# Instruction referencing for debug info

This document explains how LLVM uses value tracking, or instruction referencing, to determine variable locations for debug info in the code generation stage of compilation. This content is aimed at those working on code generation targets and optimisation passes. It may also be of interest to anyone curious about low-level debug info handling.

# Problem statement

At the end of compilation, LLVM must produce a DWARF location list (or similar) describing what register or stack location a variable can be found in, for each instruction in that variable’s lexical scope. We could track the virtual register that the variable resides in through compilation, however this is vulnerable to register optimisations during regalloc, and instruction movements.

# Solution: instruction referencing

Rather than identify the virtual register that a variable value resides in, instead in instruction referencing mode, LLVM refers to the machine instruction and operand position that the value is defined in. Consider the LLVM IR way of referring to instruction values:

    %2 = add i32 %0, %1
    call void @llvm.dbg.value(metadata i32 %2,

In LLVM IR, the IR Value is synonymous with the instruction that computes the value, to the extent that in memory a Value is a pointer to the computing instruction. Instruction referencing implements this relationship in the codegen backend of LLVM, after instruction selection. Consider the X86 assembly below and instruction referencing debug info, corresponding to the earlier LLVM IR:

    %2:gr32 = ADD32rr %0, %1, implicit-def $eflags, debug-instr-number 1
    DBG_INSTR_REF 1, 0, !123, !456, debug-location !789

While the function remains in SSA form, virtual register `%2` is sufficient to identify the value computed by the instruction – however the function eventually leaves SSA form, and register optimisations will obscure which register the desired value is in. Instead, a more consistent way of identifying the instruction’s value is to refer to the `MachineOperand` where the value is defined: independently of which register is defined by that `MachineOperand`. In the code above, the `DBG_INSTR_REF` instruction refers to instruction number one, operand zero, while the `ADD32rr` has a `debug-instr-number` attribute attached indicating that it is instruction number one.

De-coupling variable locations from registers avoids difficulties involving register allocation and optimisation, but requires additional instrumentation when the instructions are optimised instead. Optimisations that replace instructions with optimised versions that compute the same value must either preserve the instruction number, or record a substitution from the old instruction / operand number pair to the new instruction / operand pair – see `MachineFunction::substituteDebugValuesForInst`. If debug info maintenance is not performed, or an instruction is eliminated as dead code, the variable location is safely dropped and marked “optimised out”. The exception is instructions that are mutated rather than replaced, which always need debug info maintenance.

# Register allocator considerations

When the register allocator runs, debugging instructions do not directly refer to any virtual registers, and thus there is no need for expensive location maintenance during regalloc (i.e. `LiveDebugVariables`). Debug instructions are unlinked from the function, then linked back in after register allocation completes.

The exception is `PHI` instructions: these become implicit definitions at control flow merges once regalloc finishes, and any debug numbers attached to `PHI` instructions are lost. To circumvent this, debug numbers of `PHI`s are recorded at the start of register allocation (`phi-node-elimination`), then `DBG_PHI` instructions are inserted after regalloc finishes. This requires some maintenance of which register a variable is located in during regalloc, but at single positions (block entry points) rather than ranges of instructions.

An example, before regalloc:

    bb.2:
      %2 = PHI %1, %bb.0, %2, %bb.1, debug-instr-number 1

After:

    bb.2:
      DBG_PHI $rax, 1

# `LiveDebugValues`

After optimisations and code layout complete, information about variable values must be translated into variable locations, i.e. registers and stack slots. This is performed in the [LiveDebugValues pass][`LiveDebugValues`], where the debug instructions and machine code are separated out into two independent functions:

- One that assigns values to variable names,

- One that assigns values to machine registers and stack slots.

LLVM’s existing SSA tools are used to place `PHI`s for each function, between variable values and the values contained in machine locations, with value propagation eliminating any unnecessary `PHI`s. The two can then be joined up to map variables to values, then values to locations, for each instruction in the function.

Key to this process is being able to identify the movement of values between registers and stack locations, so that the location of values can be preserved for the full time that they are resident in the machine.

# Required target support and transition guide

Instruction referencing will work on any target, but likely with poor coverage. Supporting instruction referencing well requires:

- Target hooks to be implemented to allow `LiveDebugValues` to follow values through the machine,

- Target-specific optimisations to be instrumented, to preserve instruction numbers.

## Target hooks

`TargetInstrInfo::isCopyInstrImpl` must be implemented to recognise any instructions that are copy-like – `LiveDebugValues` uses this to identify when values move between registers.

`TargetInstrInfo::isLoadFromStackSlotPostFE` and `TargetInstrInfo::isStoreToStackSlotPostFE` are needed to identify spill and restore instructions. Each should return the destination or source register respectively. `LiveDebugValues` will track the movement of a value from / to the stack slot. In addition, any instruction that writes to a stack spill should have a `MachineMemoryOperand` attached, so that `LiveDebugValues` can recognise that a slot has been clobbered.

## Target-specific optimisation instrumentation

Optimisations come in two flavours: those that mutate a `MachineInstr` to make it do something different, and those that create a new instruction to replace the operation of the old.

The former must be instrumented – the relevant question is whether any register def in any operand will produce a different value, as a result of the mutation. If the answer is yes, then there is a risk that a `DBG_INSTR_REF` instruction referring to that operand will end up assigning the different value to a variable, presenting the debugging developer with an unexpected variable value. In such scenarios, call `MachineInstr::dropDebugNumber()` on the mutated instruction to erase its instruction number. Any `DBG_INSTR_REF` referring to it will produce an empty variable location instead, that appears as “optimised out” in the debugger.

For the latter flavour of optimisation, to increase coverage you should record an instruction number substitution: a mapping from the old instruction number / operand pair to new instruction number / operand pair. Consider if we replace a three-address add instruction with a two-address add:

    %2:gr32 = ADD32rr %0, %1, debug-instr-number 1

becomes

    %2:gr32 = ADD32rr %0(tied-def 0), %1, debug-instr-number 2

With a substitution from “instruction number 1 operand 0” to “instruction number 2 operand 0” recorded in the `MachineFunction`. In `LiveDebugValues`, `DBG_INSTR_REF`s will be mapped through the substitution table to find the most recent instruction number / operand number of the value it refers to.

Use `MachineFunction::substituteDebugValuesForInst` to automatically produce substitutions between an old and new instruction. It assumes that any operand that is a def in the old instruction is a def in the new instruction at the same operand position. This works most of the time, for example in the example above.

If operand numbers do not line up between the old and new instruction, use `MachineInstr::getDebugInstrNum` to acquire the instruction number for the new instruction, and `MachineFunction::makeDebugValueSubstitution` to record the mapping between register definitions in the old and new instructions. If some values computed by the old instruction are no longer computed by the new instruction, record no substitution – `LiveDebugValues` will safely drop the now unavailable variable value.

Should your target clone instructions, much the same as the `TailDuplicator` optimisation pass, do not attempt to preserve the instruction numbers or record any substitutions. `MachineFunction::CloneMachineInstr` should drop the instruction number of any cloned instruction, to avoid duplicate numbers appearing to `LiveDebugValues`. Dealing with duplicated instructions is a natural extension to instruction referencing that’s currently unimplemented.