### 36.1 Timing Utilities ¶

Octave’s core set of functions for manipulating time values are patterned after the corresponding functions from the standard C library. Several of these functions use a data structure for time that includes the following elements:

`usec`

  Microseconds after the second (0-999999).

`sec`

  Seconds after the minute (0-60). This number can be 60 to account for leap seconds.

`min`

  Minutes after the hour (0-59).

`hour`

  Hours since midnight (0-23).

`mday`

  Day of the month (1-31).

`mon`

  Months since January (0-11).

`year`

  Years since 1900.

`wday`

  Days since Sunday (0-6).

`yday`

  Days since January 1 (0-365).

`isdst`

  Daylight saving time flag.

`gmtoff`

  Seconds offset from UTC.

`zone`

  Time zone.

In the descriptions of the following functions, this structure is referred to as a tm_struct.

`seconds =` time `()` ¶

  Return the current time as the number of seconds since the epoch.

  The epoch is referenced to 00:00:00 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) 1 Jan 1970. For example, on Monday February 17, 1997 at 07:15:06 UTC, the value returned by `time` was 856163706.

  See also: strftime, strptime, localtime, gmtime, mktime, now, date, clock, datenum, datestr, datevec, calendar, weekday.

`t =` now `()` ¶

  Return the current local date/time as a serial day number (see `datenum`).

  The integral part, `floor (now)` corresponds to the number of days between today and Jan 1, 0000.

  The fractional part, `rem (now, 1)` corresponds to the current time.

  See also: clock, date, datenum.

`str =` ctime `(t)` ¶

  Convert a value returned from `time` (or any other non-negative integer), to the local time and return a string of the same form as `asctime`.

  The function `ctime (time)` is equivalent to `asctime (localtime (time))`. For example:

      ctime (time ())
         ⇒  "Mon Feb 17 01:15:06 1997\n"

  See also: asctime, time, localtime.

`tm_struct =` gmtime `(t)` ¶

  Given a value returned from `time`, or any non-negative integer, return a time structure corresponding to UTC (Coordinated Universal Time).

  For example:

      gmtime (time ())
           ⇒  {
                 usec = 0
                 sec = 6
                 min = 15
                 hour = 7
                 mday = 17
                 mon = 1
                 year = 97
                 wday = 1
                 yday = 47
                 isdst = 0
                 gmtoff = 0
                 zone = GMT
              }

  See also: strftime, strptime, localtime, mktime, time, now, date, clock, datenum, datestr, datevec, calendar, weekday.

`tm_struct =` localtime `(t)` ¶

  Given a value returned from `time`, or any non-negative integer, return a time structure corresponding to the local time zone.

      localtime (time ())
           ⇒  {
                 usec = 0
                 sec = 6
                 min = 15
                 hour = 1
                 mday = 17
                 mon = 1
                 year = 97
                 wday = 1
                 yday = 47
                 isdst = 0
                 gmtoff = -21600
                 zone = CST
              }

  See also: strftime, strptime, gmtime, mktime, time, now, date, clock, datenum, datestr, datevec, calendar, weekday.

`seconds =` mktime `(tm_struct)` ¶

  Convert a time structure corresponding to the local time to the number of seconds since the epoch.

  For example:

      mktime (localtime (time ()))
           ⇒  856163706

  See also: strftime, strptime, localtime, gmtime, time, now, date, clock, datenum, datestr, datevec, calendar, weekday.

`str =` asctime `(tm_struct)` ¶

  Convert a time structure to a string using the following format: `"ddd mmm mm HH:MM:SS yyyy\n"`.

  For example:

      asctime (localtime (time ()))
           ⇒  "Mon Feb 17 01:15:06 1997\n"

  This is equivalent to `ctime (time ())`.

  See also: ctime, localtime, time.

`str =` strftime `(fmt, tm_struct)` ¶

  Format the time structure tm_struct in a flexible way using the format string fmt that contains ‘`%`’ substitutions similar to those in `printf`.

  Except where noted, substituted fields have a fixed size; numeric fields are padded if necessary. Padding is with zeros by default; for fields that display a single number, padding can be changed or inhibited by following the ‘`%`’ with one of the modifiers described below. Unknown field specifiers are copied as normal characters. All other characters are copied to the output without change. For example:

      strftime ("%r (%Z) %A %e %B %Y", localtime (time ()))
            ⇒  "01:15:06 AM (CST) Monday 17 February 1997"

  Octave’s `strftime` function supports a superset of the ANSI C field specifiers.

  Literal character fields:

  `%%`

    % character.

  `%n`

    Newline character.

  `%t`

    Tab character.

  Numeric modifiers (a nonstandard extension):

  `- (dash)`

    Do not pad the field.

  `_ (underscore)`

    Pad the field with spaces.

  Time fields:

  `%H`

    Hour (00-23).

  `%I`

    Hour (01-12).

  `%k`

    Hour (0-23).

  `%l`

    Hour (1-12).

  `%M`

    Minute (00-59).

  `%p`

    Locale’s AM or PM.

  `%r`

    Time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss [AP]M).

  `%R`

    Time, 24-hour (hh:mm).

  `%s`

    Time in seconds since 00:00:00, Jan 1, 1970 (a nonstandard extension).

  `%S`

    Second (00-61).

  `%T`

    Time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss).

  `%X`

    Locale’s time representation (%H:%M:%S).

  `%z`

    Offset from UTC (±hhmm), or nothing if no time zone is determinable.

  `%Z`

    Time zone (EDT), or nothing if no time zone is determinable.

  Date fields:

  `%a`

    Locale’s abbreviated weekday name (Sun-Sat).

  `%A`

    Locale’s full weekday name, variable length (Sunday-Saturday).

  `%b`

    Locale’s abbreviated month name (Jan-Dec).

  `%B`

    Locale’s full month name, variable length (January-December).

  `%c`

    Locale’s date and time (Sat Nov 04 12:02:33 EST 1989).

  `%C`

    Century (00-99).

  `%d`

    Day of month (01-31).

  `%e`

    Day of month ( 1-31).

  `%D`

    Date (mm/dd/yy).

  `%h`

    Same as %b.

  `%j`

    Day of year (001-366).

  `%m`

    Month (01-12).

  `%U`

    Week number of year with Sunday as first day of week (00-53).

  `%w`

    Day of week (0-6).

  `%W`

    Week number of year with Monday as first day of week (00-53).

  `%x`

    Locale’s date representation (mm/dd/yy).

  `%y`

    Last two digits of year (00-99).

  `%Y`

    Year (1970-).

  See also: strptime, localtime, gmtime, mktime, time, now, date, clock, datenum, datestr, datevec, calendar, weekday.

`[tm_struct, nchars] =` strptime `(str, fmt)` ¶

  Convert the string str to the time structure tm_struct under the control of the format string fmt.

  If fmt fails to match, nchars is 0; otherwise, it is set to the position of last matched character plus 1. Always check for this unless you’re absolutely sure the date string will be parsed correctly.

  See also: strftime, localtime, gmtime, mktime, time, now, date, clock, datenum, datestr, datevec, calendar, weekday.

Most of the remaining functions described in this section are not patterned after the standard C library. Some are available for compatibility with MATLAB and others are provided because they are useful.

`datevec =` clock `()` ¶
`[datevec, isdst] =` clock `()` ¶

  Return the current local date and time as a date vector.

  The date vector contains the following fields: current year, month (1-12), day (1-31), hour (0-23), minute (0-59), and second (0-61). The seconds field has a fractional part after the decimal point for extended accuracy.

  The optional second output isdst is true if Daylight Savings Time (DST) is in effect for the system’s time zone.

  For example:

      fix (clock ())
        ⇒    1993      8     20      4     56      1

  `clock` is more accurate on systems that have the `gettimeofday` function.

  See also: now, date, datevec.

`str =` date `()` ¶

  Return the current date as a character string in the form DD-MMM-YYYY.

  For example:

      date ()
        ⇒  20-Aug-1993

  See also: now, clock, datestr, localtime.

`secs =` etime `(t2, t1)` ¶

  Return the difference in seconds between two time values returned from `clock` (t2 - t1).

  For example:

      t0 = clock ();
      # many computations later...
      elapsed_time = etime (clock (), t0);

  will set the variable `elapsed_time` to the number of seconds since the variable `t0` was set.

  See also: tic, toc, clock, cputime, addtodate.

`[total, user, system] =` cputime `();` ¶

  Return the CPU time used by your Octave session.

  The first output is the total time spent executing your process and is equal to the sum of second and third outputs, which are the number of CPU seconds spent executing in user mode and the number of CPU seconds spent executing in system mode, respectively.

  If your system does not have a way to report CPU time usage, `cputime` returns 0 for each of its output values.

  Note that because Octave used some CPU time to start, it is reasonable to check to see if `cputime` works by checking to see if the total CPU time used is nonzero.

  See also: tic, toc.

`tf =` is_leap_year `()` ¶
`tf =` is_leap_year `(year)` ¶

  Return true if year is a leap year and false otherwise.

  If no year is specified, `is_leap_year` uses the current year.

  For example:

      is_leap_year (2000)
         ⇒  1

  See also: weekday, eomday, calendar.

tic `()` ¶
`id =` tic `()` ¶

  Initialize a wall-clock timer.

  Calling `tic` without an output argument resets the internal timer. Subsequent calls to `toc` return the number of seconds since the timer was set.

  If called with one output argument, `tic` creates a new timer instance and returns a timer identifier id. The id is a scalar of type `uint64` that may be passed to `toc` to check elapsed time on this timer, rather than the default internal timer.

  Example 1 : benchmarking code with internal timer

      tic;
      # many computations later...
      elapsed_time = toc;

  Example 2 : mixed timer id and internal timer

      tic;
      pause (1);
      toc
      ⇒  Elapsed time is 1.0089 seconds.
      id = tic;
      pause (2);
      toc (id)
      ⇒  Elapsed time is 2.01142 seconds.
      toc
      Elapsed time is 3.02308 seconds.

  Calling `tic` and `toc` in this way allows nested timing calls.

  If you are more interested in the CPU time that your process used, you should use the `cputime` function instead. The `tic` and `toc` functions report the actual wall clock time that elapsed between the calls. This may include time spent processing other jobs or doing nothing at all.

  See also: toc, cputime.

toc `()` ¶
toc `(id)` ¶
`elapsed_time =` toc `(…)` ¶

  Measure elapsed time on a wall-clock timer.

  With no arguments, return the number of seconds elapsed on the internal timer since the last call to `tic`.

  When given the identifier id of a specific timer, return the number of seconds elapsed since the timer id was initialized.

  See tic, for examples of the use of `tic`/`toc`.

  See also: tic, cputime.

pause `()` ¶
pause `(n)` ¶
`old_state =` pause `("on")` ¶
`old_state =` pause `("off")` ¶
`old_state =` pause `("query")` ¶

  Suspend the execution of the program or change the state of the pause function.

  If invoked without an input arguments then the program is suspended until a character is typed. If argument n is a positive real value, it indicates the number of seconds the program shall be suspended, for example:

      tic; pause (0.05); toc
           -| Elapsed time is 0.05039 seconds.

  The following example prints a message and then waits 5 seconds before clearing the screen.

      disp ("wait please...");
      pause (5);
      clc;

  If invoked with a string argument `"on"`, `"off"`, or `"query"`, the state of the pause function is changed or queried. When the state is `"off"`, the pause function returns immediately. The optional return value contains the previous state of the pause function. In the following example pause is disabled locally:

      old_state = pause ("off");
      tic; pause (0.05); toc
           -| Elapsed time is 3.00407e-05 seconds.
      pause (old_state);

  While the program is suspended Octave still handles figures painting and graphics callbacks execution.

  See also: kbhit.

`days =` datenum `(datevec)` ¶
`days =` datenum `(year, month, day)` ¶
`days =` datenum `(year, month, day, hour)` ¶
`days =` datenum `(year, month, day, hour, minute)` ¶
`days =` datenum `(year, month, day, hour, minute, second)` ¶
`days =` datenum `("datestr")` ¶
`days =` datenum `("datestr", f)` ¶
`days =` datenum `("datestr", p)` ¶
`[days, secs] =` datenum `(…)` ¶

  Return the date/time input as a serial day number, with Jan 1, 0000 defined as day 1.

  The integer part, `floor (days)` counts the number of complete days in the date input.

  The fractional part, `rem (days, 1)` corresponds to the time on the given day.

  The input may be a date vector (see `datevec`), date string (see `datestr`), or directly specified as input.

  When processing input datestrings, f is the format string used to interpret date strings (see `datestr`). If no format f is specified, then a relatively slow search is performed through various formats. It is always preferable to specify the format string f if it is known. Formats which do not specify a particular time component will have the value set to zero. Formats which do not specify a date will default to January 1st of the current year.

  When passing separate year, month, day, etc. arguments, each may be a scalar or nonscalar array. Nonscalar inputs must all be of the same size. Scalar inputs will be expanded to be the size of the nonscalar inputs.

  p is the year at the start of the century to which two-digit years will be referenced. If not specified, it defaults to the current year minus 50.

  The optional output secs holds the time on the specified day with greater precision than days.

  Notes:

  - Years can be negative and/or fractional.
  - Months below 1 are considered to be January.
  - Days of the month start at 1.
  - Days beyond the end of the month go into subsequent months.
  - Days before the beginning of the month go to the previous month.
  - Days can be fractional.

  Examples:

      Convert from datestrs:
      d = datenum ("1966-06-14")
      ⇒  d = 718232

      d = datenum ({"1966-06-14", "1966-06-15", "1966-06-16"})
      ⇒  d =
            718232
            718233
            718234

      Convert from datevec:
      d = datenum ([1966 06 14])
      ⇒  d = 718232

      d = datenum ([1966 06 14 23 59 59])
      ⇒  d = 718232.9999884259

      Specify date components separately:
      d = datenum (1966, 6, 14)
      ⇒  d = 718232

      d = datenum (1966, magic(3), 1)
      ⇒  d =

            718280   718068   718219
            718127   718188   718249
            718158   718311   718099

  Caution: datenums represent a specific time for the Earth as a whole. They do not take in to account time zones (shifts in time based on location), nor seasonal changes due to Daylight Savings Time (shifts in time based on local regulation). Be aware that it is possible to create datenums that, when interpreted by a function which accounts for time zone and DST shifts such as `datestr`, are nonexistent or ambiguous.

  Caution: this function does not attempt to handle Julian calendars so dates before October 15, 1582 are wrong by as much as eleven days. Also, be aware that only Roman Catholic countries adopted the calendar in 1582. It took until 1924 for it to be adopted everywhere. See the Wikipedia entry on the Gregorian calendar for more details.

  Warning: leap seconds are ignored. A table of leap seconds is available on the Wikipedia entry for leap seconds.

  See also: datestr, datevec, now, clock, date.

`str =` datestr `(date)` ¶
`str =` datestr `(date, f)` ¶
`str =` datestr `(date, f, p)` ¶

  Format the given date/time according to the format f and return the result in str.

  date is a serial date number (see `datenum`), a date vector (see `datevec`), or a string or cell array of strings. In the latter case, it is passed to `datevec` to guess the input date format.

  f can be an integer which corresponds to one of the codes in the table below, or a date format string.

  p is the year at the start of the century in which two-digit years are to be interpreted in. If not specified, it defaults to the current year minus 50.

  For example, the date 730736.65149 (2000-09-07 15:38:09.0934) would be formatted as follows:

  Code | Format | Example
  --- | --- | ---
  0 | dd-mmm-yyyy HH:MM:SS | 07-Sep-2000 15:38:09
  1 | dd-mmm-yyyy | 07-Sep-2000
  2 | mm/dd/yy | 09/07/00
  3 | mmm | Sep
  4 | m | S
  5 | mm | 09
  6 | mm/dd | 09/07
  7 | dd | 07
  8 | ddd | Thu
  9 | d | T
  10 | yyyy | 2000
  11 | yy | 00
  12 | mmmyy | Sep00
  13 | HH:MM:SS | 15:38:09
  14 | HH:MM:SS PM | 3:38:09 PM
  15 | HH:MM | 15:38
  16 | HH:MM PM | 3:38 PM
  17 | QQ-YY | Q3-00
  18 | QQ | Q3
  19 | dd/mm | 07/09
  20 | dd/mm/yy | 07/09/00
  21 | mmm.dd,yyyy HH:MM:SS | Sep.07,2000 15:38:08
  22 | mmm.dd,yyyy | Sep.07,2000
  23 | mm/dd/yyyy | 09/07/2000
  24 | dd/mm/yyyy | 07/09/2000
  25 | yy/mm/dd | 00/09/07
  26 | yyyy/mm/dd | 2000/09/07
  27 | QQ-YYYY | Q3-2000
  28 | mmmyyyy | Sep2000
  29 | yyyy-mm-dd | 2000-09-07
  30 | yyyymmddTHHMMSS | 20000907T153808
  31 | yyyy-mm-dd HH:MM:SS | 2000-09-07 15:38:08

  If f is a format string, the following symbols are recognized:

  Symbol | Meaning | Example
  --- | --- | ---
  yyyy | Full year | 2005
  yy | Two-digit year | 05
  mmmm | Full month name | December
  mmm | Abbreviated month name | Dec
  mm | Numeric month number (padded with zeros) | 01, 08, 12
  m | First letter of month name (capitalized) | D
  dddd | Full weekday name | Sunday
  ddd | Abbreviated weekday name | Sun
  dd | Numeric day of month (padded with zeros) | 11
  d | First letter of weekday name (capitalized) | S
  HH | Hour of day, padded with zeros, | 09:00
  | or padded with spaces if PM is set | 9:00 AM
  MM | Minute of hour (padded with zeros) | 10:05
  SS | Second of minute (padded with zeros) | 10:05:03
  FFF | Milliseconds of second (padded with zeros) | 10:05:03.012
  AM | Use 12-hour time format | 11:30 AM
  PM | Use 12-hour time format | 11:30 PM

  If f is not specified or is `-1`, then use 0, 1 or 16, depending on whether the date portion or the time portion of date is empty.

  If p is not specified, it defaults to the current year minus 50.

  If a matrix or cell array of dates is given, a column vector of date strings is returned.

  See also: datenum, datevec, date, now, clock.

`v =` datevec `(date)` ¶
`v =` datevec `(date, f)` ¶
`v =` datevec `(date, p)` ¶
`v =` datevec `(date, f, p)` ¶
`[y, m, d, h, mi, s] =` datevec `(…)` ¶

  Convert a serial date number (see `datenum`) or date string (see `datestr`) into a date vector.

  A date vector is a row vector with six members, representing the year, month, day, hour, minute, and seconds respectively.

  Date number inputs can be either a scalar or nonscalar array. Date string inputs can be either a single date string, a two-dimensional character array of dates with each row being a date string, or a cell string array of any dimension with each cell element containing a single date string.

  v is a two-dimensional array of date vectors, one date vector per row. For array inputs, ordering of v is based on column major order of dates in data.

  f is the format string used to interpret date strings (see `datestr`). If date is a string or a cell array of strings, but no format is specified, heuristics are used to guess the input format. These heuristics could lead to matches that differ from the result a user might expect. Additionally, this involves a relatively slow search through various formats. It is always preferable to specify the format string f if it is known. Formats which do not specify a particular time component will have the value set to zero. Formats which do not specify a particular date component will default that component to January 1st of the current year. Trailing characters are ignored for the purpose of calculating the date vector, even if the characters contain additional time/date information.

  p is the year at the start of the century to which two-digit years will be referenced. If not specified, it defaults to the current year minus 50.

  See also: datenum, datestr, clock, now, date.

`d =` addtodate `(d, q, f)` ¶

  Add q amount of time (with units f) to the serial datenum, d.

  f must be one of `"year"`, `"month"`, `"day"`, `"hour"`, `"minute"`, `"second"`, or `"millisecond"`.

  See also: datenum, datevec, etime.

`c =` calendar `()` ¶
`c =` calendar `(d)` ¶
`c =` calendar `(y, m)` ¶
calendar `(…)` ¶

  Return the current monthly calendar in a 6x7 matrix.

  If d is specified, return the calendar for the month containing the date d, which must be a serial date number or a date string.

  If y and m are specified, return the calendar for year y and month m.

  If no output arguments are specified, print the calendar on the screen instead of returning a matrix.

  See also: datenum, datestr.

`[n, s] =` weekday `(d)` ¶
`[n, s] =` weekday `(d, format)` ¶

  Return the day of the week as a number in n and as a string in s.

  The days of the week are numbered 1–7 with the first day being Sunday.

  d is a serial date number or a date string.

  If the string format is not present or is equal to `"short"` then s will contain the abbreviated name of the weekday. If format is `"long"` then s will contain the full name.

  Table of return values based on format:

  n | `"short"` | `"long"`
  --- | --- | ---
  1 | Sun | Sunday
  2 | Mon | Monday
  3 | Tue | Tuesday
  4 | Wed | Wednesday
  5 | Thu | Thursday
  6 | Fri | Friday
  7 | Sat | Saturday

  See also: eomday, is_leap_year, calendar, datenum, datevec.

`e =` eomday `(y, m)` ¶

  Return the last day of the month m for the year y.

  See also: weekday, datenum, datevec, is_leap_year, calendar.

datetick `()` ¶
datetick `(axis_str)` ¶
datetick `(date_format)` ¶
datetick `(axis_str, date_format)` ¶
datetick `(…, "keeplimits")` ¶
datetick `(…, "keepticks")` ¶
datetick `(hax, …)` ¶

  Add date-formatted tick labels to an axis.

  The axis to apply the ticks to is determined by axis_str which can take the values `"x"`, `"y"`, or `"z"`. The default value is `"x"`.

  The formatting of the labels is determined by the variable date_format, which can either be a string or positive integer that `datestr` accepts.

  If the first argument hax is an axes handle, then plot into this axes, rather than the current axes returned by `gca`.

  See also: datenum, datestr.