Node.js

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# Events#

> Stability: 2 - Stable

Much of the Node.js core API is built around an idiomatic asynchronous event-driven architecture in which certain kinds of objects (called "emitters") emit named events that cause `Function` objects ("listeners") to be called.

For instance: a `net.Server` object emits an event each time a peer connects to it; a `fs.ReadStream` emits an event when the file is opened; a stream emits an event whenever data is available to be read.

All objects that emit events are instances of the `EventEmitter` class. These objects expose an `eventEmitter.on()` function that allows one or more functions to be attached to named events emitted by the object. Typically, event names are camel-cased strings but any valid JavaScript property key can be used.

When the `EventEmitter` object emits an event, all of the functions attached to that specific event are called synchronously. Any values returned by the called listeners are ignored and will be discarded.

The following example shows a simple `EventEmitter` instance with a single listener. The `eventEmitter.on()` method is used to register listeners, while the `eventEmitter.emit()` method is used to trigger the event.

    const EventEmitter = require('events');

    class MyEmitter extends EventEmitter {}

    const myEmitter = new MyEmitter();
    myEmitter.on('event', () => {
      console.log('an event occurred!');
    });
    myEmitter.emit('event');

## Passing arguments and `this` to listeners#

The `eventEmitter.emit()` method allows an arbitrary set of arguments to be passed to the listener functions. Keep in mind that when an ordinary listener function is called, the standard `this` keyword is intentionally set to reference the `EventEmitter` instance to which the listener is attached.

    const myEmitter = new MyEmitter();
    myEmitter.on('event', function(a, b) {
      console.log(a, b, this, this === myEmitter);
      // Prints:
      //   a b MyEmitter {
      //     domain: null,
      //     _events: { event: [Function] },
      //     _eventsCount: 1,
      //     _maxListeners: undefined } true
    });
    myEmitter.emit('event', 'a', 'b');

It is possible to use ES6 Arrow Functions as listeners, however, when doing so, the `this` keyword will no longer reference the `EventEmitter` instance:

    const myEmitter = new MyEmitter();
    myEmitter.on('event', (a, b) => {
      console.log(a, b, this);
      // Prints: a b {}
    });
    myEmitter.emit('event', 'a', 'b');

## Asynchronous vs. synchronous#

The `EventEmitter` calls all listeners synchronously in the order in which they were registered. This ensures the proper sequencing of events and helps avoid race conditions and logic errors. When appropriate, listener functions can switch to an asynchronous mode of operation using the `setImmediate()` or `process.nextTick()` methods:

    const myEmitter = new MyEmitter();
    myEmitter.on('event', (a, b) => {
      setImmediate(() => {
        console.log('this happens asynchronously');
      });
    });
    myEmitter.emit('event', 'a', 'b');

## Handling events only once#

When a listener is registered using the `eventEmitter.on()` method, that listener will be invoked every time the named event is emitted.

    const myEmitter = new MyEmitter();
    let m = 0;
    myEmitter.on('event', () => {
      console.log(++m);
    });
    myEmitter.emit('event');
    // Prints: 1
    myEmitter.emit('event');
    // Prints: 2

Using the `eventEmitter.once()` method, it is possible to register a listener that is called at most once for a particular event. Once the event is emitted, the listener is unregistered and then called.

    const myEmitter = new MyEmitter();
    let m = 0;
    myEmitter.once('event', () => {
      console.log(++m);
    });
    myEmitter.emit('event');
    // Prints: 1
    myEmitter.emit('event');
    // Ignored

## Error events#

When an error occurs within an `EventEmitter` instance, the typical action is for an `'error'` event to be emitted. These are treated as special cases within Node.js.

If an `EventEmitter` does not have at least one listener registered for the `'error'` event, and an `'error'` event is emitted, the error is thrown, a stack trace is printed, and the Node.js process exits.

    const myEmitter = new MyEmitter();
    myEmitter.emit('error', new Error('whoops!'));
    // Throws and crashes Node.js

To guard against crashing the Node.js process the `domain` module can be used. (Note, however, that the `domain` module is deprecated.)

As a best practice, listeners should always be added for the `'error'` events.

    const myEmitter = new MyEmitter();
    myEmitter.on('error', (err) => {
      console.error('whoops! there was an error');
    });
    myEmitter.emit('error', new Error('whoops!'));
    // Prints: whoops! there was an error

It is possible to monitor `'error'` events without consuming the emitted error by installing a listener using the symbol `errorMonitor`.

    const myEmitter = new MyEmitter();
    myEmitter.on(EventEmitter.errorMonitor, (err) => {
      MyMonitoringTool.log(err);
    });
    myEmitter.emit('error', new Error('whoops!'));
    // Still throws and crashes Node.js

## Capture rejections of promises#

> Stability: 1 - captureRejections is experimental.

Using `async` functions with event handlers is problematic, because it can lead to an unhandled rejection in case of a thrown exception:

    const ee = new EventEmitter();
    ee.on('something', async (value) => {
      throw new Error('kaboom');
    });

The `captureRejections` option in the `EventEmitter` constructor or the global setting change this behavior, installing a `.then(undefined, handler)` handler on the `Promise`. This handler routes the exception asynchronously to the `Symbol.for('nodejs.rejection')` method if there is one, or to `'error'` event handler if there is none.

    const ee1 = new EventEmitter({ captureRejections: true });
    ee1.on('something', async (value) => {
      throw new Error('kaboom');
    });

    ee1.on('error', console.log);

    const ee2 = new EventEmitter({ captureRejections: true });
    ee2.on('something', async (value) => {
      throw new Error('kaboom');
    });

    ee2[Symbol.for('nodejs.rejection')] = console.log;

Setting `EventEmitter.captureRejections = true` will change the default for all new instances of `EventEmitter`.

    EventEmitter.captureRejections = true;
    const ee1 = new EventEmitter();
    ee1.on('something', async (value) => {
      throw new Error('kaboom');
    });

    ee1.on('error', console.log);

The `'error'` events that are generated by the `captureRejections` behavior do not have a catch handler to avoid infinite error loops: the recommendation is to not use `async` functions as `'error'` event handlers.

## Class: `EventEmitter`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v12.16.0 | Added captureRejections option.
v0.1.26 | Added in: v0.1.26

The `EventEmitter` class is defined and exposed by the `events` module:

    const EventEmitter = require('events');

All `EventEmitter`s emit the event `'newListener'` when new listeners are added and `'removeListener'` when existing listeners are removed.

It supports the following option:

- `captureRejections` {boolean} It enables automatic capturing of promise rejection. Default: `false`.

### Event: 'newListener'#

Added in: v0.1.26

- `eventName` {string|symbol} The name of the event being listened for
- `listener` {Function} The event handler function

The `EventEmitter` instance will emit its own `'newListener'` event before a listener is added to its internal array of listeners.

Listeners registered for the `'newListener'` event will be passed the event name and a reference to the listener being added.

The fact that the event is triggered before adding the listener has a subtle but important side effect: any additional listeners registered to the same `name` within the `'newListener'` callback will be inserted before the listener that is in the process of being added.

    const myEmitter = new MyEmitter();
    // Only do this once so we don't loop forever
    myEmitter.once('newListener', (event, listener) => {
      if (event === 'event') {
        // Insert a new listener in front
        myEmitter.on('event', () => {
          console.log('B');
        });
      }
    });
    myEmitter.on('event', () => {
      console.log('A');
    });
    myEmitter.emit('event');
    // Prints:
    //   B
    //   A

### Event: `'removeListener'`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v6.1.0, v4.7.0 | For listeners attached using `.once()`, the `listener` argument now yields the original listener function.
v0.9.3 | Added in: v0.9.3

- `eventName` {string|symbol} The event name
- `listener` {Function} The event handler function

The `'removeListener'` event is emitted after the `listener` is removed.

### `EventEmitter.listenerCount(emitter, eventName)`#

Added in: v0.9.12 Deprecated since: v3.2.0

> Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use `emitter.listenerCount()` instead.

- `emitter` {EventEmitter} The emitter to query
- `eventName` {string|symbol} The event name

A class method that returns the number of listeners for the given `eventName` registered on the given `emitter`.

    const myEmitter = new MyEmitter();
    myEmitter.on('event', () => {});
    myEmitter.on('event', () => {});
    console.log(EventEmitter.listenerCount(myEmitter, 'event'));
    // Prints: 2

### `EventEmitter.defaultMaxListeners`#

Added in: v0.11.2

By default, a maximum of `10` listeners can be registered for any single event. This limit can be changed for individual `EventEmitter` instances using the `emitter.setMaxListeners(n)` method. To change the default for all `EventEmitter` instances, the `EventEmitter.defaultMaxListeners` property can be used. If this value is not a positive number, a `TypeError` will be thrown.

Take caution when setting the `EventEmitter.defaultMaxListeners` because the change affects all `EventEmitter` instances, including those created before the change is made. However, calling `emitter.setMaxListeners(n)` still has precedence over `EventEmitter.defaultMaxListeners`.

This is not a hard limit. The `EventEmitter` instance will allow more listeners to be added but will output a trace warning to stderr indicating that a "possible EventEmitter memory leak" has been detected. For any single `EventEmitter`, the `emitter.getMaxListeners()` and `emitter.setMaxListeners()` methods can be used to temporarily avoid this warning:

    emitter.setMaxListeners(emitter.getMaxListeners() + 1);
    emitter.once('event', () => {
      // do stuff
      emitter.setMaxListeners(Math.max(emitter.getMaxListeners() - 1, 0));
    });

The `--trace-warnings` command line flag can be used to display the stack trace for such warnings.

The emitted warning can be inspected with `process.on('warning')` and will have the additional `emitter`, `type` and `count` properties, referring to the event emitter instance, the event’s name and the number of attached listeners, respectively. Its `name` property is set to `'MaxListenersExceededWarning'`.

### `EventEmitter.errorMonitor`#

Added in: v12.17.0

This symbol shall be used to install a listener for only monitoring `'error'` events. Listeners installed using this symbol are called before the regular `'error'` listeners are called.

Installing a listener using this symbol does not change the behavior once an `'error'` event is emitted, therefore the process will still crash if no regular `'error'` listener is installed.

### `emitter.addListener(eventName, listener)`#

Added in: v0.1.26

- `eventName` {string|symbol}
- `listener` {Function}

Alias for `emitter.on(eventName, listener)`.

### `emitter.emit(eventName[, ...args])`#

Added in: v0.1.26

- `eventName` {string|symbol}
- `...args` {any}
- Returns: {boolean}

Synchronously calls each of the listeners registered for the event named `eventName`, in the order they were registered, passing the supplied arguments to each.

Returns `true` if the event had listeners, `false` otherwise.

    const EventEmitter = require('events');
    const myEmitter = new EventEmitter();

    // First listener
    myEmitter.on('event', function firstListener() {
      console.log('Helloooo! first listener');
    });
    // Second listener
    myEmitter.on('event', function secondListener(arg1, arg2) {
      console.log(`event with parameters ${arg1}, ${arg2} in second listener`);
    });
    // Third listener
    myEmitter.on('event', function thirdListener(...args) {
      const parameters = args.join(', ');
      console.log(`event with parameters ${parameters} in third listener`);
    });

    console.log(myEmitter.listeners('event'));

    myEmitter.emit('event', 1, 2, 3, 4, 5);

    // Prints:
    // [
    //   [Function: firstListener],
    //   [Function: secondListener],
    //   [Function: thirdListener]
    // ]
    // Helloooo! first listener
    // event with parameters 1, 2 in second listener
    // event with parameters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 in third listener

### `emitter.eventNames()`#

Added in: v6.0.0

- Returns: {Array}

Returns an array listing the events for which the emitter has registered listeners. The values in the array will be strings or `Symbol`s.

    const EventEmitter = require('events');
    const myEE = new EventEmitter();
    myEE.on('foo', () => {});
    myEE.on('bar', () => {});

    const sym = Symbol('symbol');
    myEE.on(sym, () => {});

    console.log(myEE.eventNames());
    // Prints: [ 'foo', 'bar', Symbol(symbol) ]

### `emitter.getMaxListeners()`#

Added in: v1.0.0

- Returns: {integer}

Returns the current max listener value for the `EventEmitter` which is either set by `emitter.setMaxListeners(n)` or defaults to `EventEmitter.defaultMaxListeners`.

### `emitter.listenerCount(eventName)`#

Added in: v3.2.0

- `eventName` {string|symbol} The name of the event being listened for
- Returns: {integer}

Returns the number of listeners listening to the event named `eventName`.

### `emitter.listeners(eventName)`#

History

Version | Changes
--- | ---
v7.0.0 | For listeners attached using `.once()` this returns the original listeners instead of wrapper functions now.
v0.1.26 | Added in: v0.1.26

- `eventName` {string|symbol}
- Returns: {Function[]}

Returns a copy of the array of listeners for the event named `eventName`.

    server.on('connection', (stream) => {
      console.log('someone connected!');
    });
    console.log(util.inspect(server.listeners('connection')));
    // Prints: [ [Function] ]

### `emitter.off(eventName, listener)`#

Added in: v10.0.0

- `eventName` {string|symbol}
- `listener` {Function}
- Returns: {EventEmitter}

Alias for `emitter.removeListener()`.

### `emitter.on(eventName, listener)`#

Added in: v0.1.101

- `eventName` {string|symbol} The name of the event.
- `listener` {Function} The callback function
- Returns: {EventEmitter}

Adds the `listener` function to the end of the listeners array for the event named `eventName`. No checks are made to see if the `listener` has already been added. Multiple calls passing the same combination of `eventName` and `listener` will result in the `listener` being added, and called, multiple times.

    server.on('connection', (stream) => {
      console.log('someone connected!');
    });

Returns a reference to the `EventEmitter`, so that calls can be chained.

By default, event listeners are invoked in the order they are added. The `emitter.prependListener()` method can be used as an alternative to add the event listener to the beginning of the listeners array.

    const myEE = new EventEmitter();
    myEE.on('foo', () => console.log('a'));
    myEE.prependListener('foo', () => console.log('b'));
    myEE.emit('foo');
    // Prints:
    //   b
    //   a

### `emitter.once(eventName, listener)`#

Added in: v0.3.0

- `eventName` {string|symbol} The name of the event.
- `listener` {Function} The callback function
- Returns: {EventEmitter}

Adds a one-time `listener` function for the event named `eventName`. The next time `eventName` is triggered, this listener is removed and then invoked.

    server.once('connection', (stream) => {
      console.log('Ah, we have our first user!');
    });

Returns a reference to the `EventEmitter`, so that calls can be chained.

By default, event listeners are invoked in the order they are added. The `emitter.prependOnceListener()` method can be used as an alternative to add the event listener to the beginning of the listeners array.

    const myEE = new EventEmitter();
    myEE.once('foo', () => console.log('a'));
    myEE.prependOnceListener('foo', () => console.log('b'));
    myEE.emit('foo');
    // Prints:
    //   b
    //   a

### `emitter.prependListener(eventName, listener)`#

Added in: v6.0.0

- `eventName` {string|symbol} The name of the event.
- `listener` {Function} The callback function
- Returns: {EventEmitter}

Adds the `listener` function to the beginning of the listeners array for the event named `eventName`. No checks are made to see if the `listener` has already been added. Multiple calls passing the same combination of `eventName` and `listener` will result in the `listener` being added, and called, multiple times.

    server.prependListener('connection', (stream) => {
      console.log('someone connected!');
    });

Returns a reference to the `EventEmitter`, so that calls can be chained.

### `emitter.prependOnceListener(eventName, listener)`#

Added in: v6.0.0

- `eventName` {string|symbol} The name of the event.
- `listener` {Function} The callback function
- Returns: {EventEmitter}

Adds a one-time `listener` function for the event named `eventName` to the beginning of the listeners array. The next time `eventName` is triggered, this listener is removed, and then invoked.

    server.prependOnceListener('connection', (stream) => {
      console.log('Ah, we have our first user!');
    });

Returns a reference to the `EventEmitter`, so that calls can be chained.

### `emitter.removeAllListeners([eventName])`#

Added in: v0.1.26

- `eventName` {string|symbol}
- Returns: {EventEmitter}

Removes all listeners, or those of the specified `eventName`.

It is bad practice to remove listeners added elsewhere in the code, particularly when the `EventEmitter` instance was created by some other component or module (e.g. sockets or file streams).

Returns a reference to the `EventEmitter`, so that calls can be chained.

### `emitter.removeListener(eventName, listener)`#

Added in: v0.1.26

- `eventName` {string|symbol}
- `listener` {Function}
- Returns: {EventEmitter}

Removes the specified `listener` from the listener array for the event named `eventName`.

    const callback = (stream) => {
      console.log('someone connected!');
    };
    server.on('connection', callback);
    // ...
    server.removeListener('connection', callback);

`removeListener()` will remove, at most, one instance of a listener from the listener array. If any single listener has been added multiple times to the listener array for the specified `eventName`, then `removeListener()` must be called multiple times to remove each instance.

Once an event has been emitted, all listeners attached to it at the time of emitting will be called in order. This implies that any `removeListener()` or `removeAllListeners()` calls after emitting and before the last listener finishes execution will not remove them from `emit()` in progress. Subsequent events will behave as expected.

    const myEmitter = new MyEmitter();

    const callbackA = () => {
      console.log('A');
      myEmitter.removeListener('event', callbackB);
    };

    const callbackB = () => {
      console.log('B');
    };

    myEmitter.on('event', callbackA);

    myEmitter.on('event', callbackB);

    // callbackA removes listener callbackB but it will still be called.
    // Internal listener array at time of emit [callbackA, callbackB]
    myEmitter.emit('event');
    // Prints:
    //   A
    //   B

    // callbackB is now removed.
    // Internal listener array [callbackA]
    myEmitter.emit('event');
    // Prints:
    //   A

Because listeners are managed using an internal array, calling this will change the position indices of any listener registered after the listener being removed. This will not impact the order in which listeners are called, but it means that any copies of the listener array as returned by the `emitter.listeners()` method will need to be recreated.

When a single function has been added as a handler multiple times for a single event (as in the example below), `removeListener()` will remove the most recently added instance. In the example the `once('ping')` listener is removed:

    const ee = new EventEmitter();

    function pong() {
      console.log('pong');
    }

    ee.on('ping', pong);
    ee.once('ping', pong);
    ee.removeListener('ping', pong);

    ee.emit('ping');
    ee.emit('ping');

Returns a reference to the `EventEmitter`, so that calls can be chained.

### `emitter.setMaxListeners(n)`#

Added in: v0.3.5

- `n` {integer}
- Returns: {EventEmitter}

By default `EventEmitter`s will print a warning if more than `10` listeners are added for a particular event. This is a useful default that helps finding memory leaks. The `emitter.setMaxListeners()` method allows the limit to be modified for this specific `EventEmitter` instance. The value can be set to `Infinity` (or `0`) to indicate an unlimited number of listeners.

Returns a reference to the `EventEmitter`, so that calls can be chained.

### `emitter.rawListeners(eventName)`#

Added in: v9.4.0

- `eventName` {string|symbol}
- Returns: {Function[]}

Returns a copy of the array of listeners for the event named `eventName`, including any wrappers (such as those created by `.once()`).

    const emitter = new EventEmitter();
    emitter.once('log', () => console.log('log once'));

    // Returns a new Array with a function `onceWrapper` which has a property
    // `listener` which contains the original listener bound above
    const listeners = emitter.rawListeners('log');
    const logFnWrapper = listeners[0];

    // Logs "log once" to the console and does not unbind the `once` event
    logFnWrapper.listener();

    // Logs "log once" to the console and removes the listener
    logFnWrapper();

    emitter.on('log', () => console.log('log persistently'));
    // Will return a new Array with a single function bound by `.on()` above
    const newListeners = emitter.rawListeners('log');

    // Logs "log persistently" twice
    newListeners[0]();
    emitter.emit('log');

### `emitter[Symbol.for('nodejs.rejection')](err, eventName[, ...args])`#

Added in: v12.16.0

> Stability: 1 - captureRejections is experimental.

- `err` Error
- `eventName` {string|symbol}
- `...args` {any}

The `Symbol.for('nodejs.rejection')` method is called in case a promise rejection happens when emitting an event and `captureRejections` is enabled on the emitter. It is possible to use `events.captureRejectionSymbol` in place of `Symbol.for('nodejs.rejection')`.

    const { EventEmitter, captureRejectionSymbol } = require('events');

    class MyClass extends EventEmitter {
      constructor() {
        super({ captureRejections: true });
      }

      [captureRejectionSymbol](err, event, ...args) {
        console.log('rejection happened for', event, 'with', err, ...args);
        this.destroy(err);
      }

      destroy(err) {
        // Tear the resource down here.
      }
    }

## `events.once(emitter, name)`#

Added in: v11.13.0

- `emitter` {EventEmitter}
- `name` {string}
- Returns: {Promise}

Creates a `Promise` that is fulfilled when the `EventEmitter` emits the given event or that is rejected if the `EventEmitter` emits `'error'` while waiting. The `Promise` will resolve with an array of all the arguments emitted to the given event.

This method is intentionally generic and works with the web platform EventTarget interface, which has no special `'error'` event semantics and does not listen to the `'error'` event.

    const { once, EventEmitter } = require('events');

    async function run() {
      const ee = new EventEmitter();

      process.nextTick(() => {
        ee.emit('myevent', 42);
      });

      const [value] = await once(ee, 'myevent');
      console.log(value);

      const err = new Error('kaboom');
      process.nextTick(() => {
        ee.emit('error', err);
      });

      try {
        await once(ee, 'myevent');
      } catch (err) {
        console.log('error happened', err);
      }
    }

    run();

The special handling of the `'error'` event is only used when `events.once()` is used to wait for another event. If `events.once()` is used to wait for the '`error'` event itself, then it is treated as any other kind of event without special handling:

    const { EventEmitter, once } = require('events');

    const ee = new EventEmitter();

    once(ee, 'error')
      .then(([err]) => console.log('ok', err.message))
      .catch((err) => console.log('error', err.message));

    ee.emit('error', new Error('boom'));

    // Prints: ok boom

### Awaiting multiple events emitted on `process.nextTick()`#

There is an edge case worth noting when using the `events.once()` function to await multiple events emitted on in the same batch of `process.nextTick()` operations, or whenever multiple events are emitted synchronously. Specifically, because the `process.nextTick()` queue is drained before the `Promise` microtask queue, and because `EventEmitter` emits all events synchronously, it is possible for `events.once()` to miss an event.

    const { EventEmitter, once } = require('events');

    const myEE = new EventEmitter();

    async function foo() {
      await once(myEE, 'bar');
      console.log('bar');

      // This Promise will never resolve because the 'foo' event will
      // have already been emitted before the Promise is created.
      await once(myEE, 'foo');
      console.log('foo');
    }

    process.nextTick(() => {
      myEE.emit('bar');
      myEE.emit('foo');
    });

    foo().then(() => console.log('done'));

To catch both events, create each of the Promises before awaiting either of them, then it becomes possible to use `Promise.all()`, `Promise.race()`, or `Promise.allSettled()`:

    const { EventEmitter, once } = require('events');

    const myEE = new EventEmitter();

    async function foo() {
      await Promise.all([once(myEE, 'bar'), once(myEE, 'foo')]);
      console.log('foo', 'bar');
    }

    process.nextTick(() => {
      myEE.emit('bar');
      myEE.emit('foo');
    });

    foo().then(() => console.log('done'));

## `events.captureRejections`#

Added in: v12.16.0

> Stability: 1 - captureRejections is experimental.

Value: {boolean}

Change the default `captureRejections` option on all new `EventEmitter` objects.

## events.captureRejectionSymbol#

Added in: v12.16.0

> Stability: 1 - captureRejections is experimental.

Value: `Symbol.for('nodejs.rejection')`

See how to write a custom rejection handler.

## events.on(emitter, eventName)#

Added in: v12.16.0

- `emitter` {EventEmitter}
- `eventName` {string|symbol} The name of the event being listened for
- Returns: {AsyncIterator} that iterates `eventName` events emitted by the `emitter`

    const { on, EventEmitter } = require('events');

    (async () => {
      const ee = new EventEmitter();

      // Emit later on
      process.nextTick(() => {
        ee.emit('foo', 'bar');
        ee.emit('foo', 42);
      });

      for await (const event of on(ee, 'foo')) {
        // The execution of this inner block is synchronous and it
        // processes one event at a time (even with await). Do not use
        // if concurrent execution is required.
        console.log(event); // prints ['bar'] [42]
      }
      // Unreachable here
    })();

Returns an `AsyncIterator` that iterates `eventName` events. It will throw if the `EventEmitter` emits `'error'`. It removes all listeners when exiting the loop. The `value` returned by each iteration is an array composed of the emitted event arguments.