## MLton 20241230+git20251029+dfsg-5

# Fold01N

A common use pattern of Fold is to define a variable-arity function that combines multiple arguments together using a binary function. It is slightly tricky to do this directly using fold, because of the special treatment required for the case of zero or one argument. Here is a structure, `Fold01N`, that solves the problem once and for all, and eases the definition of such functions.

    structure Fold01N =
       struct
          fun fold {finish, start, zero} =
             Fold.fold ((id, finish, fn () => zero, start),
                        fn (finish, _, p, _) => finish (p ()))

          fun step0 {combine, input} =
             Fold.step0 (fn (_, finish, _, f) =>
                         (finish,
                          finish,
                          fn () => f input,
                          fn x' => combine (f input, x')))

          fun step1 {combine} z input =
             step0 {combine = combine, input = input} z
       end

If one has a value `zero`, and functions `start`, `c`, and `finish`, then one can define a variable-arity function `f` and stepper ``` as follows.

    val f = fn z => Fold01N.fold {finish = finish, start = start, zero = zero} z
    val ` = fn z => Fold01N.step1 {combine = c} z

One can then use the fold equation to prove the following equations.

    f $ = zero
    f `a1 $ = finish (start a1)
    f `a1 `a2 $ = finish (c (start a1, a2))
    f `a1 `a2 `a3 $ = finish (c (c (start a1, a2), a3))
    ...

For an example of `Fold01N`, see VariableArityPolymorphism.

## Typing Fold01N

Here is the signature for `Fold01N`. We use a trick to avoid having to duplicate the definition of some rather complex types in both the signature and the structure. We first define the types in a structure. Then, we define them via type re-definitions in the signature, and via `open` in the full structure.

    structure Fold01N =
       struct
          type ('input, 'accum1, 'accum2, 'answer, 'zero,
                'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e) t =
             (('zero -> 'zero)
              * ('accum2 -> 'answer)
              * (unit -> 'zero)
              * ('input -> 'accum1),
              ('a -> 'b) * 'c * (unit -> 'a) * 'd,
              'b,
              'e) Fold.t

           type ('input1, 'accum1, 'input2, 'accum2,
                'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) step0 =
             ('a * 'b * 'c * ('input1 -> 'accum1),
              'b * 'b * (unit -> 'accum1) * ('input2 -> 'accum2),
              'd, 'e, 'f) Fold.step0

          type ('accum1, 'input, 'accum2,
                'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f, 'g) step1 =
             ('a,
              'b * 'c * 'd * ('a -> 'accum1),
              'c * 'c * (unit -> 'accum1) * ('input -> 'accum2),
              'e, 'f, 'g) Fold.step1
       end

    signature FOLD_01N =
       sig
          type ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f, 'g, 'h, 'i, 'j) t =
             ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f, 'g, 'h, 'i, 'j) Fold01N.t
          type ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f, 'g, 'h, 'i, 'j) step0 =
             ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f, 'g, 'h, 'i, 'j) Fold01N.step0
          type ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f, 'g, 'h, 'i, 'j) step1 =
             ('a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f, 'g, 'h, 'i, 'j) Fold01N.step1

          val fold:
             {finish: 'accum2 -> 'answer,
              start: 'input -> 'accum1,
              zero: 'zero}
             -> ('input, 'accum1, 'accum2, 'answer, 'zero,
                 'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e) t

          val step0:
             {combine: 'accum1 * 'input2 -> 'accum2,
              input: 'input1}
             -> ('input1, 'accum1, 'input2, 'accum2,
                 'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f) step0

          val step1:
             {combine: 'accum1 * 'input -> 'accum2}
             -> ('accum1, 'input, 'accum2,
                 'a, 'b, 'c, 'd, 'e, 'f, 'g) step1
       end

    structure Fold01N: FOLD_01N =
       struct
          open Fold01N

          fun fold {finish, start, zero} =
             Fold.fold ((id, finish, fn () => zero, start),
                        fn (finish, _, p, _) => finish (p ()))

          fun step0 {combine, input} =
             Fold.step0 (fn (_, finish, _, f) =>
                         (finish,
                          finish,
                          fn () => f input,
                          fn x' => combine (f input, x')))

          fun step1 {combine} z input =
             step0 {combine = combine, input = input} z
       end