.. _numba-envvars:

Environment variables
=====================

.. note:: This section relates to environment variables that impact Numba's
          runtime, for compile time environment variables see
          :ref:`numba-source-install-env_vars`.

Numba allows its behaviour to be changed through the use of environment
variables. Unless otherwise mentioned, those variables have integer values and
default to zero.

For convenience, Numba also supports the use of a configuration file to persist
configuration settings. Note: To use this feature ``pyyaml`` must be installed.

The configuration file must be named ``.numba_config.yaml`` and be present in
the directory from which the Python interpreter is invoked. The configuration
file, if present, is read for configuration settings before the environment
variables are searched. This means that the environment variable settings will
override the settings obtained from a configuration file (the configuration file
is for setting permanent preferences whereas the environment variables are for
ephemeral preferences).

The format of the configuration file is a dictionary in ``YAML`` format that
maps the environment variables below (without the ``NUMBA_`` prefix) to a
desired value. For example, to permanently switch on developer mode
(``NUMBA_DEVELOPER_MODE`` environment variable) and control flow graph printing
(``NUMBA_DUMP_CFG`` environment variable), create a configuration file with the
contents::

    developer_mode: 1
    dump_cfg: 1

This can be especially useful in the case of wanting to use a set color scheme
based on terminal background color. For example, if the terminal background
color is black, the ``dark_bg`` color scheme would be well suited and can be set
for permanent use by adding::

    color_scheme: dark_bg

Jit flags
---------

These variables globally override flags to the :func:`~numba.jit` decorator.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_BOUNDSCHECK

   If set to 0 or 1, globally disable or enable bounds checking, respectively.
   The default if the variable is not set or set to an empty string is to use
   the ``boundscheck`` flag passed to the :func:`~numba.jit` decorator for a
   given function. See the documentation of :ref:`@jit
   <jit-decorator-boundscheck>` for more information.

   Note, due to limitations in numba, the bounds checking currently produces
   exception messages that do not match those from NumPy. If you set
   ``NUMBA_FULL_TRACEBACKS=1``, the full exception message with the axis,
   index, and shape information will be printed to the terminal.

Debugging
---------

These variables influence what is printed out during compilation of
:term:`JIT functions <JIT function>`.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DEVELOPER_MODE

    If set to non-zero, developer mode produces full tracebacks and disables
    help instructions. Default is zero.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_FULL_TRACEBACKS

    If set to non-zero, enable full tracebacks when an exception occurs.
    Defaults to the value set by `NUMBA_DEVELOPER_MODE`.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_SHOW_HELP

    If set to non-zero, show resources for getting help. Default is zero.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DISABLE_ERROR_MESSAGE_HIGHLIGHTING

    If set to non-zero error message highlighting is disabled. This is useful
    for running the test suite on CI systems.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_COLOR_SCHEME

   Alters the color scheme used in error reporting (requires the ``colorama``
   package to be installed to work). Valid values are:

   - ``no_color`` No color added, just bold font weighting.
   - ``dark_bg`` Suitable for terminals with a dark background.
   - ``light_bg`` Suitable for terminals with a light background.
   - ``blue_bg`` Suitable for terminals with a blue background.
   - ``jupyter_nb`` Suitable for use in Jupyter Notebooks.

   *Default value:* ``no_color``. The type of the value is ``string``.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_HIGHLIGHT_DUMPS

   If set to non-zero and ``pygments`` is installed, syntax highlighting is
   applied to Numba IR, LLVM IR and assembly dumps. Default is zero.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DISABLE_PERFORMANCE_WARNINGS

   If set to non-zero the issuing of performance warnings is disabled. Default
   is zero.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DEBUG

   If set to non-zero, print out all possible debugging information during
   function compilation.  Finer-grained control can be obtained using other
   variables below.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DEBUG_FRONTEND

   If set to non-zero, print out debugging information during operation
   of the compiler frontend, up to and including generation of the Numba
   Intermediate Representation.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DEBUG_NRT

   If set to non-zero, print out debugging information at runtime about the use
   of :ref:`Numba run time (NRT) <arch-numba-runtime>` reference count
   operations. If set to non-zero, this also switches on the filling of all NRT
   allocated regions with an identifiable "marker" byte pattern, ``0xCB`` on
   allocation and ``0xDE`` on deallocation, both to help with debugging memory
   leaks.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_NRT_STATS

   If set to non-zero, enable the
   :ref:`Numba run time (NRT) <arch-numba-runtime>` statistics counters. These
   counters are enabled process wide on import of Numba and are atomic.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DEBUGINFO

   If set to non-zero, enable debug for the full application by setting
   the default value of the ``debug`` option in ``jit``. Beware that
   enabling debug info significantly increases the memory consumption
   for each compiled function.
   Default value equals to the value of `NUMBA_ENABLE_PROFILING`.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_EXTEND_VARIABLE_LIFETIMES

    If set to non-zero, extend the lifetime of variables to the end of the block
    in which their lifetime ends. This is particularly useful in conjunction
    with :envvar:`NUMBA_DEBUGINFO` as it helps with introspection of values.
    Default is zero.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_GDB_BINARY

   Set the ``gdb`` binary for use in Numba's ``gdb`` support. This takes one of
   two forms: 1) a path and full name of the binary to explicitly express
   which binary to use 2) just the name of the binary and the current path will
   be searched using the standard path resolution rules. For example:
   ``/path/from/root/to/binary/name_of_gdb_binary`` or
   ``custom_gdb_binary_name``. This is to permit the use of a ``gdb`` from a
   non-default location with a non-default name. The default value is ``gdb``.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DEBUG_TYPEINFER

   If set to non-zero, print out debugging information about type inference.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DISABLE_TYPEINFER_FAIL_CACHE

   If set to truthy value, disable the cache of failed function resolutions in 
   the type inference. The default value is false.
   
   Disabling the cache is **not recommended** for normal use. 
   The cache should only be disabled temporarily for debugging purposes. 
   Relying on disabled cache behavior is not supported and could break 
   in future releases.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_ENABLE_SYS_MONITORING

   Controls support for Python's ``sys.monitoring`` feature in Numba.
   Disabled (set to zero) by default. When enabled (set to non-zero), allows
   profiling tools that use ``sys.monitoring`` to work with Numba code.
   Currently tested with ``cProfile``, other monitoring tools may work but are
   not guaranteed.

   Only available for Python 3.12 and above. Otherwise, it has no effect.

   It also has no effect on Python 3.14.4 and newer: dispatcher support for
   ``sys.monitoring`` is disabled, see this issue for more details
   (`#10538 <https://github.com/numba/numba/issues/10538>`_). A
   ``UserWarning`` is emitted if this variable is set to a
   non-zero value.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_ENABLE_PROFILING

   Enables JIT events of LLVM in order to support profiling of jitted functions.
   This option is automatically enabled under certain profilers.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_TRACE

   If set to non-zero, trace certain function calls (function entry and exit
   events, including arguments and return values).

.. envvar:: NUMBA_CHROME_TRACE

   If defined, chrome tracing is enabled and this variable specifies the filepath
   of the chrome tracing json file output. The emitted file can be opened by
   a Chromium-based browser using the profile viewer at `chrome://tracing/`.

   .. warning:: This feature is not supported in multi-process applications. 

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DUMP_BYTECODE

   If set to non-zero, print out the Python :py:term:`bytecode` of
   compiled functions.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DUMP_CFG

   If set to non-zero, print out information about the Control Flow Graph
   of compiled functions.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DUMP_IR

   If set to non-zero, print out the Numba Intermediate Representation
   of compiled functions.


.. envvar:: NUMBA_DUMP_SSA

   If set to non-zero, print out the Numba Intermediate Representation of
   compiled functions after conversion to Static Single Assignment (SSA) form.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DEBUG_PRINT_AFTER

   Dump the Numba IR after declared pass(es). This is useful for debugging IR
   changes made by given passes. Accepted values are:

   * Any pass name (as given by the ``.name()`` method on the class)
   * Multiple pass names as a comma separated list, i.e. ``"foo_pass,bar_pass"``
   * The token ``"all"``, which will print after all passes.

   The default value is ``"none"`` so as to prevent output.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DUMP_ANNOTATION

   If set to non-zero, print out types annotations for compiled functions.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DUMP_LLVM

   Dump the unoptimized LLVM assembly source of compiled functions.
   Unoptimized code is usually very verbose; therefore,
   :envvar:`NUMBA_DUMP_OPTIMIZED` is recommended instead.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DUMP_FUNC_OPT

   Dump the LLVM assembly source after the LLVM "function optimization"
   pass, but before the "module optimization" pass.  This is useful mostly
   when developing Numba itself, otherwise use :envvar:`NUMBA_DUMP_OPTIMIZED`.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DUMP_OPTIMIZED

   Dump the LLVM assembly source of compiled functions after all
   optimization passes.  The output includes the raw function as well as
   its CPython-compatible wrapper (whose name begins with ``wrapper.``).
   Note that the function is often inlined inside the wrapper, as well.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DEBUG_ARRAY_OPT

   Dump debugging information related to the processing associated with
   the ``parallel=True`` jit decorator option.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DEBUG_ARRAY_OPT_RUNTIME

   Dump debugging information related to the runtime scheduler associated
   with the ``parallel=True`` jit decorator option.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DEBUG_ARRAY_OPT_STATS

   Dump statistics about how many operators/calls are converted to
   parallel for-loops and how many are fused together, which are associated
   with the ``parallel=True`` jit decorator option.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_PARALLEL_DIAGNOSTICS

   If set to an integer value between 1 and 4 (inclusive) diagnostic information
   about parallel transforms undertaken by Numba will be written to STDOUT. The
   higher the value set the more detailed the information produced.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DUMP_ASSEMBLY

   Dump the native assembly code of compiled functions.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_LLVM_PASS_TIMINGS

    Set to ``1`` to enable recording of pass timings in LLVM;
    e.g. ``NUMBA_LLVM_PASS_TIMINGS=1``.
    See :ref:`developer-llvm-timings`.

    *Default value*: ``0`` (Off)

.. envvar:: NUMBA_JIT_COVERAGE

   Set to ``1`` to enable coverage data reporting by the JIT compiler on 
   compiled source lines. Default to ``0`` (Off).

.. seealso::
   :ref:`numba-troubleshooting` and :ref:`architecture`.


Compilation options
-------------------

.. envvar:: NUMBA_OPT

   The optimization level; typically this option is passed straight to LLVM. It
   may take one of the values ``0``, ``1``, ``2`` or ``3`` which correspond
   approximately to the ``-O{value}`` flag found in many command line
   compilation tools. The value ``max`` is also supported, this is Numba
   specific, it has the effect of running with the optimization level set at
   ``3`` both before and after a pass which in which reference count operation
   pruning takes place. In some cases this may increase performance, in other
   cases it may impede performance, the same can be said for compilation time.
   This option is present to give users the opportunity to choose a value
   suitable for their application.

   *Default value:* 3

.. envvar:: NUMBA_LOOP_VECTORIZE

   If set to non-zero, enable LLVM loop vectorization.

   *Default value:* 1

.. envvar:: NUMBA_SLP_VECTORIZE

   If set to non-zero, enable LLVM superword-level parallelism vectorization.
   Note that use of this feature has occasionally resulted in LLVM producing
   miscompilations, hence it is off by default.

   *Default value:* 0

.. envvar:: NUMBA_ENABLE_AVX

   If set to non-zero, enable AVX optimizations in LLVM.  This is disabled
   by default on Sandy Bridge and Ivy Bridge architectures as it can sometimes
   result in slower code on those platforms.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DISABLE_INTEL_SVML

    If set to non-zero and Intel SVML is available, the use of SVML will be
    disabled.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DISABLE_JIT

   Disable JIT compilation entirely.  The :func:`~numba.jit` decorator acts
   as if it performs no operation, and the invocation of decorated functions
   calls the original Python function instead of a compiled version.  This
   can be useful if you want to run the Python debugger over your code.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_CPU_NAME
.. envvar:: NUMBA_CPU_FEATURES

    Override CPU and CPU features detection.
    By setting ``NUMBA_CPU_NAME=generic``, a generic CPU model is picked
    for the CPU architecture and the feature list (``NUMBA_CPU_FEATURES``)
    defaults to empty.  CPU features must be listed with the format
    ``+feature1,-feature2`` where ``+`` indicates enable and ``-`` indicates
    disable. For example, ``+sse,+sse2,-avx,-avx2`` enables SSE and SSE2, and
    disables AVX and AVX2.

    These settings are passed to LLVM for configuring the compilation target.
    To get a list of available options, use the ``llc`` commandline tool
    from LLVM, for example::

        llc -march=x86 -mattr=help


    .. tip:: To force all caching functions (``@jit(cache=True)``) to emit
        portable code (portable within the same architecture and OS),
        simply set ``NUMBA_CPU_NAME=generic``.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_FUNCTION_CACHE_SIZE

    Override the size of the function cache for retaining recently
    deserialized functions in memory.  In systems like
    `Dask <http://dask.pydata.org>`_, it is common for functions to be deserialized
    multiple times.  Numba will cache functions as long as there is a
    reference somewhere in the interpreter.  This cache size variable controls
    how many functions that are no longer referenced will also be retained,
    just in case they show up in the future.  The implementation of this is
    not a true LRU, but the large size of the cache should be sufficient for
    most situations.

    Note: this is unrelated to the compilation cache.

    *Default value:* 128

.. envvar:: NUMBA_LLVM_REFPRUNE_PASS

    Turns on the LLVM pass level reference-count pruning pass and disables the
    regex based implementation in Numba.

    *Default value:* 1 (On)

.. envvar:: NUMBA_LLVM_REFPRUNE_FLAGS

    When ``NUMBA_LLVM_REFPRUNE_PASS`` is on, this allows configuration
    of subpasses in the reference-count pruning LLVM pass.

    Valid values are any combinations of the below separated by `,`
    (case-insensitive):

    - ``all``: enable all subpasses.
    - ``per_bb``: enable per-basic-block level pruning, which is same as the
      old regex based implementation.
    - ``diamond``: enable inter-basic-block pruning that is a diamond shape
      pattern, i.e. a single-entry single-exit CFG subgraph where has an incref
      in the entry and a corresponding decref in the exit.
    - ``fanout``: enable inter-basic-block pruning that has a fanout pattern,
      i.e. a single-entry multiple-exit CFG subgraph where the entry has an
      incref and every exit has a corresponding decref.
    - ``fanout_raise``: same as ``fanout`` but allow subgraph exit nodes to be
      raising an exception and not have a corresponding decref.

    For example, ``all`` is the same as
    ``per_bb, diamond, fanout, fanout_raise``

    *Default value:* "all"

.. envvar:: NUMBA_USE_LLVMLITE_MEMORY_MANAGER

   Whether llvmlite's built-in memory manager is enabled. The default is to
   enable it on 64-bit ARM platforms (macOS on Apple Silicon and Linux on
   AArch64), where it is needed to ensure ABI compliance, specifically
   conformance with the requirements for GOT and text segment placement in the
   large code model.

   This environment variable can be used to override the default setting and
   force it to be enabled (``1``) or disabled (``0``). This should not normally
   be required, but it is provided as an option for debugging and potential
   workaround situations.

   *Default value:* None (Use the default for the system)


.. _numba-envvars-caching:

Caching options
---------------

Options for the compilation cache.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DEBUG_CACHE

   If set to non-zero, print out information about operation of the
   :ref:`JIT compilation cache <jit-cache>`.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_CACHE_DIR

    Override the location of the cache directory. If defined, this should be
    a valid directory path.

    If not defined, Numba picks the cache directory in the following order:

    1. In-tree cache. Put the cache next to the corresponding source file under
       a ``__pycache__`` directory following how ``.pyc`` files are stored.
    2. User-wide cache. Put the cache in the user's application directory using
       ``appdirs.user_cache_dir`` from the
       `Appdirs package <https://github.com/ActiveState/appdirs>`_.
    3. IPython cache. Put the cache in an IPython specific application
       directory.
       Stores are made under the ``numba_cache`` in the directory returned by
       ``IPython.paths.get_ipython_cache_dir()``.

    Also see :ref:`docs on cache sharing <cache-sharing>` and
    :ref:`docs on cache clearing <cache-clearing>`

.. envvar:: NUMBA_CACHE_LOCATOR_CLASSES

    Override the default cache locator classes and their order. If defined,
    this should be a comma-separated list of cache locator class names.

    Available locator classes include:

    - ``InTreeCacheLocator`` - Cache next to source files in ``__pycache__``
    - ``InTreeCacheLocatorFsAgnostic`` - Like ``InTreeCacheLocator`` but
      agnostic to filesystem timestamp precision differences
    - ``UserWideCacheLocator`` - Cache in user-wide application directory
    - ``IPythonCacheLocator`` - Cache in IPython-specific directory
    - ``ZipCacheLocator`` - Cache for functions in zip files

    Custom locator classes can also be specified using their full module path
    (e.g., ``mymodule.MyCustomLocator``).

    If not defined, Numba uses the default locator order.


.. _numba-envvars-gpu-support:

GPU support
-----------

.. envvar:: NUMBA_DISABLE_CUDA

   If set to non-zero, disable CUDA support.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_FORCE_CUDA_CC

   If set, force the CUDA compute capability to the given version (a
   string of the type ``major.minor``), regardless of attached devices.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_CUDA_DEFAULT_PTX_CC

   The default compute capability (a string of the type ``major.minor``) to
   target when compiling to PTX using ``cuda.compile_ptx``. The default is
   5.0, which is the lowest non-deprecated compute capability in the most
   recent version of the CUDA toolkit supported (12.4 at present).

.. envvar:: NUMBA_ENABLE_CUDASIM

   If set, don't compile and execute code for the GPU, but use the CUDA
   Simulator instead. For debugging purposes.


.. envvar:: NUMBA_CUDA_ARRAY_INTERFACE_SYNC

   Whether to synchronize on streams provided by objects imported using the CUDA
   Array Interface. This defaults to 1. If set to 0, then no synchronization
   takes place, and the user of Numba (and other CUDA libraries) is responsible
   for ensuring correctness with respect to synchronization on streams.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_CUDA_LOG_LEVEL

   For debugging purposes. If no other logging is configured, the value of this
   variable is the logging level for CUDA API calls. The default value is
   ``CRITICAL`` - to trace all API calls on standard error, set this to
   ``DEBUG``.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_CUDA_LOG_API_ARGS

   By default the CUDA API call logs only give the names of functions called.
   Setting this variable to 1 also includes the values of arguments to Driver
   API calls in the logs.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_CUDA_DRIVER

   Path of the directory in which the CUDA driver libraries are to be found.
   Normally this should not need to be set as Numba can locate the driver in
   standard locations. However, this variable can be used if the driver is in a
   non-standard location.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_CUDA_LOG_SIZE

   Buffer size for logs produced by CUDA driver API operations. This defaults
   to 1024 and should not normally need to be modified - however, if an error
   in an API call produces a large amount of output that appears to be
   truncated (perhaps due to multiple long function names, for example) then
   this variable can be used to increase the buffer size and view the full
   error message.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_CUDA_VERBOSE_JIT_LOG

   Whether the CUDA driver should produce verbose log messages. Defaults to 1,
   indicating that verbose messaging is enabled. This should not need to be
   modified under normal circumstances.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_CUDA_PER_THREAD_DEFAULT_STREAM

   When set to 1, the default stream is the per-thread default stream. When set
   to 0, the default stream is the legacy default stream. This defaults to 0,
   for the legacy default stream. See `Stream Synchronization Behavior
   <https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-runtime-api/stream-sync-behavior.html>`_
   for an explanation of the legacy and per-thread default streams.

   This variable only takes effect when using Numba's internal CUDA bindings;
   when using the NVIDIA bindings, use the environment variable
   ``CUDA_PYTHON_CUDA_PER_THREAD_DEFAULT_STREAM`` instead.

   .. seealso::

      The `Default Stream section
      <https://nvidia.github.io/cuda-python/release/11.6.0-notes.html#default-stream>`_
      in the NVIDIA Bindings documentation.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_CUDA_LOW_OCCUPANCY_WARNINGS

   Enable warnings if the grid size is too small relative to the number of
   streaming multiprocessors (SM). This option is on by default (default value is 1).

   The heuristic checked is whether ``gridsize < 2 * (number of SMs)``. NOTE: The absence of
   a warning does not imply a good gridsize relative to the number of SMs. Disabling
   this warning will reduce the number of CUDA API calls (during JIT compilation), as the
   heuristic needs to check the number of SMs available on the device in the
   current context.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_CUDA_WARN_ON_IMPLICIT_COPY

   Enable warnings if a kernel is launched with host memory which forces a copy to and
   from the device. This option is on by default (default value is 1).

.. envvar:: NUMBA_CUDA_USE_NVIDIA_BINDING

   When set to 1, Numba will attempt to use the `NVIDIA CUDA Python binding
   <https://nvidia.github.io/cuda-python/>`_ to make calls to the driver API
   instead of using its own ctypes binding. This defaults to 0 (off), as the
   NVIDIA binding is currently missing support for Per-Thread Default
   Streams and the profiler APIs.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_CUDA_INCLUDE_PATH

   The location of the CUDA include files. This is used when linking CUDA C/C++
   sources to Python kernels, and needs to be correctly set for CUDA includes to
   be available to linked C/C++ sources. On Linux, it defaults to
   ``/usr/local/cuda/include``. On Windows, the default is
   ``$env:CUDA_PATH\include``.


Threading Control
-----------------

.. envvar:: NUMBA_NUM_THREADS

   If set, the number of threads in the thread pool for the parallel CPU target
   will take this value. Must be greater than zero. This value is independent
   of ``OMP_NUM_THREADS`` and ``MKL_NUM_THREADS``.

   *Default value:* The number of CPU cores on the system as determined at run
   time. This can be accessed via :obj:`numba.config.NUMBA_DEFAULT_NUM_THREADS`.

   See also the section on :ref:`setting_the_number_of_threads` for
   information on how to set the number of threads at runtime.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_THREADING_LAYER

   This environment variable controls the library used for concurrent execution
   for the CPU parallel targets (``@vectorize(target='parallel')``,
   ``@guvectorize(target='parallel')``  and ``@njit(parallel=True)``). The
   variable type is string and by default is ``default`` which will select a
   threading layer based on what is available in the runtime. The valid values
   are (for more information about these see
   :ref:`the threading layer documentation <numba-threading-layer>`):

   * ``default`` - select a threading layer based on what is available in the
     current runtime.
   * ``safe`` - select a threading layer that is both fork and thread safe
     (requires the TBB package).
   * ``forksafe`` - select a threading layer that is fork safe.
   * ``threadsafe`` - select a threading layer that is thread safe.
   * ``tbb`` - A threading layer backed by Intel TBB.
   * ``omp`` - A threading layer backed by OpenMP.
   * ``workqueue`` - A simple built-in work-sharing task scheduler.

.. envvar:: NUMBA_THREADING_LAYER_PRIORITY

   This environment variable controls the order in which the libraries used for
   concurrent execution, for the CPU parallel targets
   (``@vectorize(target='parallel')``, ``@guvectorize(target='parallel')``
   and ``@njit(parallel=True)``), are prioritized for use. The variable type is
   string and by default is ``tbb omp workqueue``, with the priority taken based
   on position from the left of the string, left most being the highest. Valid
   values are any permutation of the three choices (for more information about
   these see :ref:`the threading layer documentation <numba-threading-layer>`.)
