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# Interface caching

This section details the interface-caching mechanism, exposed in the `nipype.caching` module.

## Interface caching: why and how

- Pipelines (also called workflows) specify processing by an execution graph. This is useful because it opens the door to dependency checking and enable i) to minimize recomputations, ii) to have the execution engine transparently deal with intermediate file manipulations.

  They however do not blend in well with arbitrary Python code, as they must rely on their own execution engine.

- Interfaces give fine control of the execution of each step with a thin wrapper on the underlying software. As a result that can easily be inserted in Python code.

  However, they force the user to specify explicit input and output file names and cannot do any caching.

This is why nipype exposes an intermediate mechanism, caching that provides transparent output file management and caching within imperative Python code rather than a workflow.

## A big picture view: using the `Memory` object

nipype caching relies on the `Memory` class: it creates an execution context that is bound to a disk cache:

    >>> from nipype.caching import Memory
    >>> mem = Memory(base_dir='.')

Note that the caching directory is a subdirectory called nipype_mem of the given base_dir. This is done to avoid polluting the base director.

In the corresponding execution context, nipype interfaces can be turned into callables that can be used as functions using the `Memory.cache()` method. For instance if we want to run the fslMerge command on a set of files:

    >>> from nipype.interface import fsl
    >>> fsl_merge = mem.cache(fsl.Merge)

Note that the `Memory.cache()` method takes interfaces classes, and not instances.

The resulting fsl_merge object can be applied as a function to parameters, that will form the inputs of the merge fsl commands. Those inputs are given as keyword arguments, bearing the same name as the name in the inputs specs of the interface. In IPython, you can also get the argument list by using the fsl_merge? synthax to inspect the docs:

    In [10]: fsl_merge?
    String Form:PipeFunc(nipype.interfaces.fsl.utils.Merge, base_dir=/home/varoquau/dev/nipype/nipype/caching/nipype_mem)
    Namespace:  Interactive
    File:       /home/varoquau/dev/nipype/nipype/caching/memory.py
    Definition: fsl_merge(self, **kwargs)
    Docstring:
    Use fslmerge to concatenate images

    Inputs
    ------

    Mandatory:
    dimension: dimension along which the file will be merged
    in_files: None

    Optional:
    args: Additional parameters to the command
    environ: Environment variables (default={})
    ignore_exception: Print an error message instead of throwing an exception in case the interface fails to run (default=False)
    merged_file: None
    output_type: FSL output type

    Outputs
    -------
    merged_file: None
    Class Docstring:
    ...

Thus fsl_merge is applied to parameters as such:

    >>> results = fsl_merge(dimension='t', in_files=['a.nii.gz', 'b.nii.gz'])
    INFO:workflow:Executing node faa7888f5955c961e5c6aa70cbd5c807 in dir: /home/varoquau/dev/nipype/nipype/caching/nipype_mem/nipype-interfaces-fsl-utils-Merge/faa7888f5955c961e5c6aa70cbd5c807
    INFO:workflow:Running: fslmerge -t /home/varoquau/dev/nipype/nipype/caching/nipype_mem/nipype-interfaces-fsl-utils-Merge/faa7888f5955c961e5c6aa70cbd5c807/a_merged.nii /home/varoquau/dev/nipype/nipype/caching/a.nii.gz /home/varoquau/dev/nipype/nipype/caching/b.nii.gz

The results are standard nipype nodes results. In particular, they expose an outputs attribute that carries all the outputs of the process, as specified by the docs.

    >>> results.outputs.merged_file
    '/home/varoquau/dev/nipype/nipype/caching/nipype_mem/nipype-interfaces-fsl-utils-Merge/faa7888f5955c961e5c6aa70cbd5c807/a_merged.nii'

Finally, and most important, if the node is applied to the same input parameters, it is not computed, and the results are reloaded from the disk:

    >>> results = fsl_merge(dimension='t', in_files=['a.nii.gz', 'b.nii.gz'])
    INFO:workflow:Executing node faa7888f5955c961e5c6aa70cbd5c807 in dir: /home/varoquau/dev/nipype/nipype/caching/nipype_mem/nipype-interfaces-fsl-utils-Merge/faa7888f5955c961e5c6aa70cbd5c807
    INFO:workflow:Collecting precomputed outputs

Once the `Memory` is set up and you are applying it to data, an important thing to keep in mind is that you are using up disk cache. It might be useful to clean it using the methods that `Memory` provides for this: `Memory.clear_previous_runs()`, `Memory.clear_runs_since()`.

Example

A full-blown example showing how to stage multiple operations can be found in the `caching_example.py` file.

## Usage patterns: working efficiently with caching

The goal of the caching module is to enable writing plain Python code rather than workflows. Use it: instead of data grabber nodes, use for instance the glob module. To vary parameters, use for loops. To make reusable code, write Python functions.

One good rule of thumb to respect is to avoid the usage of explicit filenames apart from the outermost inputs and outputs of your processing. The reason being that the caching mechanism of `nipy.caching` takes care of generating the unique hashes, ensuring that, when you vary parameters, files are not overridden by the output of different computations.

Debuging

If you need to inspect the running environment of the nodes, it may be useful to know where they were executed. With nipype.caching, you do not control this location as it is encoded by hashes.

To find out where an operation has been persisted, simply look in it’s output variable:

    out.runtime.cwd

Finally, the more you explore different parameters, the more you risk creating cached results that will never be reused. Keep in mind that it may be useful to flush the cache using `Memory.clear_previous_runs()` or `Memory.clear_runs_since()`.

## API reference

The main class of the `nipype.caching` module is the `Memory` class:

class `nipype.caching.``Memory`(base_dir)

  Memory context to provide caching for interfaces

  Parameters:

  base_dir: string :

  > The directory name of the location for the caching

  Methods

  `cache`(interface) | Returns a callable that caches the output of an interface
  `clear_previous_runs`([warn]) | Remove all the cache that where not used in the latest run of the memory object: i.e.
  `clear_previous_runs`([warn]) | Remove all the cache that where not used in the latest run of the memory object: i.e.

  `cache`(interface)

    Returns a callable that caches the output of an interface

    Parameters:

    interface: nipype interface :

    > The nipype interface class to be wrapped and cached

    Returns:

    pipe_func: a PipeFunc callable object :

    > An object that can be used as a function to apply the interface to arguments. Inputs of the interface are given as keyword arguments, bearing the same name as the name in the inputs specs of the interface.

    Examples

        >>> from tempfile import mkdtemp
        >>> mem = Memory(mkdtemp())
        >>> from nipype.interfaces import fsl

    Here we create a callable that can be used to apply an fsl.Merge interface to files

        >>> fsl_merge = mem.cache(fsl.Merge)

    Now we apply it to a list of files. We need to specify the list of input files and the dimension along which the files should be merged.

        >>> results = fsl_merge(in_files=['a.nii', 'b.nii'],
        ...                     dimension='t')

    We can retrieve the resulting file from the outputs: >>> results.outputs.merged_file # doctest: +SKIP ‘...’

  `clear_previous_runs`(warn=True)

    Remove all the cache that where not used in the latest run of the memory object: i.e. since the corresponding Python object was created.

    Parameters:

    warn: boolean, optional :

    > If true, echoes warning messages for all directory removed

  `clear_runs_since`(day=None, month=None, year=None, warn=True)

    Remove all the cache that where not used since the given date

    Parameters:

    day, month, year: integers, optional :

    > The integers specifying the latest day (in localtime) that a node should have been accessed to be kept. If not given, the current date is used.

    warn: boolean, optional :

    > If true, echoes warning messages for all directory removed

Also used are the `PipeFunc`, callables that are returned by the `Memory.cache()` decorator:

class `nipype.caching.memory.``PipeFunc`(interface, base_dir, callback=None)

  Callable interface to nipype.interface objects

  Use this to wrap nipype.interface object and call them specifying their input with keyword arguments:

      fsl_merge = PipeFunc(fsl.Merge, base_dir='.')
      out = fsl_merge(in_files=files, dimension='t')

  Methods

  `__call__`(**kwargs) |

  `__init__`(interface, base_dir, callback=None)

    Parameters:

    interface: a nipype interface class :

    > The interface class to wrap

    base_dir: a string :

    > The directory in which the computation will be stored

    callback: a callable :

    > An optional callable called each time after the function is called.