Amazon::S3(3pm)

NAME
Amazon::S3 - A portable client library for working with and managing Amazon S3 buckets and keys.

SYNOPSIS
  use Amazon::S3;

  my $aws_access_key_id     = "Fill me in!";
  my $aws_secret_access_key = "Fill me in too!";

  my $s3 = Amazon::S3->new(
      {   aws_access_key_id     => $aws_access_key_id,
          aws_secret_access_key => $aws_secret_access_key,
          retry                 => 1
      }
  );

  my $response = $s3->buckets;

  # create a bucket
  my $bucket_name = $aws_access_key_id . '-net-amazon-s3-test';

  my $bucket = $s3->add_bucket( { bucket => $bucket_name } )
      or die $s3->err . ": " . $s3->errstr;

  # store a key with a content-type and some optional metadata
  my $keyname = 'testing.txt';

  my $value   = 'T';

  $bucket->add_key(
      $keyname, $value,
      {   content_type        => 'text/plain',
          'x-amz-meta-colour' => 'orange',
      }
  );

  # copy an object
  $bucket->copy_object(
    source => $source,
    key    => $new_keyname
  );

  # list keys in the bucket
  $response = $bucket->list
      or die $s3->err . ": " . $s3->errstr;

  print $response->{bucket}."\n";

  for my $key (@{ $response->{keys} }) {
        print "\t".$key->{key}."\n";
  }

  # delete key from bucket
  $bucket->delete_key($keyname);

  # delete multiple keys from bucket
  $bucket->delete_keys([$key1, $key2, $key3]);

  # delete bucket
  $bucket->delete_bucket;

DESCRIPTION
This documentation refers to version 2.0.2.

"Amazon::S3" provides a portable client interface to Amazon Simple Storage System (S3).

This module is rather dated, however with some help from a few contributors it has had some recent updates. Recent changes include implementations of:

ListObjectsV2
CopyObject
DeleteObjects
ListObjectVersions

Additionally, this module now implements Signature Version 4 signing, unit tests have been updated and more documentation has been added or corrected. Credentials are encrypted if you have encryption modules installed.

NEW!

The "Amazon::S3" modules have been heavily refactored over the last few releases to increase maintainability and to add new features. New features include:

Amazon::S3::BucketV2
    This new module implements a mechanism to invoke almost all of the S3 APIs using a standard calling method.

    The module will format your Perl objects as XML payloads and enable you to provide all of the parameters required to make an API call. Headers and URI parameters can also be passed to the methods. Amazon::S3::BucketV2 is a subclass of Amazon::S3::Bucket, meaning you can still invoke all of the same methods found there.

    See Amazon::S3::BucketV2 for more details.

Limited Support for Directory Buckets
    This version include limited support for directory buckets.

    You can create and list directory buckets.

    Directory buckets use the S3 Express One Zone storage class, which is recommended if your application is performance sensitive and benefits from single-digit millisecond PUT and GET latencies. - <https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/userguide/directory-buckets-overview.html>

    list_directory_buckets
        List the directory buckets. Note this only returns a list of you directory buckets, not their contents. In order to list the contents of a directory bucket you must first create a session that establishes temporary credentials used to acces the Zonal endpoints. You then use those credentials for signing requests using the ListObjectV2 API.

        This process is currently not supported by this class.

        <https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_CreateSession.html>

        <Lhttps://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_ListObjectsV2.html>

    add_bucket
        You can add a regin and availability zone to this call in order to create a directory bucket.

         $bucket->add_bucket({ bucket => $bucket_name, availability_zone => 'use1-az5' });

        Note that your bucket name must conform to the naming conventions for directory buckets. - <https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/userguide/directory-buckets-overview.html#directory-buckets-name>

Addition of version parameter for "delete_key"
    You can now delete a version of a key by including its verion ID.

     $bucket->delete_key($key, $version_id);

Methods that accept a hash reference can now accept a "headers" object that may contain any additional headers you might want to send with a request. Some of the methods that now allow you to pass a header object include:
    add_bucket
    add_key
    get_key
        Can now be called with a hashref which may include both a "headers" and "uri_params" object.

    delete_bucket
    list_bucket
    list_object_versions
    upload_multipart_object

  Comparison to Other Perl S3 Modules
Other implementations for accessing Amazon's S3 service include "Net::Amazon::S3" and the "Paws" project. "Amazon::S3" ostensibly was intended to be a drop-in replacement for "Net:Amazon::S3" that "traded some performance in return for portability". That statement is no longer accurate as "Amazon::S3" may have changed the interface in ways that might break your applications if you are relying on compatibility with "Net::Amazon::S3".

However, "Net::Amazon::S3" and "Paws::S3" today, are dependent on "Moose" which may in fact level the playing field in terms of performance penalties that may have been introduced by recent updates to "Amazon::S3". Changes to "Amazon::S3" include the use of more Perl modules in lieu of raw Perl code to increase maintainability and stability as well as some refactoring. "Amazon::S3" also strives now to adhere to best practices as much as possible.

"Paws::S3" may be a much more robust implementation of a Perl S3 interface, however this module may still appeal to those that favor simplicity of the interface and a lower number of dependencies. The new Amazon::S3::BucketV2 module now provides access to nearly all of the main S3 API metods.

 Below is the original description of the module.

    Amazon S3 is storage for the Internet. It is designed to make web-scale computing easier for developers. Amazon S3 provides a simple web services interface that can be used to store and retrieve any amount of data, at any time, from anywhere on the web. It gives any developer access to the same highly scalable, reliable, fast, inexpensive data storage infrastructure that Amazon uses to run its own global network of web sites. The service aims to maximize benefits of scale and to pass those benefits on to developers.

    To sign up for an Amazon Web Services account, required to use this library and the S3 service, please visit the Amazon Web Services web site at http://www.amazonaws.com/.

    You will be billed accordingly by Amazon when you use this module and must be responsible for these costs.

    To learn more about Amazon's S3 service, please visit: http://s3.amazonaws.com/.

    The need for this module arose from some work that needed to work with S3 and would be distributed, installed and used on many various environments where compiled dependencies may not be an option. Net::Amazon::S3 used XML::LibXML tying it to that specific and often difficult to install option. In order to remove this potential barrier to entry, this module is forked and then modified to use XML::SAX via XML::Simple.

LIMITATIONS AND DIFFERENCES WITH EARLIER VERSIONS
As noted, this module is no longer a drop-in replacement for "Net::Amazon::S3" and has limitations and differences that may impact the use of this module in your applications. Additionally, one of the original intents of this fork of "Net::Amazon::S3" was to reduce the number of dependencies and make it easy to install. Recent changes to this module have introduced new dependencies in order to improve the maintainability and provide additional features. Installing CPAN modules is never easy, especially when the dependencies of the dependencies are impossible to control and include may include XS modules.

MINIMUM PERL
    Technically, this module should run on versions 5.10 and above, however some of the dependencies may require higher versions of "perl" or some lower versions of the dependencies due to conflicts with other versions of dependencies...it's a crapshoot when dealing with older "perl" versions and CPAN modules.

    You may however, be able to build this module by installing older versions of those dependencies and take your chances that those older versions provide enough working features to support "Amazon::S3". It is likely they do...and this module has recently been tested on version 5.10.0 "perl" using some older CPAN modules to resolve dependency issues.

    To build this module on an earlier version of "perl" you may need to downgrade some modules. In particular I have found this recipe to work for building and testing on 5.10.0.

    In this order install:

     HTML::HeadParser 2.14
     LWP 6.13
     Amazon::S3

    ...other versions may work...YMMV. If you do decide to run on an earlier version of "perl", you are encouraged to run the test suite. See the "TESTING" section for more details.

API Signing
    Making calls to AWS APIs requires that the calls be signed. Amazon has added a new signing method (Signature Version 4) to increase security around their APIs. This module no longer utilizes Signature Version V2.

    New regions after January 30, 2014 will only support Signature Version 4.

    See "Signature Version V4" below for important details.

    Signature Version 4
        <https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/sigv4-query-string-auth.html>

        IMPORTANT NOTE:

        Unlike Signature Version 2, Version 4 requires a regional parameter. This implies that you need to supply the bucket's region when signing requests for any API call that involves a specific bucket. Starting with version 0.55 of this module, "Amazon::S3::Bucket" provides a new method (region()) and accepts in the constructor a "region" parameter. If a region is not supplied, the region for the bucket will be set to the region set in the "account" object ("Amazon::S3") that you passed to the bucket's new constructor. Alternatively, you can request that the bucket's new constructor determine the bucket's region for you by calling the get_location_constraint() method.

        When signing API calls, the region for the specific bucket will be used. For calls that are not regional (buckets(), e.g.) the default region ('us-east-1') will be used.

    Signature Version 2
        <https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/userguide/RESTAuthentication.html>

Multipart Upload Support
    There are some recently added unit tests for multipart uploads that seem to indicate this feature is working as expected. Please report any deviation from expected results if you are using those methods.

    For more information regarding multipart uploads visit the link below.

    <https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_CreateMultipartUpload.html>

METHODS AND SUBROUTINES
Unless otherwise noted methods will return an "undef" if an error occurs. You can get more information about the error by calling err() and errstr().

  new
Create a new S3 client object. Takes some arguments:

credentials (optional)
    Reference to a class (like "Amazon::Credentials") that can provide credentials via the methods:

     get_aws_access_key_id()
     get_aws_secret_access_key()
     get_token()

    If you do not provide a credential class you must provide the keys when you instantiate the object. See below.

    You are strongly encourage to use a class that provides getters. If you choose to provide your credentials to this class then they will be stored in this object. If you dump the class you will likely expose those credentials.

aws_access_key_id
    Use your Access Key ID as the value of the AWSAccessKeyId parameter in requests you send to Amazon Web Services (when required). Your Access Key ID identifies you as the party responsible for the request.

aws_secret_access_key
    Since your Access Key ID is not encrypted in requests to AWS, it could be discovered and used by anyone. Services that are not free require you to provide additional information, a request signature, to verify that a request containing your unique Access Key ID could only have come from you.

    DO NOT INCLUDE THIS IN SCRIPTS OR APPLICATIONS YOU DISTRIBUTE. YOU'LL BE SORRY.

    Consider using a credential class as described above to provide credentials, otherwise this class will store your credentials for signing the requests. If you dump this object to logs your credentials could be discovered.

token
    An optional temporary token that will be inserted in the request along with your access and secret key. A token is used in conjunction with temporary credentials when your EC2 instance has assumed a role and you've scraped the temporary credentials from http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials

secure
    Set this to a true value if you want to use SSL-encrypted connections when connecting to S3. Starting in version 0.49, the default is true.

    default: true

timeout
    Defines the time, in seconds, your script should wait or a response before bailing.

    default: 30s

retry
    Enables or disables the library to retry upon errors. This uses exponential backoff with retries after 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 seconds, as recommended by Amazon.

    default: off

host
    Defines the S3 host endpoint to use.

    default: s3.amazonaws.com

    Note that requests are made to domain buckets when possible. You can prevent that behavior if either the bucket name does not conform to DNS bucket naming conventions or you preface the bucket name with '/' or explicitly turn off domain buckets by setting "dns_bucket_names" to false.

    If you set a region then the host name will be modified accordingly if it is an Amazon endpoint.

region
    The AWS region you where your bucket is located.

    default: us-east-1

buffer_size
    The default buffer size when reading or writing files.

    default: 4096

  signer
Sets or retrieves the signer object. API calls must be signed using your AWS credentials. By default, starting with version 0.54 the module will use Net::Amazon::Signature::V4 as the signer and instantiate a signer object in the constructor. Note however, that signers need your credentials and they will get stored by that class, making them susceptible to inadvertant exfiltration. You have a few options here:

1. Use your own signer.
    You may have noticed that you can also provide your own credentials object forcing this module to use your object for retrieving credentials. Likewise, you can use your own signer so that this module's signer never sees or stores those credentials.

2. Pass the credentials object and set "cache_signer" to a false value.
    If you pass a credentials object and set "cache_signer" to a false value, the module will use the credentials object to retrieve credentials and create a new signer each time an API call is made that requires signing. This prevents your credentials from being stored inside of the signer class.

    Note that using your own credentials object that stores your credentials in plaintext is also going to expose your credentials when someone dumps the class.

3. Pass credentials, set "cache_signer" to a false value.
    Unfortunately, while this will prevent Net::Amazon::Signature::V4 from hanging on to your credentials, you credentials will be stored in the "Amazon::S3" object.

    Starting with version 0.55 of this module, if you have installed Crypt::CBC and Crypt::Blowfish, your credentials will be encrypted using a random key created when the class is instantiated. While this is more secure than leaving them in plaintext, if the key is discovered (the key however is not stored in the object's hash) and the object is dumped, your encrypted credentials can be exposed.

4. Use very granular credentials for bucket access only.
    Use credentials that only allow access to a bucket or portions of a bucket required for your application. This will at least limit the blast radius of any potential security breach.

5. Do nothing...send the credentials, use the default signer.
    In this case, both the "Amazon::S3" class and the Net::Amazon::Signature::V4 have your credentials. Caveat Emptor.

    See also Amazon::Credentials for more information about safely storing your credentials and preventing exfiltration.

  region
Sets the region for the API calls. This will also be the default when instantiating the bucket object unless you pass the region parameter in the "bucket" method or use the "verify_region" flag that will always verify the region of the bucket using the "get_location_constraint" method.

default: us-east-1

  buckets
 buckets([verify-region])

verify-region (optional)
    "verify-region" is a boolean value that indicates if the bucket's region should be verified when the bucket object is instantiated.

    If set to true, this method will call the "bucket" method with "verify_region" set to true causing the constructor to call the "get_location_constraint" for each bucket to set the bucket's region. This will cause a significant decrease in the peformance of the buckets() method. Setting the region for each bucket is necessary since API operations on buckets require the region of the bucket when signing API requests. If all of your buckets are in the same region and you have passed a region parameter to your S3 object, then that region will be used when calling the constructor of your bucket objects.

    default: false

Returns a reference to a hash containing the metadata for all of the buckets owned by the accout or (see below) or "undef" on error.

owner_id
    The owner ID of the bucket's owner.

owner_display_name
    The name of the owner account.

buckets
    An array of Amazon::S3::Bucket objects for the account. Returns "undef" if there are not buckets or an error occurs.

  add_bucket
 add_bucket(bucket-configuration)

"bucket-configuration" is a reference to a hash with bucket configuration parameters.

Note that since April of 2023, new buckets are created that block public access by default. If you attempt to set an ACL with public permissions the create operation will fail. To create a public bucket you must first create the bucket with private permissions, remove the public block and subsequently apply public permissions.

See "delete_public_access_block".

bucket
    The name of the bucket. See Bucket name rules <https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/userguide/bucketnamingrules.html> for more details on bucket naming rules.

acl_short (optional)
    See the set_acl subroutine for documentation on the acl_short options. Note that starting in April of 2023 new buckets are configured to automatically block public access. Trying to create a bucket with public permissions will fail. In order to create a public bucket you must first create a private bucket, then call the DeletePublicAccessBlock API. You can then set public permissions for your bucket using ACLs or a bucket policy.

location_constraint
region
    The region the bucket is to be created in.

headers
    Additional headers to send with request.

Returns a Amazon::S3::Bucket object on success or "undef" on failure.

  bucket
 bucket(bucket, [region])

 bucket({ bucket => bucket-name, verify_region => boolean, region => region });

Takes a scalar argument or refernce to a hash of arguments.

You can pass the region or set "verify_region" indicating that you want the bucket constructor to detemine the bucket region.

If you do not pass the region or set the "verify_region" value, the region will be set to the default region set in your "Amazon::S3" object.

See Amazon::S3::Bucket for a complete description of the "bucket" method.

  delete_bucket
Takes either a Amazon::S3::Bucket object or a reference to a hash containing:

bucket
    The name of the bucket to remove

region
    Region the bucket is located in. If not provided, the method will determine the bucket's region by calling "get_bucket_location".

Returns a boolean indicating the success or failure of the API call. Check "err" or "errstr" for error messages.

Note from the Amazon's documentation <https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/userguide/BucketRestrictions.html>

    If a bucket is empty, you can delete it. After a bucket is deleted, the name becomes available for reuse. However, after you delete the bucket, you might not be able to reuse the name for various reasons.

    For example, when you delete the bucket and the name becomes available for reuse, another AWS account might create a bucket with that name. In addition, some time might pass before you can reuse the name of a deleted bucket. If you want to use the same bucket name, we recommend that you don't delete the bucket.

  delete_public_access_block
 delete_public_access_block(bucket-obj)

Removes the public access block flag for the bucket.

  dns_bucket_names
Set or get a boolean that indicates whether to use DNS bucket names.

default: true

  err
Returns the last error. Usually this is the error code returned from an API call or a short message that the describes the error. Use "errstr" for a more descriptive explanation of the error condition.

  errstr
Detailed error description.

  list_bucket, list_bucket_v2
List keys in a bucket. Note that this method will only return "max-keys". If you want all of the keys you should use "list_bucket_all" or "list_bucket_all_v2".

See the note in the "delimiter" and "max-keys" descriptions below regarding how keys are counted against the "max-keys" value.

Takes a reference to a hash of arguments:

bucket (required)
    The name of the bucket you want to list keys on.

prefix
    Restricts the response to only contain results that begin with the specified prefix. If you omit this optional argument, the value of prefix for your query will be the empty string. In other words, the results will be not be restricted by prefix.

delimiter
    If this optional, Unicode string parameter is included with your request, then keys that contain the same string between the prefix and the first occurrence of the delimiter will be rolled up into a single result element in the CommonPrefixes collection. These rolled-up keys are not returned elsewhere in the response. For example, with prefix="USA/" and delimiter="/", the matching keys "USA/Oregon/Salem" and "USA/Oregon/Portland" would be summarized in the response as a single "USA/Oregon" element in the CommonPrefixes collection. If an otherwise matching key does not contain the delimiter after the prefix, it appears in the Contents collection.

    Each element in the CommonPrefixes collection counts as one against the "MaxKeys" limit. The rolled-up keys represented by each CommonPrefixes element do not.

    In other words, key below the delimiter are not considered in the count.

    Remember that S3 keys do not represent a file system hierarchy although it might look like that depending on how you choose to store objects. Using the "prefix" and "delimiter" parameters essentially allows you to restrict the return set to parts of your key "hierarchy". So in the example above If all I wanted was the very top level of the hierarchy I would set my "delimiter to" '/' and omit the "prefix" parameter.

    If the "Delimiter" parameter is not present in your request, keys in the result set will not be rolled-up and neither the CommonPrefixes collection nor the NextMarker element will be present in the response.

    NOTE: CommonPrefixes isn't currently supported by Amazon::S3.

    Example:

    Suppose I have the keys:

     bar/baz
     bar/buz
     bar/buz/biz
     bar/buz/zip

    And I'm only interest in object directly below 'bar'

     prefix=bar/
     delimiter=/

    Would yield:

     bar/baz
     bar/buz

    Omitting the delimiter would yield:

     bar/baz
     bar/buz
     bar/buz/biz
     bar/buz/zip

max-keys
    This optional argument limits the number of results returned in response to your query. Amazon S3 will return no more than this number of results, but possibly less. Even if max-keys is not specified, Amazon S3 will limit the number of results in the response. Check the IsTruncated flag to see if your results are incomplete. If so, use the "Marker" parameter to request the next page of results. For the purpose of counting "max-key"s, a 'result' is either a key in the 'Contents' collection, or a delimited prefix in the 'CommonPrefixes' collection. So for delimiter requests, max-keys limits the total number of list results, not just the number of keys.

marker
    This optional parameter enables pagination of large result sets. "marker" specifies where in the result set to resume listing. It restricts the response to only contain results that occur alphabetically after the value of marker. To retrieve the next page of results, use the last key from the current page of results as the marker in your next request.

    See also "next_marker", below.

    If "marker" is omitted,the first page of results is returned.

Returns "undef" on error and a reference to a hash of data on success:

The return value looks like this:

  {
   bucket       => $bucket_name,
   prefix       => $bucket_prefix,
   marker       => $bucket_marker,
   next_marker  => $bucket_next_available_marker,
   max_keys     => $bucket_max_keys,
   is_truncated => $bucket_is_truncated_boolean
   keys          => [$key1,$key2,...]
  }

is_truncated
    Boolean flag that indicates whether or not all results of your query were returned in this response. If your results were truncated, you can make a follow-up paginated request using the Marker parameter to retrieve the rest of the results.

next_marker
    A convenience element, useful when paginating with delimiters. The value of "next_marker", if present, is the largest (alphabetically) of all key names and all CommonPrefixes prefixes in the response. If the "is_truncated" flag is set, request the next page of results by setting "marker" to the value of "next_marker". This element is only present in the response if the "delimiter" parameter was sent with the request.

Each key is a reference to a hash that looks like this:

  {
    key           => $key,
    last_modified => $last_mod_date,
    etag          => $etag, # An MD5 sum of the stored content.
    size          => $size, # Bytes
    storage_class => $storage_class # Doc?
    owner_id      => $owner_id,
    owner_displayname => $owner_name
  }

  get_bucket_location
 get_bucket_location(bucket-name)
 get_bucket_locaiton(bucket-obj)

This is a convenience routines for the get_location_constraint() of the bucket object. This method will return the default region of 'us-east-1' when get_location_constraint() returns a null value.

 my $region = $s3->get_bucket_location('my-bucket');

Starting with version 0.55, "Amazon::S3::Bucket" will call this get_location_constraint() to determine the region for the bucket. You can get the region for the bucket by using the region() method of the bucket object.

  my $bucket = $s3->bucket('my-bucket');
  my $bucket_region = $bucket->region;

  get_logger
Returns the logger object. If you did not set a logger when you created the object then an instance of "Amazon::S3::Logger" is returned. You can log to STDERR using this logger. For example:

 $s3->get_logger->debug('this is a debug message');

 $s3->get_logger->trace(sub { return Dumper([$response]) });

  list_bucket_all, list_bucket_all_v2
List all keys in this bucket without having to worry about 'marker'. This is a convenience method, but may make multiple requests to S3 under the hood.

Takes the same arguments as "list_bucket".

You are encouraged to use the newer "list_bucket_all_v2" method.

  list_object_versions
 list_object_versions( args )

Returns metadata about all versions of the objects in a bucket. You can also use request parameters as selection criteria to return metadata about a subset of all the object versions.

This method will only return the raw result set and does not perform pagination or unravel common prefixes as do other methods like "list_bucket". This may change in the future.

See <https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_ListObjectVersions.html> for more information about the request parameters and the result body.

"args" is hash reference containing the following parameters:

bucket
    Name of the bucket. This method is not vailable for directory buckets.

headers
    Optional headers. See <https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_ListObjectVersions.html> for more details regarding optional headers.

delimiter
    A delimiter is a character that you specify to group keys. All keys that contain the same string between the prefix and the first occurrence of the delimiter are grouped under a single result element in CommonPrefixes. These groups are counted as one result against the max-keys limitation. These keys are not returned elsewhere in the response.

encoding-type
    Requests Amazon S3 to encode the object keys in the response and specifies the encoding method to use.

key-marker
    Specifies the key to start with when listing objects in a bucket.

max-keys
    Sets the maximum number of keys returned in the response. By default, the action returns up to 1,000 key names. The response might contain fewer keys but will never contain more. If additional keys satisfy the search criteria, but were not returned because max-keys was exceeded, the response contains <isTruncated>true</isTruncated>. To return the additional keys, see key-marker and version-id-marker.

    default: 1000

prefix
    Use this parameter to select only those keys that begin with the specified prefix. You can use prefixes to separate a bucket into different groupings of keys. (You can think of using prefix to make groups in the same way that you'd use a folder in a file system.) You can use prefix with delimiter to roll up numerous objects into a single result under CommonPrefixes.

version-id-marker
    Specifies the object version you want to start listing from.

  err
The S3 error code for the last error encountered.

  errstr
A human readable error string for the last error encountered.

  error
The decoded XML string as a hash object of the last error.

  last_response
Returns the last HTTP::Response object.

  last_request
Returns the last HTTP::Request object.

  level
Set the logging level.

default: error

  turn_on_special_retry
Called to add extra retry codes if retry has been set

  turn_off_special_retry
Called to turn off special retry codes when we are deliberately triggering them

ABOUT
This module contains code modified from Amazon that contains the following notice:

  #  This software code is made available "AS IS" without warranties of any
  #  kind.  You may copy, display, modify and redistribute the software
  #  code either by itself or as incorporated into your code; provided that
  #  you do not remove any proprietary notices.  Your use of this software
  #  code is at your own risk and you waive any claim against Amazon
  #  Digital Services, Inc. or its affiliates with respect to your use of
  #  this software code. (c) 2006 Amazon Digital Services, Inc. or its
  #  affiliates.

TESTING
Testing S3 is a tricky thing. Amazon wants to charge you a bit of money each time you use their service. And yes, testing counts as using. Because of this, the application's test suite skips anything approaching a real test unless you set certain environment variables.

For more on testing this module see README-TESTING.md <https://github.com/rlauer6/perl-amazon-s3/blob/master/README-TESTING.md>

AMAZON_S3_EXPENSIVE_TESTS
    Doesn't matter what you set it to. Just has to be set

AMAZON_S3_HOST
    Sets the host to use for the API service.

    default: s3.amazonaws.com

    Note that if this value is set, DNS bucket name usage will be disabled for testing. Most likely, if you set this variable, you are using a mocking service and your bucket names are probably not resolvable. You can override this behavior by setting "AWS_S3_DNS_BUCKET_NAMES" to any value.

AWS_S3_DNS_BUCKET_NAMES
    Set this to any value to override the default behavior of disabling DNS bucket names during testing.

AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
    Your AWS access key

AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
    Your AWS sekkr1t passkey. Be forewarned that setting this environment variable on a shared system might leak that information to another user. Be careful.

AMAZON_S3_SKIP_ACL_TESTS
    Doesn't matter what you set it to. Just has to be set if you want to skip ACLs tests.

AMAZON_S3_SKIP_PERMISSIONS
    Skip tests that check for enforcement of ACLs...as of this version, LocalStack for example does not support enforcement of ACLs.

AMAZON_S3_SKIP_REGION_CONSTRAINT_TEST
    Doesn't matter what you set it to. Just has to be set if you want to skip region constraint test.

AMAZON_S3_MINIO
    Doesn't matter what you set it to. Just has to be set if you want to skip tests that would fail on minio.

AMAZON_S3_LOCALSTACK
    Doesn't matter what you set it to. Just has to be set if you want to skip tests that would fail on LocalStack.

AMAZON_S3_REGIONS
    A comma delimited list of regions to use for testing. The default will only test creating a bucket in the local region.

Consider using an S3 mocking service like "minio" or "LocalStack" if you want to create real tests for your applications or this module.

Here's bash script for testing using LocalStack

 #!/bin/bash
 # -*- mode: sh; -*-

 BUCKET=net-amazon-s3-test-test
 ENDPOINT_URL=s3.localhost.localstack.cloud:4566

 AMAZON_S3_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=1 \
 AMAZON_S3_HOST=$ENDPOINT_URL \
 AMAZON_S3_LOCALSTACK=1 \
 AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=test \
 AWS_ACCESS_SECRET_KEY=test  \
 AMAZON_S3_DOMAIN_BUCKET_NAMES=1 make test 2>&1 | tee test.log

To run the tests...clone the project and build the software.

 cd src/main/perl
 ./test.localstack

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

  LOGGING AND DEBUGGING
Additional debugging information can be output to STDERR by setting the "level" option when you instantiate the "Amazon::S3" object. Levels are represented as a string. The valid levels are:

 fatal
 error
 warn
 info
 debug
 trace

You can set an optionally pass in a logger that implements a subset of the "Log::Log4perl" interface. Your logger should support at least these method calls. If you do not supply a logger the default logger ("Amazon::S3::Logger") will be used.

 get_logger()
 fatal()
 error()
 warn()
 info()
 debug()
 trace()
 level()

At the "trace" level, every HTTP request and response will be output to STDERR. At the "debug" level information regarding the higher level methods will be output to STDERR. There currently is no additional information logged at lower levels.

  S3 LINKS OF INTEREST

Bucket restrictions and limitations <https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/userguide/BucketRestrictions.html>
Bucket naming rules <https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/userguide/bucketnamingrules.html>
Amazon S3 REST API <https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/Welcome.html>
Authenticating Requests (AWS Signature Version 4) <https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/sig-v4-authenticating-requests.html>
Authenticating Requests (AWS Signature Version 2) <https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/userguide/RESTAuthentication.html>
LocalStack <https://localstack.io>

SUPPORT
Bugs should be reported via the CPAN bug tracker at

<http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/ReportBug.html?Queue=Amazon-S3>

For other issues, contact the author.

REPOSITORY
<https://github.com/rlauer6/perl-amazon-s3>

AUTHOR
Original author: Timothy Appnel <tima@cpan.org>

Current maintainer: Rob Lauer <bigfoot@cpan.org>

SEE ALSO
Amazon::S3::Bucket, Net::Amazon::S3

COPYRIGHT AND LICENCE
This module was initially based on Net::Amazon::S3 0.41, by Leon Brocard. Net::Amazon::S3 was based on example code from Amazon with this notice:

This software code is made available "AS IS" without warranties of any kind. You may copy, display, modify and redistribute the software code either by itself or as incorporated into your code; provided that you do not remove any proprietary notices. Your use of this software code is at your own risk and you waive any claim against Amazon Digital Services, Inc. or its affiliates with respect to your use of this software code. (c) 2006 Amazon Digital Services, Inc. or its affiliates.

The software is released under the Artistic License. The terms of the Artistic License are described at http://www.perl.com/language/misc/Artistic.html. Except where otherwise noted, "Amazon::S3" is Copyright 2008, Timothy Appnel, tima@cpan.org. All rights reserved.