if (input != 0)
        error ("Nonzero input!")
      endif
      output = input;
    endfunction

    %!fail ("must_be_zero (1)")
    %!assert (must_be_zero (0), 0)
    %!error <Nonzero> must_be_zero (1)
    %!xtest error ("This code generates an error")

When putting this in a file `must_be_zero.m`, and running the test, we see

    test must_be_zero verbose

    ⇒
    >>>>> /path/to/must_be_zero.m
    ***** fail ("must_be_zero (1)")
    ***** assert (must_be_zero (0), 0)
    ***** error <Nonzero> must_be_zero (1)
    ***** xtest error ("This code generates an error")
    !!!!! known failure
    This code generates an error
    PASSES 3 out of 4 tests (1 expected failure)

#### Block type summary: ¶

`%!test`
`%!test <MESSAGE>`

  Check that entire block is correct. If `<MESSAGE>` is present, the test block is interpreted as for `xtest`.

`%!testif HAVE_XXX`
`%!testif HAVE_XXX, HAVE_YYY, …`
`%!testif …; RUNTIME_COND`
`%!testif … <MESSAGE>`

  Check block only if Octave was compiled with feature `HAVE_XXX`. `RUNTIME_COND` is an optional expression to evaluate to check whether some condition is met when the test is executed. If `RUNTIME_COND` is false, the test is skipped. If `<MESSAGE>` is present, the test block is interpreted as for `xtest`.

`%!xtest`
`%!xtest <MESSAGE>`

  Check block, report a test failure but do not abort testing. If `<MESSAGE>` is present, then the text of the message is displayed if the test fails, like this:

      !!!!! known bug:  MESSAGE

  If the message is an integer, it is interpreted as a bug ID for the Octave bug tracker and reported as

      !!!!! known bug: https://octave.org/testfailure/?BUG-ID

  in which BUG-ID is the integer bug number. The intent is to allow clearer documentation of known problems.

  If `MESSAGE` is an integer preceeded by an asterisk (e.g., `*12345`), it is interpreted as the id for a bug report that has been closed. That usually means that the issue probed in this test has been resolved. If such tests are failing, they are reported as regressions by the `test` function:

      !!!!! regression: https://octave.org/testfailure/?BUG-ID

`%!error`
`%!error <MESSAGE>`
`%!warning`
`%!warning <MESSAGE>`

  Check for correct error or warning message. If `<MESSAGE>` is supplied it is interpreted as a regular expression pattern that is expected to match the error or warning message.

`%!demo`

  Demo only executes in interactive mode.

`%!#`

  Comment. Ignore everything within the block

`%!shared x,y,z`

  Declare variables for use in multiple tests.

`%!function`

  Define a function for use in multiple tests.

`%!endfunction`

  Close a function definition.

`%!assert (x, y, tol)`
`%!assert <MESSAGE> (x, y, tol)`
`%!fail (CODE, PATTERN)`
`%!fail <MESSAGE> (CODE, PATTERN)`

  Shorthand for `%!test assert (x, y, tol)` or `%!test fail (CODE, PATTERN)`. If `<MESSAGE>` is present, the test block is interpreted as for `xtest`.

When coding tests the Octave convention is that lines that begin with a block type do not have a semicolon at the end. Any code that is within a block, however, is normal Octave code and usually will have a trailing semicolon. For example,

    ## bare block instantiation
    %!assert (sin (0), 0)

but

    ## test block with normal Octave code
    %!test
    %! assert (sin (0), 0);

You can also create test scripts for built-in functions and your own C++ functions. To do so, put a file with the bare function name (no .m extension) in a directory in the load path and it will be discovered by the `test` function. Alternatively, you can embed tests directly in your C++ code:

    /*
    %!test disp ("this is a test")
    */

or

    #if 0
    %!test disp ("this is a test")
    #endif

However, in this case the raw source code will need to be on the load path and the user will have to remember to type `test ("funcname.cc")`.

assert `(cond)` ¶
assert `(cond, errmsg)` ¶
assert `(cond, errmsg, …)` ¶
assert `(cond, msg_id, errmsg, …)` ¶
assert `(observed, expected)` ¶
assert `(observed, expected, tol)` ¶

  Produce an error if the specified condition is not met.

  `assert` can be called in three different ways.

  `assert (cond)`
  `assert (cond, errmsg)`
  `assert (cond, errmsg, …)`
  `assert (cond, msg_id, errmsg, …)`

    Called with a single argument cond, `assert` produces an error if cond is false (numeric zero).

    Any additional arguments are passed to the `error` function for processing.

  `assert (observed, expected)`

    Produce an error if observed is not the same as expected.

    Note that observed and expected can be scalars, vectors, matrices, strings, cell arrays, or structures.

  `assert (observed, expected, tol)`

    Produce an error if observed is not the same as expected but equality comparison for numeric data uses a tolerance tol.

    If tol is positive then it is an absolute tolerance which will produce an error if `abs (observed - expected) > abs (tol)`.

    If tol is negative then it is a relative tolerance which will produce an error if `abs (observed - expected) > abs (tol * expected)`.

    If expected is zero tol will always be interpreted as an absolute tolerance.

    If tol is not scalar its dimensions must agree with those of observed and expected and tests are performed on an element-by-element basis.

  See also: fail, test, error, isequal.

assert_equal `(observed, expected)` ¶
assert_equal `(observed, expected, tol)` ¶

  Produce an error if observed is not the same as expected.

  `assert_equal (observed, expected)` tests for the two input arguments being equal with respect to their class, size, and value. All octave values are supported as input for observed and expected and compared for equality according to the following rules.

  - Numeric inputs that support exceptional values (i.e., Inf, -Inf, NaN, NA) are treated under the additional assumption that they are equal. They are also tested for sparsity and complexity.
  - Logical inputs are additionally tested for sparsity.
  - Character arrays are compared with the `strcmp` function.
  - Structures are additionally checked against having the same unordered fieldnames.
  - Cell arrays are recursively tested on an element by element basis.
  - Function handles are tested with the `isequal` function.
  - Classdef objects are explicitly tested if and only if they have an overloaded `eq` method and unless `all (eq (observed, expected), "all")` is true, an error is produced. The handling of missing values is strictly defined by the overloaded `eq` method.

  `assert_equal (observed, expected, tol)` further specifies a tolerance value, which is explicitly used for numerical inputs. Specifying tol as 0, is equivalent to calling `assert_equal` with only two input arguments. Any nonzero tolerance is also ignored when observed and expected are non-numeric. Logical and character arrays are not considered to be numeric.

  If tol is positive then it is an absolute tolerance which will produce an error if `abs (observed - expected) > abs (tol)`.

  If tol is negative then it is a relative tolerance which will produce an error if `abs (observed - expected) > abs (tol * expected)`.

  If expected is zero tol will always be interpreted as an absolute tolerance.

  If tol is not scalar its dimensions must agree with those of observed and expected and tests are performed on an element-by-element basis.

  See also: fail, test, error, isequal, eq, strcmp, assert.

`status =` fail `(code)` ¶
`status =` fail `(code, pattern)` ¶
`status =` fail `(code, "warning")` ¶
`status =` fail `(code, "warning", pattern)` ¶

  Return true if code fails with an error message matching pattern, otherwise produce an error.

  code must be in the form of a string that is passed to the Octave interpreter via the `evalin` function, i.e., a (quoted) string constant or a string variable.

  Note that if code runs successfully, rather than failing, the error printed is:

                expected error <.> but got none

  If called with two arguments, the return value will be true only if code fails with an error message containing pattern (case sensitive). If the code fails with a different error than the one specified in pattern then the message produced is:

                expected <pattern>
                but got <text of actual error>

  The angle brackets are not part of the output.

  When called with the `"warning"` option `fail` will produce an error if executing the code produces no warning.

  See also: assert, error.