Node.js

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# Timers#

> Stability: 2 - Stable

The `timer` module exposes a global API for scheduling functions to be called at some future period of time. Because the timer functions are globals, there is no need to call `require('timers')` to use the API.

The timer functions within Node.js implement a similar API as the timers API provided by Web Browsers but use a different internal implementation that is built around the Node.js Event Loop.

## Class: `Immediate`#

This object is created internally and is returned from `setImmediate()`. It can be passed to `clearImmediate()` in order to cancel the scheduled actions.

By default, when an immediate is scheduled, the Node.js event loop will continue running as long as the immediate is active. The `Immediate` object returned by `setImmediate()` exports both `immediate.ref()` and `immediate.unref()` functions that can be used to control this default behavior.

### `immediate.hasRef()`#

Added in: v11.0.0

- Returns: {boolean}

If true, the `Immediate` object will keep the Node.js event loop active.

### `immediate.ref()`#

Added in: v9.7.0

- Returns: {Immediate} a reference to `immediate`

When called, requests that the Node.js event loop not exit so long as the `Immediate` is active. Calling `immediate.ref()` multiple times will have no effect.

By default, all `Immediate` objects are "ref'ed", making it normally unnecessary to call `immediate.ref()` unless `immediate.unref()` had been called previously.

### `immediate.unref()`#

Added in: v9.7.0

- Returns: {Immediate} a reference to `immediate`

When called, the active `Immediate` object will not require the Node.js event loop to remain active. If there is no other activity keeping the event loop running, the process may exit before the `Immediate` object's callback is invoked. Calling `immediate.unref()` multiple times will have no effect.

## Class: `Timeout`#

This object is created internally and is returned from `setTimeout()` and `setInterval()`. It can be passed to either `clearTimeout()` or `clearInterval()` in order to cancel the scheduled actions.

By default, when a timer is scheduled using either `setTimeout()` or `setInterval()`, the Node.js event loop will continue running as long as the timer is active. Each of the `Timeout` objects returned by these functions export both `timeout.ref()` and `timeout.unref()` functions that can be used to control this default behavior.

### `timeout.hasRef()`#

Added in: v11.0.0

- Returns: {boolean}

If true, the `Timeout` object will keep the Node.js event loop active.

### `timeout.ref()`#

Added in: v0.9.1

- Returns: {Timeout} a reference to `timeout`

When called, requests that the Node.js event loop not exit so long as the `Timeout` is active. Calling `timeout.ref()` multiple times will have no effect.

By default, all `Timeout` objects are "ref'ed", making it normally unnecessary to call `timeout.ref()` unless `timeout.unref()` had been called previously.

### `timeout.refresh()`#

Added in: v10.2.0

- Returns: {Timeout} a reference to `timeout`

Sets the timer's start time to the current time, and reschedules the timer to call its callback at the previously specified duration adjusted to the current time. This is useful for refreshing a timer without allocating a new JavaScript object.

Using this on a timer that has already called its callback will reactivate the timer.

### `timeout.unref()`#

Added in: v0.9.1

- Returns: {Timeout} a reference to `timeout`

When called, the active `Timeout` object will not require the Node.js event loop to remain active. If there is no other activity keeping the event loop running, the process may exit before the `Timeout` object's callback is invoked. Calling `timeout.unref()` multiple times will have no effect.

Calling `timeout.unref()` creates an internal timer that will wake the Node.js event loop. Creating too many of these can adversely impact performance of the Node.js application.

### `timeout[Symbol.toPrimitive]()`#

Added in: v12.19.0

- Returns: {integer} a number that can be used to reference this `timeout`

Coerce a `Timeout` to a primitive. The primitive can be used to clear the `Timeout`. The primitive can only be used in the same thread where the timeout was created. Therefore, to use it across `worker_threads` it must first be passed to the correct thread. This allows enhanced compatibility with browser `setTimeout()` and `setInterval()` implementations.

## Scheduling timers#

A timer in Node.js is an internal construct that calls a given function after a certain period of time. When a timer's function is called varies depending on which method was used to create the timer and what other work the Node.js event loop is doing.

### `setImmediate(callback[, ...args])`#

Added in: v0.9.1

- `callback` {Function} The function to call at the end of this turn of the Node.js Event Loop
- `...args` {any} Optional arguments to pass when the `callback` is called.
- Returns: {Immediate} for use with `clearImmediate()`

Schedules the "immediate" execution of the `callback` after I/O events' callbacks.

When multiple calls to `setImmediate()` are made, the `callback` functions are queued for execution in the order in which they are created. The entire callback queue is processed every event loop iteration. If an immediate timer is queued from inside an executing callback, that timer will not be triggered until the next event loop iteration.

If `callback` is not a function, a `TypeError` will be thrown.

This method has a custom variant for promises that is available using `util.promisify()`:

    const util = require('util');
    const setImmediatePromise = util.promisify(setImmediate);

    setImmediatePromise('foobar').then((value) => {
      // value === 'foobar' (passing values is optional)
      // This is executed after all I/O callbacks.
    });

    // Or with async function
    async function timerExample() {
      console.log('Before I/O callbacks');
      await setImmediatePromise();
      console.log('After I/O callbacks');
    }
    timerExample();

### `setInterval(callback, delay[, ...args])`#

Added in: v0.0.1

- `callback` {Function} The function to call when the timer elapses.
- `delay` {number} The number of milliseconds to wait before calling the `callback`.
- `...args` {any} Optional arguments to pass when the `callback` is called.
- Returns: {Timeout} for use with `clearInterval()`

Schedules repeated execution of `callback` every `delay` milliseconds.

When `delay` is larger than `2147483647` or less than `1`, the `delay` will be set to `1`. Non-integer delays are truncated to an integer.

If `callback` is not a function, a `TypeError` will be thrown.

### `setTimeout(callback, delay[, ...args])`#

Added in: v0.0.1

- `callback` {Function} The function to call when the timer elapses.
- `delay` {number} The number of milliseconds to wait before calling the `callback`.
- `...args` {any} Optional arguments to pass when the `callback` is called.
- Returns: {Timeout} for use with `clearTimeout()`

Schedules execution of a one-time `callback` after `delay` milliseconds.

The `callback` will likely not be invoked in precisely `delay` milliseconds. Node.js makes no guarantees about the exact timing of when callbacks will fire, nor of their ordering. The callback will be called as close as possible to the time specified.

When `delay` is larger than `2147483647` or less than `1`, the `delay` will be set to `1`. Non-integer delays are truncated to an integer.

If `callback` is not a function, a `TypeError` will be thrown.

This method has a custom variant for promises that is available using `util.promisify()`:

    const util = require('util');
    const setTimeoutPromise = util.promisify(setTimeout);

    setTimeoutPromise(40, 'foobar').then((value) => {
      // value === 'foobar' (passing values is optional)
      // This is executed after about 40 milliseconds.
    });

## Cancelling timers#

The `setImmediate()`, `setInterval()`, and `setTimeout()` methods each return objects that represent the scheduled timers. These can be used to cancel the timer and prevent it from triggering.

It is not possible to cancel timers that were created using the promisified variants of `setImmediate()`, `setTimeout()`.

### `clearImmediate(immediate)`#

Added in: v0.9.1

- `immediate` {Immediate} An `Immediate` object as returned by `setImmediate()`.

Cancels an `Immediate` object created by `setImmediate()`.

### `clearInterval(timeout)`#

Added in: v0.0.1

- `timeout` {Timeout} A `Timeout` object as returned by `setInterval()`.

Cancels a `Timeout` object created by `setInterval()`.

### `clearTimeout(timeout)`#

Added in: v0.0.1

- `timeout` {Timeout} A `Timeout` object as returned by `setTimeout()`.

Cancels a `Timeout` object created by `setTimeout()`.