MU EASY(7)

NAME

mu-easy - a quick introduction to mu

DESCRIPTION

mu is a set of tools for dealing with e-mail messages in Maildirs. There are many options, which are all described in the man pages for the various sub-commands. This man pages jumps over all of the details and gives examples of some common use cases. If the use cases described here do not precisely do what you want, please check the more extensive information in the man page about the sub-command you are using -- for example, the mu-index(1) or mu-find(1) man pages.

NOTE: the index command (and therefore, the ones that depend on that, such as find), require that you store your mail in the Maildir-format. If you don't do so, you can still use the other commands, but you won't be able to index/search your mail.

By default, mu uses colorized output when it thinks your terminal is capable of doing so. If you don't like color, you can use the --nocolor command-line option, or set the NO_COLOR environment variable to non-empty.

SETTING THINGS UP

The first time you run the mu commands, you need to initialize it. This is done with the init command.

    $ mu init

This uses the defaults (see mu-init(1) for details on how to change that).

INDEXING YOUR E-MAIL

Before you can search e-mails, you'll first need to index them:

    $ mu index

The process can take a few minutes, depending on the amount of mail you have, the speed of your computer, hard drive etc. Usually, indexing should be able to reach a speed of a few hundred messages per second.

mu index guesses the top-level Maildir to do its job; if it guesses wrong, you can use the --maildir option to specify the top-level directory that should be processed. See the mu-index(1) man page for more details.

Normally, mu index visits all the directories under the top-level Maildir; however, you can exclude certain directories (say, the `trash' or `spam' folders) by creating a file called .noindex in the directory. When mu sees such a file, it will exclude this directory and its sub-directories from indexing. Also see .noupdate in the mu-index(1) manpage.

SEARCHING YOUR E-MAIL

After you have indexed your mail, you can start searching it. By default, the search results are printed on standard output. Alternatively, the output can take the form of Maildir with symbolic links to the found messages. This enables integration with e-mail clients; see the mu-find(1) man page for details, the syntax of the search parameters and so on. Here, we just give some examples for common cases.

You can use the mu fields command to get information about all possible fields and flags.

First, let's search for all messages sent to Julius (Caesar) regarding fruit:

    $ mu find t:julius fruit

This should return something like:

    2008-07-31T21:57:25 EEST John Milton <jm@example.com> Fere libenter homines id quod volunt credunt

This means there is a message to `julius' with `fruit' somewhere in the message. In this case, it's a message from John Milton. Note that the date format depends on your the language/locale you are using.

How do we know that the message was sent to Julius Caesar? Well, it's not visible from the results above, because the default fields that are shown are date/sender/subject. However, we can change this using the --fields parameter (try mu fields to see all the details):

    $ mu find --fields="t s" t:julius fruit

In other words, display the `To:'-field (t) and the subject (s). This should return something like:
    Julius Caesar <jc@example.com> Fere libenter homines id quod volunt credunt

This is the same message found before, only with some different fields displayed.

By default, mu uses the logical AND for the search parameters -- that is, it displays messages that match all the parameters. However, we can use logical OR as well:

    $ mu find t:julius OR f:socrates

In other words, display messages that are either sent to Julius Caesar or are from Socrates. This could return something like:

    2008-07-31T21:57:25 EEST Socrates <soc@example.com> cool stuff
    2008-07-31T21:57:25 EEST John Milton <jm@example.com> Fere libenter homines id quod volunt credunt

What if we want to see some of the body of the message? You can get a `summary' of the first lines of the message using the --summary-len option, which will `summarize' the first n lines of the message:

    $ mu find --summary-len=3 napoleon m:/archive

    1970-01-01T02:00:00 EET Napoleon Bonaparte <nb@example.com> rock on dude
    Summary: Le 24 février 1815, la vigie de Notre-Dame de la Garde signala le
    trois-mâts le Pharaon, venant de Smyrne, Trieste et Naples. Comme
    d'habitude, un pilote côtier partit aussitôt du port, rasa le château

The summary consists of the first n lines of the message with all superfluous whitespace removed.

Also note the m:/archive parameter in the query. This means that we only match messages in a maildir called '/archive'.

MORE QUERIES

Let's list a few more queries that may be interesting; please note that searches for message flags, priority and date ranges are only available in mu version 0.9 or later.

Get all important messages which are signed:
    *$ mu find flag:signed prio:high *

Get all messages from Jim without an attachment:
    *$ mu find from:jim AND NOT flag:attach*

Get all messages where Jack is in one of the contact fields:
    *$ mu find contact:jack*

This uses the special contact: pseudo-field which matches (from, to, cc and bcc).

Get all messages in the Sent Items folder about yoghurt:
    *$mu find maildir:'/Sent Items' yoghurt*

Note how we need to quote search terms that include spaces.

Get all unread messages where the subject mentions Ångström:
    *$ mu find subject:Ångström flag:unread*

which is equivalent to:
    *$ mu find subject:angstrom flag:unread*

because does mu is case-insensitive and accent-insensitive.

Get all unread messages between March 2002 and August 2003 about some bird (or a Swedish rock band):
    *$ mu find date:20020301..20030831 nightingale flag:unread*

Get all messages received today:
    *$ mu find date:today..now*

Get all messages we got in the last two weeks about emacs:
    *$ mu find date:2w..now emacs*

Another powerful feature (since 0.9.6) are wildcard searches, where you can search for the last n characters in a word. For example, you can search for:
    *$ mu find 'subject:soc*'*

and get mails about soccer, Socrates, society, and so on. Note, it's important to quote the search query, otherwise the shell will interpret the `*'.

You can also search for messages with a certain attachment using their filename, for example:

    *$ mu find 'file:pic*'*

will get you all messages with an attachment starting with `pic'.

If you want to find attachments with a certain MIME-type, you can use the following:

Get all messages with PDF attachments:
    *$ mu find mime:application/pdf*

or even:

Get all messages with image attachments:
    *$ mu find 'mime:image/*'*

Note that (1) the `*' wildcard can only be used as the rightmost thing in a search query, and (2) that you need to quote the search term, because otherwise your shell will interpret the `*' (expanding it to all files in the current directory -- probably not what you want).

DISPLAYING MESSAGES

We might also want to display the complete messages instead of the header information. This can be done using mu view command. Note that this command does not use the database; you simply provide it the path to a message.

Therefore, if you want to display some message from a search query, you'll need its path. To get the path (think *l*ocation) for our first example we can use:

    $ mu find --fields="l" t:julius fruit

And we'll get something like:
    /home/someuser/Maildir/archive/cur/1266188485_0.6850.cthulhu:2,

We can now display this message:

    $ mu view /home/someuser/Maildir/archive/cur/1266188485_0.6850.cthulhu:2,
    From: John Milton <jm@example.com>
    To: Julius Caesar <jc@example.com>
    Subject: Fere libenter homines id quod volunt credunt
    Date: 2008-07-31T21:57:25 EEST

    OF Mans First Disobedience, and the Fruit
    Of that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal taste
    Brought Death into the World, and all our woe,
    [...]

FINDING CONTACTS

While mu find searches for messages, there is also mu cfind to find contacts, that is, names + addresses. Without any search expression, mu cfind lists all of your contacts.

    $ mu cfind julius

will find all contacts with `julius' in either name or e-mail address. Note that mu cfind accepts a regular expression (as per pcre(3)).

mu cfind also supports a --format=-parameter, which sets the output to some specific format, so the results can be imported into another program. For example, to export your contact information to a mutt address book file, you can use something like:

    $ mu cfind --format=mutt-alias > ~/mutt-aliases

Then, you can use them in mutt if you add something like source ~/mutt-aliases to your muttrc.

LABELING MESSAGES

It is possible to associate labels with messages. These are user-provided strings you can search for. They are a bit different from the other search fields, since labels are not intrinsic parts of messages, so removing your message database, and then re-indexing won't bring back your labels.

For that reason, you can export labels to a file and later import them again (see mu-labels(1))

Some examples:

    # label optimization-related messages with a label optimization
    $ mu label update --labels=+performance "subject:performance or subject:optimization or subject:profiling"

Now, we can search for such messages: #+begin_example mu find label:performance #+end_example>

You can also remove labels, for instance: #+begin_example

$ mu label update --labels=-performance "from:bill" #+end_example>

There's also mu label clear to remove all labels from matching messages; and the the mutating label subcommands (update, clear, import) accept a --dry-run option for just printing what they would change, without actually changing anything.

mu-labels(1) has all the details.

REPORTING BUGS

Please report bugs at https://github.com/djcb/mu/issues.

AUTHOR

Dirk-Jan C. Binnema <djcb@djcbsoftware.nl>

COPYRIGHT

This manpage is part of mu 1.12.14.

Copyright © 2008-2025 Dirk-Jan C. Binnema. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html. This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

SEE ALSO

mu(1), mu-init(1), mu-index(1), mu-find(1), mu-mfind(1), mu-mkdir(1), mu-view(1), mu-extract(1) mu-labels(1)