Subsections

- Tempo
- Time
- TimeSig
- Truncate
- BeatAdjust
- Fermata
- Cut

#
Tempo and Timing

MMA has a rich set of commands to adjust and vary the timing of your song.

# Tempo

The tempo of a piece is set in Quarter Beats per Minute with the “Tempo” directive.

Tempo 120

sets the tempo to 120 beats/minute. You can also use the tempo command to increase or decrease the current rate by including a leading “+”, “-” or “*” in the rate. For example (assuming the current rate is 120):

Tempo +10

will increase the current rate to 130 beats/minute.

The tempo can be changed over a series of beats, much like a ritardando or accelerando in real music. Assuming that a time signature of 4/4, the current tempo is 120, and there are 4 beats in a bar, the command:

Tempo 100 1

will cause 4 tempo entries to be placed in the current bar (in the MIDI meta track). The start of the bar will be 115, the 2nd beat will be at 110, the 3rd at 105 and the last at 100. Note: printing the value of the builtin MMA macro $_TEMPO will, properly, reflect the current value, not the final one.

You can also vary an existing rate using a “+”, “-” or “*” in the rate.

You can vary the tempo over more than one bar. For example:

Tempo +20 5.5

tells MMA to increase the tempo by 20 beats per minute and to step the increase over the next five and a half bars. Assuming a start tempo of 100 and 4 beats/bar, the meta track will have a tempo settings of 101, 102, 103 ... 120. This will occur over 22 beats (5.5 bars * 4 beats) of music.

The duration can be set using beats by appending a single “B” to the value:

Tempo +20 22b

is the same as the previous example. For consistency a “M” (measures) or “T” (MIDI ticks) can be appended to the value.

Using the multiplier is handy if you are switching to “double time”:

Tempo *2

and to return:

Tempo *.5

Note that the “+”, “-” or “*” sign must not be separated from the tempo value by any spaces. The value for TEMPO can be any value, but will be converted to integer for the final setting.

There are two options to the TEMPO command, both set as option=value pairs:

Offset
  Sets an offset for the change. This can be given in bars (the default) or beats. To specify beats append a single “B” to the value. For consistency for can add a “M” for measures/bars or “T” for MIDI ticks. Floating point values are permitted.

  For example:

  Tempo 120 Offset=2b

  will insert the, possibly new tempo, in two beats, and:

  Tempo 120 Offset=1.5

  will insert the tempo (assuming 4 beats per bar) do so in 6 beats.

Restore
  The RESTORE option will change the TEMPO back to the current setting in the specified number of bars. You can end the option with a single “B” to indicate beats or, optionally, a “M” for measures/bars or “T” for MIDI ticks. Floating point values are permitted.

  For example:

  Tempo 120 Restore=2.5m

  will change the TEMPO to 120 BPM at the current position and then restore it to the previous setting in two and half bars.

Please note:

- After changing the tempo the value of the macro $_TEMPO will reflect the tempo at the current point, not the final value you are setting the tempo to.

- After completing any tempo changes, a check is done to see if any of the settings in the current command will be overwritten by a previous one (most likely due to a large OFFSET or RESTORE setting. This will be reported as a warning.

#
Time

Before we go further with the TIME command: It really should be called Number Of Quarter Notes In A Bar, or something equally verbose.

MMA doesn't understand time signatures. It just cares about the number of quarter note beats in a bar. So, if you have a piece in 4/4 time you would use:

Time 4

For 3/4 use:

Time 3

TIME can accept fractional values. This can be useful if you have, for example, a piece in something like 5/8. You could always use TIME 5 and use 5 quarters/bar instead of 5 eights. But, if you used Time 2.5 you end up with MMA expecting 2.5 quarters, which is the same as 5 eights. This makes other programs expecting time signatures very happy.

For 6/8 it's easiest to use “6”. You could use “2” or “3”, but you do need to remember that this also sets the chord offset (used in chord data lines) defaults. So, if you set TIME 2 you would set chords (without using the extended “@” notation, here) on beats 1 and 2. If you use the recommended “6” you will also need to double your TEMPO setting since 6/8 is about eighth notes and MMA really likes quarters.

Changing the time also cancels all existing sequences. So, after a time directive you'll need to set up your sequences or load a new groove.

An optional setting for TIME is TABS. This option defines the chord position stops used when parsing a chord data line. Assuming a TIME 6 (for a 6/8 section) you would set chords with lines like:

Time 6 1 C / / G 2 C / / G7

In this case we are changing chords on beats 1 and 4. All those extra '/'s are a bit of a pain and distracting. As an alternative, try:

Time 6 Tabs=1,4 1 C G 2 C G7

The end result is the same, but with much less typing.

The TABS command requires a comma separated list of tab stops. The first stop must always be 1 and the last must be less or equal to the integer value of TIME.

As a convenience you can combine the setting of TIME, TIMESIG and TABS easily for common time signatures. Simply use a known time signature as the sole argument. For example, to set up for a waltz:

Time 3/4

This will set the beats per bar to 3, the time signature meta event to “3/4” and the chord tabs to 1,2,3. The following table shows the known time signatures, etc.17.1.

TimeSig | Beats/Bar | Tabs
Duple
2/2 | 4 | 1, 3
2/4 | 2 | 1, 2
6/4 | 6 | 1, 4
6/8 | 6 | 1, 4
Triple
3/2 | 6 | 1, 3, 5
3/4 | 3 | 1, 2, 3
3/8 | 1.5 | 1, 1.5, 2
9/8 | 4.5 | 1, 2.25, 4
Quadruple
4/4 | 4 | 1, 2, 3, 4
12/8 | 6 | 1, 2.5, 4, 5.5
Quintuple
5/4 | 5 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
5/8 | 2.5 | 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3
Septuple
7/4 | 7 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Many time signatures can have different meters. For example, in 6/8 you could have 6 or 2 beats/bar. In these cases we leave it to you to set the TABS to the correct values for your piece.

In addition to the above values, MMA also recognizes the special time signature “Cut” and “Common”. They are internally translated to 2/2 and 4/4.

If the time signature you need isn't listed above you can set it in the following manner: Assuming 13/4:

1. Set the MIDI meta event

   TimeSig 13/4

2. Set the Time

   Time 13

3. Optionally, in the same command as the TIME, set the chord tabs if desired. By default they'll be a 1,2...13.

Important: The TIME, TABS and TIMESIG values are saved and restored with grooves! If, in your song, you set TIME 3 and then load a GROOVE created with a TIME 4 setting you will have 4 beats per bar. Not the 3 beats you are expecting. In most cases you do not want to use TIME in a song file ... leave it for libraries.

# TimeSig

Even though MMA doesn't use Time Signatures, some MIDI sequencer and notation programs do recognize and use them. So, here's a command which will let you insert a Time Signature in your MIDI output:

TimeSig NN/DD

or (not recommended, use the “/”):

TimeSig NN DD

The NN parameter is the time signature numerator (the number of beats per bar). In 3/4 you would set this to “3”.

The DD parameter is the time signature denominator (the length of the note getting a single beat). In 3/4 you would set this to “4”.

Note that the single slash character is optional.

The NN value must be an integer in the range of 1 to 126. The DD value must be one of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 or 64.

MMA assumes that all songs are in 4/4 and places that MIDI event at offset 0 in the Meta track.

The TIMESIG value is remembered by GROOVEs and is properly set when grooves are switched. You should probably have a time signature in any groove library files you create (the supplied files all do).

The common time signatures “common” and “cut” are supported. They are translated by MMA to 4/4 and 2/2.

If you insert more than one time signature at the same location in your file only the last one will be inserted into the MIDI file. This could be useful if you are using a library file and don't like the time signature in that file ... just use the desired one right after the first USE or GROOVE command.

Important: this command does not have any effect on internal timing in MMA . It only sets a Meta event in the generated MIDI file. You must set the time (beats per bar) with the TIME command.

#
Truncate

It is not uncommon to find that the time signature in a song changes. Most often this is to generate a short (or long) bar in the middle of a phrase. This example shows a few bars of a popular song which changes from cut time to 2/4 as well as MMA code to generate the correct MIDI file.

Mixed Time Notation

KeySig Bb Groove Country Bb / / / Eb Bb Truncate 2 Eb // this is a 2/4 bar Bb /

The TRUNCATE reduces the duration of the following bar to the specified number of beats. For example:

Truncate 3

will create a bar 3 beats long.

TRUNCATE works by shortening the duration and deleting the pattern definitions in the unused section of the bar. Normally, the ending of the bar's pattern is the part skipped.

However, you can also force the segment of the current pattern which TRUNCATE uses with the SIDE option. For example, if you would like the next bar to have 2 beats and to use the second half of the pattern:

Truncate 2 Side=Right

You can even use the “middle” part of the pattern by using a value for the SIDE option:

Truncate 1 Side=2

would force the next bar to have 1 beat using the pattern starting at offset 2 in the bar. To illustrate the above case, assume you have a CHORD sequence defined as:

Chord Sequence 1 4 80; 2.5 8 90; 3 4 100; 4 8 100;

The option SIDE=2 will convert the SEQUENCE to be:

Chord Sequence 1.5 8 90;

which will be used in the following bar.

The number of bars in which TRUNCATE is in effect is normally one (the next bar). However, you can change this with the COUNT= option. For example, you might want to create a sequence with different GROOVES:

Truncate 1 Count=4 Groove PopBallad C // 1 beat bar Groove PopHits / // second 1 beat bar Groove PopFill / // third 1 beat bar Groove PopBalladSus / // final 1 beat bar Groove PopBallad / // normal 4 beat bar

You can specify both the number of beats and the SIDE as fractional values. This can be handy when your song is in a compound time. For example, the song “ Theme From Mahogany” is in 4/4 time, but one bar is in 5/8 time. We have 4 beats in each bar, and don't really have an 8 beat time to use (we could, but it makes our input a bit more complicated), we simply convert the second time to 2.5/4 (not a legal time signature!). This is cleanly handled by the following snippet:

Truncate 2.5 Groove PianoBalladFill Timesig 5 8 C Timesig 4 4

The arguments for the SIDE option are:

Left | the start of the pattern (the default),
Right | the end of the pattern,
Value | an offset into the pattern in beats (can be fractional).

A few caveats:

- Both the SIDE and COUNT options are value pairs joined with a single “=”.

- The chord data in the truncated line(s) must contain the correct number of chords. Having chords outside of the range of the new bar size will generate an error.

- When using SOLO or MELODY data an error is generated if the data falls outside of the duration of the shortened bar.

- If your sequencer or other destination (perhaps you are using a notation program to read MMA 's output) uses TIMESIG information (see below), you may need to update it before and after a truncated section.

- You cannot use TRUNCATE to lengthen a bar. We have looked at adding this as an option, but it is probably never going to be very successful. Simply adding a number of beats to an existing sequence is trivial—deciding which patterns to add and modify and how to select them from the existing sequence is a slippery slope to insanity.

  If you have a piece which, for example, is in 4/4 and you need a single bar of 5/4, we suggest that you use TRUNCATE to create a short, 1/4 bar and follow that with a regular 4/4. Now, listen and decide if the beat selection is correct. You may wish to use a 4/4, 1/4 combination or even something like 2/4, 3/4.

The example file egs/misc/truncate.mma shows some examples of the TRUNCATE command.

#
BeatAdjust

Internally, MMA tracks its position in a song according to beats. For example, in a 4/4 piece the beat position is incremented by 4 beats after each bar is processed. For the most part, this works fine; however, there are some conditions when it would be nice to manually adjust the beat position:

- Insert some extra (silent) beats at the end of bar to simulate a pause,

- Delete some beats to handle a “short” bar.

- Change a pattern in the middle of a bar.

Each problem will be dealt with in turn:

In this example a pause is simulated at the end of bar 10. One problem with this logic is that the inserted beat will be silent, but certain notes (percussive things like piano) often will continue to sound (this is related to the decay of the note, not that MMA has not turned off the note). Frankly, this really doesn't work too well ... which is why the FERMATA (details here) was added.

Adding Extra Beats

Time 4 1 Cm / / / ... 10 Am / C / BeatAdjust 1 ...

In this example the problem of the “short bar” is handled. In this example, the sheet music has the majority of the song in 4/4 time, but bar 4 is in 2/4. This could be handled by setting the TIME setting to 2 and creating some different patterns. Forcing silence on the last 2 beats and backing up the counter is a bit easier.

Short Bar Adjustment

1 Cm / / / ... 4 Am / z! / BeatAdjust -2 ...

Note that the adjustment factor can be a partial beat. For example:

BeatAdjust .5

will insert half of a beat between the current bars.

Finally in this example, the problem of overlapping bars is handled. We want to change the GROOVE in the middle of a bar. So, we create the third bar two times. The first one has a “z!” (silence) for beats 3 and 4; the second has “z!” for beats 1 and 2. This permits the two halves to overlap without conflict. The BEATADJUST forces the two bars to overlap completely.

Mid-Bar Groove Change

Groove BigBand 1 C Groove BigBandFill 2 Am 3 / / z! BeatAdjust -4 Groove BigBand z! / F 5 F ...

- A number of the items discussed above are much easier to handle with the TRUNCATE command, here.

- The number of beats to move the current position can be specified in beats (the default, an optional “B” can be added), measures (append a “M”) or MIDI ticks (append a “T”).

#
Fermata

A “fermata” or “pause” in written music tells the musician to hold a note for a longer period than the notation would otherwise indicate. In standard music notation it is represented by a above a note.

To indicate all this MMA uses a command like:

Fermata -2 1 200

Note that there are three parts to the command:

1. The beat offset from the current point in the score to apply the “pause”. The offset can be positive or negative and is calculated from the current bar. Positive numbers will apply to the next bar; negative to the previous. For offsets into the next bar you use offsets starting at “0”; for offsets into the previous bar an offset of “-1” represents the last beat in that bar.

   For example, if you were in 4/4 time and wanted the quarter note at the end of the next bar to be paused, you would use an offset of 3. The same effect can be achieved by putting the FERMATA command after the bar and using an offset of -1.

   Note: for best results the FERMATA should be placed after the bar (a negative offset). See the implementation discussion, below, for details. A warning is printed when placed before the bar.

2. The duration of the pause in beats. For example, if you have a quarter note to pause your duration would be 1, a half note (or 2 quarter notes) would be 2. Warning: the duration is in beats; it is not a note duration.

3. The adjustment. This represented as a percentage of the current value. For example, to force a note to be held for twice the normal time you would use 200 (two-hundred percent). You can use a value smaller than 100 to force a shorter note, but this is seldom done.

This example shows how you can place a FERMATA before or after the effected bar.

Fermata

MMA Equivalents // Placement before bar (not recommended) Fermata 3 1 200 C Gm7 // After bar, the right way! C Fermata -1 1 200 Gm7

Here the second example shows the first four bars of a popular torch song. The problem with the piece is that the first beat of bar four needs to be paused, and the accompaniment style has to switch in the middle of the bar. The example shows how to split the fourth bar with the first beat on one line and the balance on a second. The “z!”s are used to “fill in” the 4 beats skipped by the BEATADJUST.

Fermata with Cut

C C#dim G7 C / C#dim G7 z! Fermata -4 1 200 Cut -3 BeatAdjust -3.5 Groove EasySwing z! G7 C7

The following conditions will generate warning messages:

- A beat offset greater than one bar,

- A duration greater than one bar,

- An adjustment value less than 100,

- A positive offset (placement before the effected region).

Implementation

This command works by adjusting the global tempo in the MIDI meta track at the point of the fermata. In most cases you can put more than one FERMATA command in the same bar, but they should be in beat order (no checks are done). If the FERMATA command has a negative position argument, special code is invoked to move all note on, program and controller change events to the start of the effected area and note off events to the end. In addition, existing tempo changes are rationalized to make it “just work”. This means that extra rhythm notes will not be sounded inside the fermata—probably what you expect a held note to sound like.

#
Cut

This command was born of the need to simulate a “cut” or, more correctly, a “caesura”. This is indicated in music by two parallel lines put at the top of a staff indicating the end of a musical thought. The symbol is also referred to as “railroad tracks”.

The idea is to stop the music on all tracks, pause briefly, and resume.17.2

MMA provides the CUT command to help deal with this situation. But, before the command is described in detail, a diversion: just how is a note or chord sustained in a MIDI file?

Assume that a MMA input file (and the associated library) files dictates that some notes are to be played from beat 2 to beat 4 in an arbitrary bar. What MMA does is:

- determine the position in the piece as a MIDI offset to the current bar,

- calculate the start and end times for the notes,

- adjust the times (if necessary) based on adjustable features such as STRUM, ARTICULATE, RTIME, etc.,

- insert the required MIDI “note on” and “note off” commands at the appropriate point in the track.

You may think that a given note starts on beat 2 and ends (using ARTICULATE 100) right on beat 3—but you would most likely be wrong. So, if you want the note or chord to be “cut”, what point do you use to instruct MMA correctly? Unfortunately, the simple answer is “it depends”. Again, the answers will consist of some examples.

In this first case you wish to stop the track in the middle of the last bar. The simplest answer is:

1 C ... 36 C / z! /

Unfortunately, this will “almost” work. But, any chords which are longer than one or two beats may continue to sound. This, often, gives a “dirty” sound to the end of the piece. The simple solution is to add to the end of the piece:

Cut -2

Depending on the rhythm you might have to fiddle a bit with the cut value. But, the example here puts a “all notes off” message in all the active tracks at the start of beat 3. The exact same result can be achieved by placing:

Cut 3

before the final bar.

In this second example a tiny bit of silence is desired between bars 4 and 5 (this might be the end of a musical introduction). The following bit should work:

1 C 2 G 3 G 4 C Cut BeatAdjust .2 5 G ...

In this case the “all notes off” is placed at the end of bar 4 and two-tenths of a beat is inserted at the same location. Bar 5 continues the track.

The final example show how you might combine CUT with FERMATA. In this case the sheet music shows a caesura after the first quarter note and fermatas over the quarter notes on beats 2, 3 and 4.

1 C C#dim 2 G7 3 C / C#dim Fermata 1 3 120 Cut 1.9 Cut 2.9 Cut 3.9 4 G7 / C7 / 5 F6

A few tutorial notes on the above:

- The command

  Fermata 1 3 120

  applies a slow-down in tempo to the second beat for the following bar (an offset of 1), for 3 beats. These 3 beats will be played 20% slower than the set tempo.

- The three CUT commands insert MIDI “all notes off” in all the active tracks just before beats 2, 3 and 4.

Finally, the proper syntax for the command:

[TrackName] Cut [Offset]

If the voice is omitted, MIDI “all notes off” will be inserted into each active track.

If the offset is omitted, the current bar position will be used. This the same as using an offset value of 0.

#### Footnotes

... etc.17.1
  These are known to MMA . There are many more valid time signatures. Gardner Read lists over 100 of them in Music Notation.
... resume.17.2
  The answer to the music theory question of whether the “pause” takes time from the current beat or is treated as a “fermata” is not clear—but as far as MMA is concerned the command has no effect on timing.