# MIR Patterns in TableGen

## User’s Guide

This section is intended for developers who want to use MIR patterns in their TableGen files.

`NOTE`: This feature is still in active development. This document may become outdated over time. If you see something that’s incorrect, please update it.

### Use Cases

MIR patterns are supported in the following places:

- GlobalISel `GICombineRule`

- GlobalISel `GICombinePatFrag`

### Syntax

MIR patterns use the DAG datatype in TableGen.

    (inst operand0, operand1, ...)

`inst` must be a def which inherits from `Instruction` (e.g. `G_FADD`) or `GICombinePatFrag`.

Operands essentially fall into one of two categories:

- immediates

  - untyped, unnamed: `0`

  - untyped, named: `0:$y`

  - typed, unnamed: `(i32 0)`

  - typed, named: `(i32 0):$y`

- machine operands

  - untyped: `$x`

  - typed: `i32:$x`

Semantics:

- A typed operand always adds an operand type check to the matcher.

- There is a trivial type inference system to propagate types.

  - e.g. You only need to use `i32:$x` once in any pattern of a `GICombinePatFrag` alternative or `GICombineRule`, then all other patterns in that rule/alternative can simply use `$x` (`i32:$x` is redundant).

- A named operand’s behavior depends on whether the name has been seen before.

  - For match patterns, reusing an operand name checks that the operands are identical (see example 2 below).

  - For apply patterns, reusing an operand name simply copies that operand into the new instruction (see example 2 below).

Operands are ordered just like they would be in a MachineInstr: the defs (outs) come first, then the uses (ins).

Patterns are generally grouped into another DAG datatype with a dummy operator such as `match`, `apply` or `pattern`.

Finally, any DAG datatype in TableGen can be named. This also holds for patterns. e.g. the following is valid: `(G_FOO $root, (i32 0):$cst):$mypat`. This may also be helpful to debug issues. Patterns are always named, and if they don’t have a name, an “anonymous” one is given to them. If you’re trying to debug an error related to a MIR pattern, but the error mentions an anonymous pattern, you can try naming your patterns to see exactly where the issue is.

Pattern Example 1

    // Match
    //    %imp = G_IMPLICIT_DEF
    //    %root = G_MUL %x, %imp
    (match (G_IMPLICIT_DEF $imp),
           (G_MUL $root, $x, $imp))

Pattern Example 2

    // using $x twice here checks that the operand 1 and 2 of the G_AND are
    // identical.
    (match (G_AND $root, $x, $x))
    // using $x again here copies operand 1 from G_AND into the new inst.
    (apply (COPY $root, $x))

### Types

#### ValueType

Subclasses of `ValueType` are valid types, e.g. `i32`.

#### GITypeOf

`GITypeOf<"$x">` is a `GISpecialType` that allows for the creation of a register or immediate with the same type as another (register) operand.

Operand:

- An operand name as a string, prefixed by `$`.

Semantics:

- Can only appear in an ‘apply’ pattern.

- The operand name used must appear in the ‘match’ pattern of the same `GICombineRule`.

Example: Immediate

    def mul_by_neg_one: GICombineRule <
      (defs root:$root),
      (match (G_MUL $dst, $x, -1)),
      (apply (G_SUB $dst, (GITypeOf<"$x"> 0), $x))
    >;

Example: Temp Reg

    def Test0 : GICombineRule<
      (defs root:$dst),
      (match (G_FMUL $dst, $src, -1)),
      (apply (G_FSUB $dst, $src, $tmp),
             (G_FNEG GITypeOf<"$dst">:$tmp, $src))>;

### Builtin Operations

MIR Patterns also offer builtin operations, also called “builtin instructions”. They offer some powerful features that would otherwise require use of C++ code.

#### GIReplaceReg

Usage

    (apply (GIReplaceReg $old, $new))

Operands:

- `$old` (out) register defined by a matched instruction

- `$new` (in) register

Semantics:

- Can only appear in an ‘apply’ pattern.

- If both old/new are operands of matched instructions, `canReplaceReg` is checked before applying the rule.

#### GIEraseRoot

Usage

    (apply (GIEraseRoot))

Semantics:

- Can only appear as the only pattern of an ‘apply’ pattern list.

- The root cannot have any output operands.

- The root must be a CodeGenInstruction

### Instruction Flags

MIR Patterns support both matching & writing `MIFlags`.

Example

    def Test : GICombineRule<
      (defs root:$dst),
      (match (G_FOO $dst, $src, (MIFlags FmNoNans, FmNoInfs))),
      (apply (G_BAR $dst, $src, (MIFlags FmReassoc)))>;

In `apply` patterns, we also support referring to a matched instruction to “take” its MIFlags.

Example

    ; We match NoNans/NoInfs, but $zext may have more flags.
    ; Copy them all into the output instruction, and set Reassoc on the output inst.
    def TestCpyFlags : GICombineRule<
      (defs root:$dst),
      (match (G_FOO $dst, $src, (MIFlags FmNoNans, FmNoInfs)):$zext),
      (apply (G_BAR $dst, $src, (MIFlags $zext, FmReassoc)))>;

The `not` operator can be used to check that a flag is NOT present on a matched instruction, and to remove a flag from a generated instruction.

Example

    ; We match NoInfs but we don't want NoNans/Reassoc to be set. $zext may have more flags.
    ; Copy them all into the output instruction but remove NoInfs on the output inst.
    def TestNot : GICombineRule<
      (defs root:$dst),
      (match (G_FOO $dst, $src, (MIFlags FmNoInfs, (not FmNoNans, FmReassoc))):$zext),
      (apply (G_BAR $dst, $src, (MIFlags $zext, (not FmNoInfs))))>;

### Limitations

This a non-exhaustive list of known issues with MIR patterns at this time.

- Matching intrinsics is not yet possible.

- Using `GICombinePatFrag` within another `GICombinePatFrag` is not supported.

- `GICombinePatFrag` can only have a single root.

- Instructions with multiple defs cannot be the root of a `GICombinePatFrag`.

- Using `GICombinePatFrag` in the `apply` pattern of a `GICombineRule` is not supported.

- We cannot rewrite a matched instruction other than the root.

- Matching/creating a (CImm) immediate >64 bits is not supported (see comment in `GIM_CheckConstantInt`)

- There is currently no way to constrain two register/immediate types to match. e.g. if a pattern needs to work on both i32 and i64, you either need to leave it untyped and check the type in C++, or duplicate the pattern.

### GICombineRule

MIR patterns can appear in the `match` or `apply` patterns of a `GICombineRule`.

The `root` of the rule can either be a def of an instruction, or a named pattern. The latter is helpful when the instruction you want to match has no defs. The former is generally preferred because it’s less verbose.

Combine Rule root is a def

    // Fold x op 1 -> x
    def right_identity_one: GICombineRule<
      (defs root:$dst),
      (match (G_MUL $dst, $x, 1)),
      // Note: Patterns always need to create something, we can't just replace $dst with $x, so we need a COPY.
      (apply (COPY $dst, $x))
    >;

Combine Rule root is a named pattern

    def Foo : GICombineRule<
      (defs root:$root),
      (match (G_ZEXT $tmp, (i32 0)),
             (G_STORE $tmp, $ptr):$root),
      (apply (G_STORE (i32 0), $ptr):$root)>;

Combine Rules also allow mixing C++ code with MIR patterns, so that you may perform additional checks when matching, or run additional code after rewriting a pattern.

The following expansions are available for MIR patterns:

- operand names (`MachineOperand &`)

- pattern names (`MachineInstr *` for `match`, `MachineInstrBuilder &` for apply)

Example C++ Expansions

    def Foo : GICombineRule<
      (defs root:$root),
      (match (G_ZEXT $root, $src):$mi),
      (apply "foobar(${root}.getReg(), ${src}.getReg(), ${mi}->hasImplicitDef())")>;

#### Common Pattern #1: Replace a Register with Another

The ‘apply’ pattern must always redefine all operands defined by the match root. Sometimes, we do not need to create instructions, simply replace a def with another matched register. The `GIReplaceReg` builtin can do just that.

    def Foo : GICombineRule<
      (defs root:$dst),
      (match (G_FNEG $tmp, $src), (G_FNEG $dst, $tmp)),
      (apply (GIReplaceReg $dst, $src))>;

This also works if the replacement register is a temporary register from the `apply` pattern.

    def ReplaceTemp : GICombineRule<
      (defs root:$a),
      (match    (G_BUILD_VECTOR $tmp, $x, $y),
                (G_UNMERGE_VALUES $a, $b, $tmp)),
      (apply  (G_UNMERGE_VALUES $a, i32:$new, $y),
              (GIReplaceReg $b, $new))>

#### Common Pattern #2: Erasing a Def-less Root

If we simply want to erase a def-less match root, we can use the `GIEraseRoot` builtin.

    def Foo : GICombineRule<
      (defs root:$mi),
      (match (G_STORE $a, $b):$mi),
      (apply (GIEraseRoot))>;

#### Common Pattern #3: Emitting a Constant Value

When an immediate operand appears in an ‘apply’ pattern, the behavior depends on whether it’s typed or not.

- If the immediate is typed, `MachineIRBuilder::buildConstant` is used to create a `G_CONSTANT`. A `G_BUILD_VECTOR` will be used for vectors.

- If the immediate is untyped, a simple immediate is added (`MachineInstrBuilder::addImm`).

There is of course a special case for `G_CONSTANT`. Immediates for `G_CONSTANT` must always be typed, and a CImm is added (`MachineInstrBuilder::addCImm`).

Constant Emission Examples:

    // Example output:
    //    %0 = G_CONSTANT i32 0
    //    %dst = COPY %0
    def Foo : GICombineRule<
      (defs root:$dst),
      (match (G_FOO $dst, $src)),
      (apply (COPY $dst, (i32 0)))>;

    // Example output:
    //    %dst = COPY 0
    // Note that this would be ill-formed because COPY
    // expects a register operand!
    def Bar : GICombineRule<
      (defs root:$dst),
      (match (G_FOO $dst, $src)),
      (apply (COPY $dst, (i32 0)))>;

    // Example output:
    //    %dst = G_CONSTANT i32 0
    def Bux : GICombineRule<
      (defs root:$dst),
      (match (G_FOO $dst, $src)),
      (apply (G_CONSTANT $dst, (i32 0)))>;

### GICombinePatFrag

`GICombinePatFrag` is an equivalent of `PatFrags` for MIR patterns. They have two main usecases:

- Reduce repetition by creating a `GICombinePatFrag` for common patterns (see example 1).

- Implicitly duplicate a CombineRule for multiple variants of a pattern (see example 2).

A `GICombinePatFrag` is composed of three elements:

- zero or more `in` (def) parameter

- zero or more `out` parameter

- A list of MIR patterns that can match.

  - When a `GICombinePatFrag` is used within a pattern, the pattern is cloned once for each alternative that can match.

Parameters can have the following types:

- `gi_mo`, which is the implicit default (no type = `gi_mo`).

  - Refers to any operand of an instruction (register, BB ref, imm, etc.).

  - Can be used in both `in` and `out` parameters.

  - Users of the PatFrag can only use an operand name for this parameter (e.g. `(my_pat_frag $foo)`).

- `root`

  - This is identical to `gi_mo`.

  - Can only be used in `out` parameters to declare the root of the pattern.

  - Non-empty `out` parameter lists must always have exactly one `root`.

- `gi_imm`

  - Refers to an (potentially typed) immediate.

  - Can only be used in `in` parameters.

  - Users of the PatFrag can only use an immediate for this parameter (e.g. `(my_pat_frag 0)` or `(my_pat_frag (i32 0))`)

`out` operands can only be empty if the `GICombinePatFrag` only contains C++ code. If the fragment contains instruction patterns, it has to have at least one `out` operand of type `root`.

`in` operands are less restricted, but there is one important concept to remember: you can pass “unbound” operand names, but only if the `GICombinePatFrag` binds it. See example 3 below.

`GICombinePatFrag` are used just like any other instructions. Note that the `out` operands are defs, so they come first in the list of operands.

Example 1: Reduce Repetition

    def zext_cst : GICombinePatFrag<(outs root:$dst, $cst), (ins gi_imm:$val),
      [(pattern (G_CONSTANT $cst, $val),
                (G_ZEXT $dst, $cst))]
    >;

    def foo_to_impdef : GICombineRule<
     (defs root:$dst),
     (match (zext_cst $y, $cst, (i32 0))
            (G_FOO $dst, $y)),
     (apply (G_IMPLICIT_DEF $dst))>;

    def store_ext_zero : GICombineRule<
     (defs root:$root),
     (match (zext_cst $y, $cst, (i32 0))
            (G_STORE $y, $ptr):$root),
     (apply (G_STORE $cst, $ptr):$root)>;

Example 2: Generate Multiple Rules at Once

    // Fold (freeze (freeze x)) -> (freeze x).
    // Fold (fabs (fabs x)) -> (fabs x).
    // Fold (fcanonicalize (fcanonicalize x)) -> (fcanonicalize x).
    def idempotent_prop_frags : GICombinePatFrag<(outs root:$dst, $src), (ins),
      [
        (pattern (G_FREEZE $dst, $src), (G_FREEZE $src, $x)),
        (pattern (G_FABS $dst, $src), (G_FABS $src, $x)),
        (pattern (G_FCANONICALIZE $dst, $src), (G_FCANONICALIZE $src, $x))
      ]
    >;

    def idempotent_prop : GICombineRule<
      (defs root:$dst),
      (match (idempotent_prop_frags $dst, $src)),
      (apply (COPY $dst, $src))>;

Example 3: Unbound Operand Names

    // This fragment binds $x to an operand in all of its
    // alternative patterns.
    def always_binds : GICombinePatFrag<
      (outs root:$dst), (ins $x),
      [
        (pattern (G_FREEZE $dst, $x)),
        (pattern (G_FABS $dst, $x)),
      ]
    >;

    // This fragment does not bind $x to an operand in any
    // of its alternative patterns.
    def does_not_bind : GICombinePatFrag<
      (outs root:$dst), (ins $x),
      [
        (pattern (G_FREEZE $dst, $x)), // binds $x
        (pattern (G_FOO $dst (i32 0))), // does not bind $x
        (pattern "return myCheck(${x}.getReg())"), // does not bind $x
      ]
    >;

    // Here we pass $x, which is unbound, to always_binds.
    // This works because if $x is unbound, always_binds will bind it for us.
    def test0 : GICombineRule<
      (defs root:$dst),
      (match (always_binds $dst, $x)),
      (apply (COPY $dst, $x))>;

    // Here we pass $x, which is unbound, to does_not_bind.
    // This cannot work because $x may not have been initialized in 'apply'.
    // error: operand 'x' (for parameter 'src' of 'does_not_bind') cannot be unbound
    def test1 : GICombineRule<
      (defs root:$dst),
      (match (does_not_bind $dst, $x)),
      (apply (COPY $dst, $x))>;

    // Here we pass $x, which is bound, to does_not_bind.
    // This is fine because $x will always be bound when emitting does_not_bind
    def test2 : GICombineRule<
      (defs root:$dst),
      (match (does_not_bind $tmp, $x)
             (G_MUL $dst, $x, $tmp)),
      (apply (COPY $dst, $x))>;