Mail::Message::Head::Complete(3pm)

NAME
Mail::Message::Head::Complete - the header of one message

INHERITANCE
 Mail::Message::Head::Complete
   is a Mail::Message::Head
   is a Mail::Reporter

 Mail::Message::Head::Complete is extended by
   Mail::Message::Head::Partial
   Mail::Message::Replace::MailHeader

 Mail::Message::Head::Complete is realized by
   Mail::Message::Head::Delayed
   Mail::Message::Head::Subset

SYNOPSIS
  my $head = Mail::Message::Head::Complete->new;
  See Mail::Message::Head

DESCRIPTION
Message headers can be in various states: unread, partially read, and fully read. This class represents a header of which all fields are known for sure: the complete set.

Extends "DESCRIPTION" in Mail::Message::Head.

OVERLOADED
Extends "OVERLOADED" in Mail::Message::Head.

overload: "" stringifaction
    Inherited, see "OVERLOADED" in Mail::Message::Head

overload: bool true/false
    Inherited, see "OVERLOADED" in Mail::Message::Head

METHODS
Extends "METHODS" in Mail::Message::Head.

  Constructors
Extends "Constructors" in Mail::Message::Head.

$class->build( [PAIR|$field], ... )
    Undefined values are interpreted as empty field values, and therefore skipped. Improves base, see "Constructors" in Mail::Message::Head

$obj->clone( [@names|ARRAY|Regexps] )
    Make a copy of the header, optionally limited only to the header lines specified by @names. See grepNames() on the way these fields can be used.

    » example:

      my $newhead = $head->clone('Subject', 'Received');

$class->new(%options)
    Inherited, see "Constructors" in Mail::Message::Head

  Attributes
Extends "Attributes" in Mail::Message::Head.

  The header
Extends "The header" in Mail::Message::Head.

$obj->isDelayed()
    Inherited, see "The header" in Mail::Message::Head

$obj->isEmpty()
    Inherited, see "The header" in Mail::Message::Head

$obj->isModified()
    Inherited, see "The header" in Mail::Message::Head

$obj->knownNames()
    Inherited, see "The header" in Mail::Message::Head

$obj->message( [$message] )
    Inherited, see "The header" in Mail::Message::Head

$obj->modified( [BOOLEAN] )
    Inherited, see "The header" in Mail::Message::Head

$obj->nrLines()
    Return the number of lines needed to display this header (including the trailing newline)

$obj->orderedFields()
    Inherited, see "The header" in Mail::Message::Head

$obj->size()
    Return the number of bytes needed to display this header (including the trailing newline). On systems which use CRLF as line separator, the number of lines in the header (see nrLines()) must be added to find the actual size in the file.

$obj->wrap($integer)
    Re-fold all fields from the header to contain at most $integer number of characters per line.

    » example: re-folding a header

      $msg->head->wrap(78);

  Access to the header
Extends "Access to the header" in Mail::Message::Head.

$obj->add( $field | $line | <$name, $body, [$attrs]> )
    Add a field to the header. If a field is added more than once, all values are stored in the header, in the order they are added.

    When a $field object is specified (some Mail::Message::Field instance), that will be added. Another possibility is to specify a raw header $line, or a header line nicely split-up in $name and $body, in which case the field constructor is called for you.

    $line or $body specifications which are terminated by a new-line are considered to be correctly folded. Lines which are not terminated by a new-line will be folded when needed: new-lines will be added where required. It is strongly advised to let MailBox do the folding for you.

    The return value of this method is the Mail::Message::Field object which is created (or was specified).

    » example:

      my $head  = Mail::Message::Head->new;
      $head->add('Subject: hi!');
      $head->add(From => 'me@home');
      my $field = Mail::Message::Field->new('To: you@there');
      $head->add($field);
      my Mail::Message::Field $s = $head->add(Sender => 'I');

$obj->addListGroup($object)
    A list group is a set of header fields which contain data about a mailing list which was used to transmit the message. See Mail::Message::Head::ListGroup for details about the implementation of the $object.

    When you have a list group prepared, you can add it later using this method. You will get your private copy of the list group data in return, because the same group can be used for multiple messages.

    » example: of adding a list group to a header

      my $lg = Mail::Message::Head::ListGroup->new(...);
      my $own_lg = $msg->head->addListGroup($lg);

$obj->addResentGroup($resent_group|$data)
    Add a $resent_group (a Mail::Message::Head::ResentGroup object) to the header. If you specify $data, that is used to create such group first. If no "Received" line is specified, it will be created for you.

    These header lines have nothing to do with the user's sense of "reply" or "forward" actions: these lines trace the e-mail transport mechanism.

    » example:

      my $rg = Mail::Message::Head::ResentGroup->new(head => $head, ...);
      $head->addResentGroup($rg);

      my $rg = $head->addResentGroup(From => 'me');

$obj->addSpamGroup($object)
    A spam fighting group is a set of header fields which contains data which is used to fight spam. See Mail::Message::Head::SpamGroup for details about the implementation of the $object.

    When you have a spam group prepared, you can add it later using this method. You will get your private copy of the spam group data in return, because the same group can be used for multiple messages.

    » example: of adding a spam group to a header

      my $sg = Mail::Message::Head::SpamGroup->new(...);
      my $own_sg = $msg->head->addSpamGroup($sg);

$obj->count($name)
    Count the number of fields with this $name. Most fields will return 1: only one occurrence in the header. As example, the "Received" fields are usually present more than once.

$obj->delete($name)
    Remove the field with the specified name. If the header contained multiple lines with the same name, they will be replaced all together. This method simply calls reset() without replacement fields. READ THE IMPORTANT WARNING IN removeField()

$obj->get( $name, [$index] )
    Inherited, see "Access to the header" in Mail::Message::Head

$obj->grepNames( [@names|ARRAY|Regexps] )
    Filter from all header fields those with names which start will any of the specified list. When no names are specified, all fields will be returned. The list is ordered as they where read from file, or added later.

    The @names are considered regular expressions, and will all be matched case insensitive and attached to the front of the string only. You may also specify one or more prepared regexes.

    » example:

      my @f  = $head->grepNames();       # same as $head->orderedFields
      my @f  = $head->grepNames('X-', 'Subject', ');
      my @to = $head->grepNames('To\b'); # will only select To

$obj->listGroup()
    Returns a list group description: the set of headers which form the information about mailing list software used to transport the message. See also addListGroup() and removeListGroup().

    » example: use of listGroup()

      if(my $lg = $msg->head->listGroup)
      {  $lg->print(\*STDERR);
         $lg->delete;
      }

      $msg->head->removeListGroup;

$obj->names()
    Returns a full ordered list of known field names, as defined in the header. Fields which were reset() to be empty will still be listed here.

$obj->print( [$fh] )
    Print all headers to the specified $fh, by default the selected filehandle. See printUndisclosed() to limit the headers to include only the public headers.

    » example:

      $head->print(\*OUT);
      $head->print;         # to selected file

      open my ($fh), '>:raw', $filename;
      $head->print($fh);

$obj->printSelected($fh, <STRING|Regexp>, ...)
    Like the usual print(), the header lines are printed to the specified $fh. In this case, however, only the fields with names as specified by "STRING" (case insensative) or Regexp are printed. They will stay the in-order of the source header.

    » example: printing only a subset of the fields

      $head->printSelected(STDOUT, qw/Subject From To/, qr/^x\-(spam|xyz)\-/i)

$obj->printUndisclosed( [$fh] )
    Like the usual print(), the header lines are printed to the specified $fh, by default the selected filehandle. In this case, however, "Bcc" and "Resent-Bcc" lines are included.

$obj->removeContentInfo()
    Remove all body related fields from the header. The header will become partial.

$obj->removeField($field)
    Remove the specified $field object from the header. This is useful when there are possible more than one fields with the same name, and you need to remove exactly one of them. Also have a look at delete(), reset(), and set().

    See also Mail::Message::Head::Partial::removeFields() (mind the 's' at the end of the name), which accepts a string or regular expression as argument to select the fields to be removed.

    Warning: for performance reasons, the header administration uses weak references (see Scalar::Util method weaken()> to figure-out which fields have been removed. A header is a HASH of fields for fast search plus an ARRAY of weak references to remember the order of the fields, required for printing. If the field is removed from the HASH, the weak-ref is set to "undef" and the field not printed.

    However... it is easy to disturb this process. Example:
      my $msg = ....; # subject ref-count = 1 + 0 = 1
      $msg->head->delete('Subject'); # subject ref-count = 0 = 0: clean-up
      $msg->print; # subject doesn't show: ok

    But
      my $msg = ....; # subject ref-count = 1 + 0 = 1
      my $s = $msg->head->get('subject'); # ref-count = 1 + 1 + 0 = 2
      $msg->head->delete('Subject'); # subject ref-count = 1 + 0 = 1: no clean-up
      $msg->print; # subject DOES show: not ok
      undef $s; # ref-count becomes 0: clean-up
      $msg->print; # subject doesn't show: ok

    To avoid the latter situation, do not catch the field object, but only the field content. SAVE are all methods which return the text:
      my $s = $msg->head->get('subject')->body;
      my $s = $msg->head->get('subject')->unfoldedBody;
      my $s = $msg->head->get('subject')->foldedBody;
      my $s = $msg->head->get('subject')->foldedBody;
      my $s = $msg->get('subject');
      my $s = $msg->subject;
      my $s = $msg->string;

$obj->removeFields( <STRING|Regexp>, ... )
    The header object is turned into a Mail::Message::Head::Partial object which has a set of fields removed. Read about the implications and the possibilities in Mail::Message::Head::Partial::removeFields().

$obj->removeFieldsExcept( <STRING|Regexp>, ... )
    The header object is turned into a Mail::Message::Head::Partial object which has a set of fields removed. Read about the implications and the possibilities in Mail::Message::Head::Partial::removeFieldsExcept().

$obj->removeListGroup()
    Removes all fields related to mailing list administration at once. The header object is turned into a Mail::Message::Head::Partial object. Read about the implications and the possibilities in Mail::Message::Head::Partial::removeListGroup().

$obj->removeResentGroups()
    Removes all resent groups at once. The header object is turned into a Mail::Message::Head::Partial object. Read about the implications and the possibilities in Mail::Message::Head::Partial::removeResentGroups().

$obj->removeSpamGroups()
    Removes all fields which were added by various spam detection software at once. The header object is turned into a Mail::Message::Head::Partial object. Read about the implications and the possibilities in Mail::Message::Head::Partial::removeSpamGroups().

$obj->resentGroups()
    Returns a list of Mail::Message::Head::ResentGroup objects which each represent one intermediate point in the message's transmission in the order as they appear in the header: the most recent one first. See also addResentGroup() and removeResentGroups().

    A resent group contains a set of header fields whose names start with "Resent-*". Before the first "Resent" line is trace information, which is composed of an optional "Return-Path" field and an required "Received" field.

$obj->reset($name, @fields)
    Replace the values in the header fields named by $name with the values specified in the list of @fields. A single name can correspond to multiple repeated fields. READ THE IMPORTANT WARNING IN removeField()

    Removing fields which are part of one of the predefined field groups is not a smart idea. You can better remove these fields as group, all together. For instance, the 'Received' lines are part of resent groups, 'X-Spam' is past of a spam group, and "List-Post" belongs to a list group. You can delete a whole group with Mail::Message::Head::FieldGroup::delete(), or with methods which are provided by Mail::Message::Head::Partial.

    If FIELDS is empty, the corresponding $name fields will be removed. The location of removed fields in the header order will be remembered. Fields with the same name which are added later will appear at the remembered position. This is equivalent to the delete() method.

    » example:

      # reduce number of 'Keywords' lines to last 5)
      my @keywords = $head->get('Keywords');
      $head->reset('Keywords', @keywords[-5..-1]) if @keywords > 5;

      # Reduce the number of Received lines to only the last added one.
      my @rgs = $head->resentGroups;
      shift @rgs;     # keep this one (later is added in front)
      $_->delete foreach @rgs;

$obj->set( $field | $line | <$name, $body, [$attrs]> )
    The "set" method is similar to the add() method, and takes the same options. However, existing values for fields will be removed before a new value is added. READ THE IMPORTANT WARNING IN removeField()

$obj->spamDetected()
    Returns whether one of the spam groups defines a report about spam. If there are not header fields in the message which relate to spam-detection software, "undef" is returned. The spamgroups which report spam are returned.

    » example:

      $message->delete if $message->spamDetected;

      defined $message->spamDetected
         or call_spamassassin($message);

$obj->spamGroups( [$names] )
    Returns a list of Mail::Message::Head::SpamGroup objects, each collecting some lines which contain spam fighting information. When any $names are given, then only these groups are returned. See also addSpamGroup() and removeSpamGroups().

    In scalar context, with exactly one NAME specified, that group will be returned. With more $names or without $names, a list will be returned (which defaults to the length of the list in scalar context).

    » example: use of listGroup()

      my @sg = $msg->head->spamGroups;
      $sg[0]->print(\*STDERR);
      $sg[-1]->delete;

      my $sg = $msg->head->spamGroups('SpamAssassin');

$obj->string()
    Returns the whole header as one scalar (in scalar context) or list of lines (list context). Triggers completion.

$obj->study( $name, [$index] )
    Inherited, see "Access to the header" in Mail::Message::Head

  About the body
Extends "About the body" in Mail::Message::Head.

$obj->guessBodySize()
    Inherited, see "About the body" in Mail::Message::Head

$obj->guessTimeStamp()
    Make a guess about when the message was origanally posted, based on the information found in the header's "Date" field.

    For some kinds of folders, Mail::Message::guessTimestamp() may produce a better result, for instance by looking at the modification time of the file in which the message is stored. Also some protocols, like POP can supply that information.

$obj->isMultipart()
    Inherited, see "About the body" in Mail::Message::Head

$obj->recvstamp()
    Returns an indication about when the message was sent, but only using the "Date" field in the header as last resort: we do not trust the sender of the message to specify the correct date. See timestamp() when you do trust the sender.

    Many spam producers fake a date, which mess up the order of receiving things. The timestamp which is produced is derived from the Received headers, if they are present, and "undef" otherwise.

    The timestamp is encoded as "time" is on your system (see perldoc -f time), and as such usable for the "gmtime" and "localtime" methods.

    » example: of time-sorting folders with received messages

      my $folder = $mgr->open('InBox');
      my @messages = sort {$a->recvstamp <=> $b->recvstamp}
                        $folder->messages;

    » example: of time-sorting messages of mixed origin

      my $folder = $mgr->open('MyFolder');

      # Pre-calculate timestamps to be sorted (for speed)
      my @stamps = map +[ ($_->timestamp || 0), $_ ],
        $folder->messages;

      my @sorted =
        map { $_->[1] }      # get the message for the stamp
          sort {$a->[0] <=> $b->[0]}   # stamps are numerics
             @stamps;

$obj->timestamp()
    Returns an indication about when the message was sent, with as little guessing as possible. In this case, the date as specified by the sender is trusted. See recvstamp() when you do not want to trust the sender.

    The timestamp is encoded as "time" is on your system (see perldoc -f time), and as such usable for the "gmtime" and "localtime" methods.

  Internals
Extends "Internals" in Mail::Message::Head.

$obj->addNoRealize($field)
    Inherited, see "Internals" in Mail::Message::Head

$obj->addOrderedFields($fields)
    Inherited, see "Internals" in Mail::Message::Head

$obj->createFromLine()
    For some mail-folder types separate messages by a line starting with '"From "'. If a message is moved to such folder from a folder-type which does not support these separators, this method is called to produce one.

$obj->createMessageId()
    Creates a message-id for this message. This method will be run when a new message is created, or a message is discovered without the message-id header field. Message-ids are required for detection of message-threads. See messageIdPrefix().

$obj->fileLocation()
    Inherited, see "Internals" in Mail::Message::Head

$obj->load()
    Inherited, see "Internals" in Mail::Message::Head

$any->messageIdPrefix( [$prefix, [$hostname]|CODE] )
    When options are provided, it sets a new way to create message-ids, as used by createMessageId(). You have two choices: either by providing a $prefix and optionally a $hostname, or a "CODE" reference.

    The "CODE" reference will be called with the header as first argument. You must ensure yourself that the returned value is RFC compliant.

    The $prefix defaults to "mailbox-$$", the $hostname defaults to the return of Net::Domains's function hostfqdn(), or when not installed, the Sys::Hostname's function hostname(). Inbetween the two, a nano-second time provided by Time::HiRes is used. If that module is not available, "time" is called at the start of the program, and incremented for each newly created id.

    In any case, a subroutine will be created to be used. A reference to that will be returned. When the method is called without arguments, but no subroutine is defined yet, one will be created.

    » example: setting a message prefix

      $head->messageIdPrefix('prefix');
      Mail::Message::Head::Complete->messageIdPrefix('prefix');
      my $code = $head->messageIdPrefix('mailbox', 'nohost');

      sub new_msgid()
      {   my $head = shift;
          "myid-$$-${(rand 10000)}@example.com";
      }

      $many_msg->messageIdPrefix(\&new_msgid);
      Mail::Message::Head::Complete->messageIdPrefix(&new_msgid);

$obj->moveLocation($distance)
    Inherited, see "Internals" in Mail::Message::Head

$obj->read($parser)
    Inherited, see "Internals" in Mail::Message::Head

$obj->setNoRealize($field)
    Inherited, see "Internals" in Mail::Message::Head

  Error handling
Extends "Error handling" in Mail::Message::Head.

$obj->AUTOLOAD()
    Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter

$obj->notImplemented()
    Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter

  Cleanup
Extends "Cleanup" in Mail::Message::Head.

$obj->DESTROY()
    Inherited, see "Cleanup" in Mail::Reporter

DETAILS
Extends "DETAILS" in Mail::Message::Head.

DIAGNOSTICS

Warning: cannot remove field $name from header: not found.
    You ask to remove a field which is not known in the header. Using delete(), reset(), or set() to do the job will not result in warnings: those methods check the existence of the field first. Cast by removeField()

Error: class $package does not implement method $method.
    Fatal error: the specific $package (or one of its superclasses) does not implement this method where it should. This message means that some other related classes do implement this method however the class at hand does not. Probably you should investigate this and probably inform the author of the package. Cast by notImplemented()

Warning: field objects have an implied name ($name)
    Cast by build()

SEE ALSO
This module is part of Mail-Message version 4.05, built on April 10, 2026. Website: http://perl.overmeer.net/mailbox/

LICENSE
For contributors see file ChangeLog.

This software is copyright (c) 2001-2026 by Mark Overmeer.

This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.