# “distinct” and “mapReduce”

This document provides some practical, simple, examples to demonstrate the `distinct` and `mapReduce` commands.

## Setup

First we’ll write some code to insert sample data:

doc-common-insert.c

    /* Don't try to compile this file on its own. It's meant to be #included
       by example code */

    /* Insert some sample data */
    bool
    insert_data (mongoc_collection_t *collection)
    {
       mongoc_bulk_operation_t *bulk;
       enum N { ndocs = 4 };
       bson_t *docs[ndocs];
       bson_error_t error;
       int i = 0;
       bool ret;

       bulk = mongoc_collection_create_bulk_operation_with_opts (collection, NULL);

       docs[0] = BCON_NEW ("x", BCON_DOUBLE (1.0), "tags", "[", "dog", "cat", "]");
       docs[1] = BCON_NEW ("x", BCON_DOUBLE (2.0), "tags", "[", "cat", "]");
       docs[2] = BCON_NEW (
          "x", BCON_DOUBLE (2.0), "tags", "[", "mouse", "cat", "dog", "]");
       docs[3] = BCON_NEW ("x", BCON_DOUBLE (3.0), "tags", "[", "]");

       for (i = 0; i < ndocs; i++) {
          mongoc_bulk_operation_insert (bulk, docs[i]);
          bson_destroy (docs[i]);
          docs[i] = NULL;
       }

       ret = mongoc_bulk_operation_execute (bulk, NULL, &error);

       if (!ret) {
          fprintf (stderr, "Error inserting data: %s\n", error.message);
       }

       mongoc_bulk_operation_destroy (bulk);
       return ret;
    }

    /* A helper which we'll use a lot later on */
    void
    print_res (const bson_t *reply)
    {
       char *str;
       BSON_ASSERT (reply);
       str = bson_as_canonical_extended_json (reply, NULL);
       printf ("%s\n", str);
       bson_free (str);
    }

## “distinct” command

This is how to use the `distinct` command to get the distinct values of `x` which are greater than `1`:

distinct.c

    bool
    distinct (mongoc_database_t *database)
    {
       bson_t *command;
       bson_t reply;
       bson_error_t error;
       bool res;
       bson_iter_t iter;
       bson_iter_t array_iter;
       double val;

       command = BCON_NEW ("distinct",
                           BCON_UTF8 (COLLECTION_NAME),
                           "key",
                           BCON_UTF8 ("x"),
                           "query",
                           "{",
                           "x",
                           "{",
                           "$gt",
                           BCON_DOUBLE (1.0),
                           "}",
                           "}");
       res =
          mongoc_database_command_simple (database, command, NULL, &reply, &error);
       if (!res) {
          fprintf (stderr, "Error with distinct: %s\n", error.message);
          goto cleanup;
       }

       /* Do something with reply (in this case iterate through the values) */
       if (!(bson_iter_init_find (&iter, &reply, "values") &&
             BSON_ITER_HOLDS_ARRAY (&iter) &&
             bson_iter_recurse (&iter, &array_iter))) {
          fprintf (stderr, "Couldn't extract \"values\" field from response\n");
          goto cleanup;
       }

       while (bson_iter_next (&array_iter)) {
          if (BSON_ITER_HOLDS_DOUBLE (&array_iter)) {
             val = bson_iter_double (&array_iter);
             printf ("Next double: %f\n", val);
          }
       }

    cleanup:
       /* cleanup */
       bson_destroy (command);
       bson_destroy (&reply);
       return res;
    }

## “mapReduce” - basic example

A simple example using the map reduce framework. It simply adds up the number of occurrences of each “tag”.

First define the `map` and `reduce` functions:

constants.c

    const char *const COLLECTION_NAME = "things";

    /* Our map function just emits a single (key, 1) pair for each tag
       in the array: */
    const char *const MAPPER = "function () {"
                               "this.tags.forEach(function(z) {"
                               "emit(z, 1);"
                               "});"
                               "}";

    /* The reduce function sums over all of the emitted values for a
       given key: */
    const char *const REDUCER = "function (key, values) {"
                                "var total = 0;"
                                "for (var i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {"
                                "total += values[i];"
                                "}"
                                "return total;"
                                "}";
    /* Note We can't just return values.length as the reduce function
       might be called iteratively on the results of other reduce
       steps. */

Run the `mapReduce` command. Use the generic command helpers (e.g. mongoc_database_command_simple()). Do not the read command helpers (e.g. mongoc_database_read_command_with_opts()) because they are considered retryable read operations. If retryable reads are enabled, those operations will retry once on a retryable error, giving undesirable behavior for `mapReduce`.

map-reduce-basic.c

    bool
    map_reduce_basic (mongoc_database_t *database)
    {
       bson_t reply;
       bson_t *command;
       bool res;
       bson_error_t error;
       mongoc_cursor_t *cursor;
       const bson_t *doc;

       bool query_done = false;

       const char *out_collection_name = "outCollection";
       mongoc_collection_t *out_collection;

       /* Empty find query */
       bson_t find_query = BSON_INITIALIZER;

       /* Construct the mapReduce command */

       /* Other arguments can also be specified here, like "query" or
          "limit" and so on */
       command = BCON_NEW ("mapReduce",
                           BCON_UTF8 (COLLECTION_NAME),
                           "map",
                           BCON_CODE (MAPPER),
                           "reduce",
                           BCON_CODE (REDUCER),
                           "out",
                           BCON_UTF8 (out_collection_name));
       res =
          mongoc_database_command_simple (database, command, NULL, &reply, &error);

       if (!res) {
          fprintf (stderr, "MapReduce failed: %s\n", error.message);
          goto cleanup;
       }

       /* Do something with the reply (it doesn't contain the mapReduce results) */
       print_res (&reply);

       /* Now we'll query outCollection to see what the results are */
       out_collection =
          mongoc_database_get_collection (database, out_collection_name);
       cursor = mongoc_collection_find_with_opts (
          out_collection, &find_query, NULL, NULL);
       query_done = true;

       /* Do something with the results */
       while (mongoc_cursor_next (cursor, &doc)) {
          print_res (doc);
       }

       if (mongoc_cursor_error (cursor, &error)) {
          fprintf (stderr, "ERROR: %s\n", error.message);
          res = false;
          goto cleanup;
       }

    cleanup:
       /* cleanup */
       if (query_done) {
          mongoc_cursor_destroy (cursor);
          mongoc_collection_destroy (out_collection);
       }

       bson_destroy (&reply);
       bson_destroy (command);

       return res;
    }

## “mapReduce” - more complicated example

You must have replica set running for this.

In this example we contact a secondary in the replica set and do an “inline” map reduce, so the results are returned immediately:

map-reduce-advanced.c

    bool
    map_reduce_advanced (mongoc_database_t *database)
    {
       bson_t *command;
       bson_error_t error;
       bool res = true;
       mongoc_cursor_t *cursor;
       mongoc_read_prefs_t *read_pref;
       const bson_t *doc;

       /* Construct the mapReduce command */
       /* Other arguments can also be specified here, like "query" or "limit"
          and so on */

       /* Read the results inline from a secondary replica */
       command = BCON_NEW ("mapReduce",
                           BCON_UTF8 (COLLECTION_NAME),
                           "map",
                           BCON_CODE (MAPPER),
                           "reduce",
                           BCON_CODE (REDUCER),
                           "out",
                           "{",
                           "inline",
                           "1",
                           "}");

       read_pref = mongoc_read_prefs_new (MONGOC_READ_SECONDARY);
       cursor = mongoc_database_command (
          database, MONGOC_QUERY_NONE, 0, 0, 0, command, NULL, read_pref);

       /* Do something with the results */
       while (mongoc_cursor_next (cursor, &doc)) {
          print_res (doc);
       }

       if (mongoc_cursor_error (cursor, &error)) {
          fprintf (stderr, "ERROR: %s\n", error.message);
          res = false;
       }

       mongoc_cursor_destroy (cursor);
       mongoc_read_prefs_destroy (read_pref);
       bson_destroy (command);

       return res;
    }

## Running the Examples

Here’s how to run the example code

basic-aggregation.c

    /*
     * Copyright 2016 MongoDB, Inc.
     *
     * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
     * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
     * You may obtain a copy of the License at
     *
     *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
     *
     * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
     * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
     * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
     * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
     * limitations under the License.
     */

    #include <mongoc/mongoc.h>
    #include <stdio.h>

    #include "constants.c"

    #include "../doc-common-insert.c"
    #include "distinct.c"
    #include "map-reduce-basic.c"
    #include "map-reduce-advanced.c"

    int
    main (int argc, char *argv[])
    {
       mongoc_database_t *database = NULL;
       mongoc_client_t *client = NULL;
       mongoc_collection_t *collection = NULL;
       mongoc_uri_t *uri = NULL;
       bson_error_t error;
       char *host_and_port = NULL;
       int exit_code = EXIT_FAILURE;

       if (argc != 2) {
          fprintf (stderr, "usage: %s CONNECTION-STRING\n", argv[0]);
          fprintf (stderr,
                   "the connection string can be of the following forms:\n");
          fprintf (stderr, "localhost\t\t\t\tlocal machine\n");
          fprintf (stderr, "localhost:27018\t\t\t\tlocal machine on port 27018\n");
          fprintf (stderr,
                   "mongodb://user:pass@localhost:27017\t"
                   "local machine on port 27017, and authenticate with username "
                   "user and password pass\n");
          return exit_code;
       }

       mongoc_init ();

       if (strncmp (argv[1], "mongodb://", 10) == 0) {
          host_and_port = bson_strdup (argv[1]);
       } else {
          host_and_port = bson_strdup_printf ("mongodb://%s", argv[1]);
       }

       uri = mongoc_uri_new_with_error (host_and_port, &error);
       if (!uri) {
          fprintf (stderr,
                   "failed to parse URI: %s\n"
                   "error message:       %s\n",
                   host_and_port,
                   error.message);
          goto cleanup;
       }

       client = mongoc_client_new_from_uri (uri);
       if (!client) {
          goto cleanup;
       }

       mongoc_client_set_error_api (client, 2);
       database = mongoc_client_get_database (client, "test");
       collection = mongoc_database_get_collection (database, COLLECTION_NAME);

       printf ("Inserting data\n");
       if (!insert_data (collection)) {
          goto cleanup;
       }

       printf ("distinct\n");
       if (!distinct (database)) {
          goto cleanup;
       }

       printf ("map reduce\n");
       if (!map_reduce_basic (database)) {
          goto cleanup;
       }

       printf ("more complicated map reduce\n");
       if (!map_reduce_advanced (database)) {
          goto cleanup;
       }

       exit_code = EXIT_SUCCESS;

    cleanup:
       if (collection) {
          mongoc_collection_destroy (collection);
       }

       if (database) {
          mongoc_database_destroy (database);
       }

       if (client) {
          mongoc_client_destroy (client);
       }

       if (uri) {
          mongoc_uri_destroy (uri);
       }

       if (host_and_port) {
          bson_free (host_and_port);
       }

       mongoc_cleanup ();
       return exit_code;
    }

If you want to try the advanced map reduce example with a secondary, start a replica set (instructions for how to do this can be found here).

Otherwise, just start an instance of MongoDB:

    $ mongod

Now compile and run the example program:

    $ cd examples/basic_aggregation/
    $ gcc -Wall -o agg-example basic-aggregation.c $(pkg-config --cflags --libs libmongoc-1.0)
    $ ./agg-example localhost

    Inserting data
    distinct
    Next double: 2.000000
    Next double: 3.000000
    map reduce
    { "result" : "outCollection", "timeMillis" : 155, "counts" : { "input" : 84, "emit" : 126, "reduce" : 3, "output" : 3 }, "ok" : 1 }
    { "_id" : "cat", "value" : 63 }
    { "_id" : "dog", "value" : 42 }
    { "_id" : "mouse", "value" : 21 }
    more complicated map reduce
    { "results" : [ { "_id" : "cat", "value" : 63 }, { "_id" : "dog", "value" : 42 }, { "_id" : "mouse", "value" : 21 } ], "timeMillis" : 14, "counts" : { "input" : 84, "emit" : 126, "reduce" : 3, "output" : 3 }, "ok" : 1 }