# LLVM Extensions

- Introduction

- General Assembly Syntax

  - C99-style Hexadecimal Floating-point Constants

- Machine-specific Assembly Syntax

  - X86/COFF-Dependent

    - Relocations

    - `.linkonce` Directive

    - `.section` Directive

  - ARM64/COFF-Dependent

    - Relocations

  - ELF-Dependent

    - `.section` Directive

    - `.linker-options` Section (linker options)

    - `SHT_LLVM_DEPENDENT_LIBRARIES` Section (Dependent Libraries)

    - `SHT_LLVM_CALL_GRAPH_PROFILE` Section (Call Graph Profile)

    - `SHT_LLVM_ADDRSIG` Section (address-significance table)

    - `SHT_LLVM_SYMPART` Section (symbol partition specification)

  - CodeView-Dependent

    - `.cv_file` Directive

    - `.cv_func_id` Directive

    - `.cv_inline_site_id` Directive

    - `.cv_loc` Directive

    - `.cv_linetable` Directive

    - `.cv_inline_linetable` Directive

    - `.cv_def_range` Directive

    - `.cv_stringtable` Directive

    - `.cv_filechecksums` Directive

    - `.cv_filechecksumoffset` Directive

    - `.cv_fpo_data` Directive

- Target Specific Behaviour

  - X86

    - Relocations

  - Windows on ARM

    - Stack Probe Emission

    - Variable Length Arrays

  - Windows on ARM64

    - Stack Probe Emission

## Introduction

This document describes extensions to tools and formats LLVM seeks compatibility with.

## General Assembly Syntax

### C99-style Hexadecimal Floating-point Constants

LLVM’s assemblers allow floating-point constants to be written in C99’s hexadecimal format instead of decimal if desired.

    .section .data
    .float 0x1c2.2ap3

## Machine-specific Assembly Syntax

### X86/COFF-Dependent

#### Relocations

The following additional relocation types are supported:

@IMGREL (AT&T syntax only) generates an image-relative relocation that corresponds to the COFF relocation types `IMAGE_REL_I386_DIR32NB` (32-bit) or `IMAGE_REL_AMD64_ADDR32NB` (64-bit).

    .text
    fun:
      mov foo@IMGREL(%ebx, %ecx, 4), %eax

    .section .pdata
      .long fun@IMGREL
      .long (fun@imgrel + 0x3F)
      .long $unwind$fun@imgrel

.secrel32 generates a relocation that corresponds to the COFF relocation types `IMAGE_REL_I386_SECREL` (32-bit) or `IMAGE_REL_AMD64_SECREL` (64-bit).

.secidx relocation generates an index of the section that contains the target. It corresponds to the COFF relocation types `IMAGE_REL_I386_SECTION` (32-bit) or `IMAGE_REL_AMD64_SECTION` (64-bit).

    .section .debug$S,"rn"
      .long 4
      .long 242
      .long 40
      .secrel32 _function_name + 0
      .secidx   _function_name
      ...

#### `.linkonce` Directive

Syntax:

> `.linkonce [ comdat type ]`

Supported COMDAT types:

`discard`

  Discards duplicate sections with the same COMDAT symbol. This is the default if no type is specified.

`one_only`

  If the symbol is defined multiple times, the linker issues an error.

`same_size`

  Duplicates are discarded, but the linker issues an error if any have different sizes.

`same_contents`

  Duplicates are discarded, but the linker issues an error if any duplicates do not have exactly the same content.

`largest`

  Links the largest section from among the duplicates.

`newest`

  Links the newest section from among the duplicates.

    .section .text$foo
    .linkonce
      ...

#### `.section` Directive

MC supports passing the information in `.linkonce` at the end of `.section`. For example, these two codes are equivalent

    .section secName, "dr", discard, "Symbol1"
    .globl Symbol1
    Symbol1:
    .long 1

    .section secName, "dr"
    .linkonce discard
    .globl Symbol1
    Symbol1:
    .long 1

Note that in the combined form the COMDAT symbol is explicit. This extension exists to support multiple sections with the same name in different COMDATs:

    .section secName, "dr", discard, "Symbol1"
    .globl Symbol1
    Symbol1:
    .long 1

    .section secName, "dr", discard, "Symbol2"
    .globl Symbol2
    Symbol2:
    .long 1

In addition to the types allowed with `.linkonce`, `.section` also accepts `associative`. The meaning is that the section is linked if a certain other COMDAT section is linked. This other section is indicated by the comdat symbol in this directive. It can be any symbol defined in the associated section, but is usually the associated section’s comdat.

> The following restrictions apply to the associated section:

> 1. It must be a COMDAT section.

> 2. It cannot be another associative COMDAT section.

In the following example the symbol `sym` is the comdat symbol of `.foo` and `.bar` is associated to `.foo`.

    .section        .foo,"bw",discard, "sym"
    .section        .bar,"rd",associative, "sym"

MC supports these flags in the COFF `.section` directive:

> - `b`: BSS section (`IMAGE_SCN_CNT_INITIALIZED_DATA`)

> - `d`: Data section (`IMAGE_SCN_CNT_UNINITIALIZED_DATA`)

> - `n`: Section is not loaded (`IMAGE_SCN_LNK_REMOVE`)

> - `r`: Read-only

> - `s`: Shared section

> - `w`: Writable

> - `x`: Executable section

> - `y`: Not readable

> - `D`: Discardable (`IMAGE_SCN_MEM_DISCARDABLE`)

These flags are all compatible with gas, with the exception of the `D` flag, which gnu as does not support. For gas compatibility, sections with a name starting with “.debug” are implicitly discardable.

### ARM64/COFF-Dependent

#### Relocations

The following additional symbol variants are supported:

:secrel_lo12: generates a relocation that corresponds to the COFF relocation types `IMAGE_REL_ARM64_SECREL_LOW12A` or `IMAGE_REL_ARM64_SECREL_LOW12L`.

:secrel_hi12: generates a relocation that corresponds to the COFF relocation type `IMAGE_REL_ARM64_SECREL_HIGH12A`.

    add x0, x0, :secrel_hi12:symbol
    ldr x0, [x0, :secrel_lo12:symbol]

    add x1, x1, :secrel_hi12:symbol
    add x1, x1, :secrel_lo12:symbol
    ...

### ELF-Dependent

#### `.section` Directive

In order to support creating multiple sections with the same name and comdat, it is possible to add an unique number at the end of the `.section` directive. For example, the following code creates two sections named `.text`.

    .section        .text,"ax",@progbits,unique,1
    nop

    .section        .text,"ax",@progbits,unique,2
    nop

The unique number is not present in the resulting object at all. It is just used in the assembler to differentiate the sections.

The ‘o’ flag is mapped to SHF_LINK_ORDER. If it is present, a symbol must be given that identifies the section to be placed is the .sh_link.

    .section .foo,"a",@progbits
    .Ltmp:
    .section .bar,"ao",@progbits,.Ltmp

which is equivalent to just

    .section .foo,"a",@progbits
    .section .bar,"ao",@progbits,.foo

#### `.linker-options` Section (linker options)

In order to support passing linker options from the frontend to the linker, a special section of type `SHT_LLVM_LINKER_OPTIONS` (usually named `.linker-options` though the name is not significant as it is identified by the type). The contents of this section is a simple pair-wise encoding of directives for consideration by the linker. The strings are encoded as standard null-terminated UTF-8 strings. They are emitted inline to avoid having the linker traverse the object file for retrieving the value. The linker is permitted to not honour the option and instead provide a warning/error to the user that the requested option was not honoured.

The section has type `SHT_LLVM_LINKER_OPTIONS` and has the `SHF_EXCLUDE` flag to ensure that the section is treated as opaque by linkers which do not support the feature and will not be emitted into the final linked binary.

This would be equivalent to the follow raw assembly:

    .section ".linker-options","e",@llvm_linker_options
    .asciz "option 1"
    .asciz "value 1"
    .asciz "option 2"
    .asciz "value 2"

The following directives are specified:

> - lib

>   The parameter identifies a library to be linked against. The library will be looked up in the default and any specified library search paths (specified to this point).

> - libpath

>   The parameter identifies an additional library search path to be considered when looking up libraries after the inclusion of this option.

#### `SHT_LLVM_DEPENDENT_LIBRARIES` Section (Dependent Libraries)

This section contains strings specifying libraries to be added to the link by the linker.

The section should be consumed by the linker and not written to the output.

The strings are encoded as standard null-terminated UTF-8 strings.

For example:

    .section ".deplibs","MS",@llvm_dependent_libraries,1
    .asciz "library specifier 1"
    .asciz "library specifier 2"

The interpretation of the library specifiers is defined by the consuming linker.

#### `SHT_LLVM_CALL_GRAPH_PROFILE` Section (Call Graph Profile)

This section is used to pass a call graph profile to the linker which can be used to optimize the placement of sections. It contains a sequence of (from symbol, to symbol, weight) tuples.

It shall have a type of `SHT_LLVM_CALL_GRAPH_PROFILE` (0x6fff4c02), shall have the `SHF_EXCLUDE` flag set, the `sh_link` member shall hold the section header index of the associated symbol table, and shall have a `sh_entsize` of 16. It should be named `.llvm.call-graph-profile`.

The contents of the section shall be a sequence of `Elf_CGProfile` entries.

    typedef struct {
      Elf_Word cgp_from;
      Elf_Word cgp_to;
      Elf_Xword cgp_weight;
    } Elf_CGProfile;

cgp_from

  The symbol index of the source of the edge.

cgp_to

  The symbol index of the destination of the edge.

cgp_weight

  The weight of the edge.

This is represented in assembly as:

    .cg_profile from, to, 42

`.cg_profile` directives are processed at the end of the file. It is an error if either `from` or `to` are undefined temporary symbols. If either symbol is a temporary symbol, then the section symbol is used instead. If either symbol is undefined, then that symbol is defined as if `.weak symbol` has been written at the end of the file. This forces the symbol to show up in the symbol table.

#### `SHT_LLVM_ADDRSIG` Section (address-significance table)

This section is used to mark symbols as address-significant, i.e. the address of the symbol is used in a comparison or leaks outside the translation unit. It has the same meaning as the absence of the LLVM attributes `unnamed_addr` and `local_unnamed_addr`.

Any sections referred to by symbols that are not marked as address-significant in any object file may be safely merged by a linker without breaking the address uniqueness guarantee provided by the C and C++ language standards.

The contents of the section are a sequence of ULEB128-encoded integers referring to the symbol table indexes of the address-significant symbols.

There are two associated assembly directives:

    .addrsig

This instructs the assembler to emit an address-significance table. Without this directive, all symbols are considered address-significant.

    .addrsig_sym sym

This marks `sym` as address-significant.

#### `SHT_LLVM_SYMPART` Section (symbol partition specification)

This section is used to mark symbols with the partition that they belong to. An `.llvm_sympart` section consists of a null-terminated string specifying the name of the partition followed by a relocation referring to the symbol that belongs to the partition. It may be constructed as follows:

    .section ".llvm_sympart","",@llvm_sympart
    .asciz "libpartition.so"
    .word symbol_in_partition

### CodeView-Dependent

#### `.cv_file` Directive

Syntax:

  `.cv_file` FileNumber FileName [ checksum ] [ checksumkind ]

#### `.cv_func_id` Directive

Introduces a function ID that can be used with `.cv_loc`.

Syntax:

  `.cv_func_id` FunctionId

#### `.cv_inline_site_id` Directive

Introduces a function ID that can be used with `.cv_loc`. Includes `inlined at` source location information for use in the line table of the caller, whether the caller is a real function or another inlined call site.

Syntax:

  `.cv_inline_site_id` FunctionId `within` Function `inlined_at` FileNumber Line [ Column ]

#### `.cv_loc` Directive

The first number is a file number, must have been previously assigned with a `.file` directive, the second number is the line number and optionally the third number is a column position (zero if not specified). The remaining optional items are `.loc` sub-directives.

Syntax:

  `.cv_loc` FunctionId FileNumber [ Line ] [ Column ] [ prologue_end ] [ `is_stmt` value ]

#### `.cv_linetable` Directive

Syntax:

  `.cv_linetable` FunctionId `,` FunctionStart `,` FunctionEnd

#### `.cv_inline_linetable` Directive

Syntax:

  `.cv_inline_linetable` PrimaryFunctionId `,` FileNumber Line FunctionStart FunctionEnd

#### `.cv_def_range` Directive

The GapStart and GapEnd options may be repeated as needed.

Syntax:

  `.cv_def_range` RangeStart RangeEnd [ GapStart GapEnd ] `,` bytes

#### `.cv_stringtable` Directive

#### `.cv_filechecksums` Directive

#### `.cv_filechecksumoffset` Directive

Syntax:

  `.cv_filechecksumoffset` FileNumber

#### `.cv_fpo_data` Directive

Syntax:

  `.cv_fpo_data` procsym

## Target Specific Behaviour

### X86

#### Relocations

`@ABS8` can be applied to symbols which appear as immediate operands to instructions that have an 8-bit immediate form for that operand. It causes the assembler to use the 8-bit form and an 8-bit relocation (e.g. `R_386_8` or `R_X86_64_8`) for the symbol.

For example:

    cmpq $foo@ABS8, %rdi

This causes the assembler to select the form of the 64-bit `cmpq` instruction that takes an 8-bit immediate operand that is sign extended to 64 bits, as opposed to `cmpq $foo, %rdi` which takes a 32-bit immediate operand. This is also not the same as `cmpb $foo, %dil`, which is an 8-bit comparison.

### Windows on ARM

#### Stack Probe Emission

The reference implementation (Microsoft Visual Studio 2012) emits stack probes in the following fashion:

    movw r4, #constant
    bl __chkstk
    sub.w sp, sp, r4

However, this has the limitation of 32 MiB (±16MiB). In order to accommodate larger binaries, LLVM supports the use of `-mcmodel=large` to allow a 4GiB range via a slight deviation. It will generate an indirect jump as follows:

    movw r4, #constant
    movw r12, :lower16:__chkstk
    movt r12, :upper16:__chkstk
    blx r12
    sub.w sp, sp, r4

#### Variable Length Arrays

The reference implementation (Microsoft Visual Studio 2012) does not permit the emission of Variable Length Arrays (VLAs).

The Windows ARM Itanium ABI extends the base ABI by adding support for emitting a dynamic stack allocation. When emitting a variable stack allocation, a call to `__chkstk` is emitted unconditionally to ensure that guard pages are setup properly. The emission of this stack probe emission is handled similar to the standard stack probe emission.

The MSVC environment does not emit code for VLAs currently.

### Windows on ARM64

#### Stack Probe Emission

The reference implementation (Microsoft Visual Studio 2017) emits stack probes in the following fashion:

    mov x15, #constant
    bl __chkstk
    sub sp, sp, x15, lsl #4

However, this has the limitation of 256 MiB (±128MiB). In order to accommodate larger binaries, LLVM supports the use of `-mcmodel=large` to allow a 8GiB (±4GiB) range via a slight deviation. It will generate an indirect jump as follows:

    mov x15, #constant
    adrp x16, __chkstk
    add x16, x16, :lo12:__chkstk
    blr x16
    sub sp, sp, x15, lsl #4