LF(1)

NAME
lf - terminal file manager

SYNOPSIS
lf [-command command] [-config path] [-cpuprofile path] [-doc] [-last-dir-path path] [-log path] [-memprofile path] [-print-last-dir] [-print-selection] [-remote command] [-selection-path path] [-server] [-single] [-version] [-help] [cd-or-select-path]

DESCRIPTION
lf is a terminal file manager.

The source code can be found in the repository at https://github.com/gokcehan/lf

This documentation can either be read from the terminal using lf -doc or online at https://github.com/gokcehan/lf/blob/master/doc.md You can also use the help command (default <f-1>) inside lf to view the documentation in a pager. A man page with the same content is also available in the repository at https://github.com/gokcehan/lf/blob/master/lf.1

You can run lf -help to see descriptions of command line options.

QUICK REFERENCE
The following commands are provided by lf:

        quit                     (default 'q')
        up                       (default 'k' and '<up>')
        half-up                  (default '<c-u>')
        page-up                  (default '<c-b>' and '<pgup>')
        scroll-up                (default '<c-y>')
        down                     (default 'j' and '<down>')
        half-down                (default '<c-d>')
        page-down                (default '<c-f>' and '<pgdn>')
        scroll-down              (default '<c-e>')
        updir                    (default 'h' and '<left>')
        open                     (default 'l' and '<right>')
        jump-next                (default ']')
        jump-prev                (default '[')
        top                      (default 'gg' and '<home>')
        bottom                   (default 'G' and '<end>')
        high                     (default 'H')
        middle                   (default 'M')
        low                      (default 'L')
        toggle
        invert                   (default 'v')
        unselect                 (default 'u')
        glob-select
        glob-unselect
        copy                     (default 'y')
        cut                      (default 'd')
        paste                    (default 'p')
        clear                    (default 'c')
        sync
        draw
        redraw                   (default '<c-l>')
        load
        reload                   (default '<c-r>')
        delete         (modal)
        rename         (modal)   (default 'r')
        read           (modal)   (default ':')
        shell          (modal)   (default '$')
        shell-pipe     (modal)   (default '%')
        shell-wait     (modal)   (default '!')
        shell-async    (modal)   (default '&')
        find           (modal)   (default 'f')
        find-back      (modal)   (default 'F')
        find-next                (default ';')
        find-prev                (default ',')
        search         (modal)   (default '/')
        search-back    (modal)   (default '?')
        search-next              (default 'n')
        search-prev              (default 'N')
        filter         (modal)
        setfilter
        mark-save      (modal)   (default 'm')
        mark-load      (modal)   (default "'")
        mark-remove    (modal)   (default '"')
        tag
        tag-toggle               (default 't')
        echo
        echomsg
        echoerr
        cd
        select
        source
        push
        addcustominfo
        calcdirsize
        clearmaps
        tty-write
        visual                   (default 'V')

The following Visual mode commands are provided by lf:

        visual-accept            (default 'V')
        visual-unselect
        visual-discard           (default '<esc>')
        visual-change            (default 'o')

The following Command-line mode commands are provided by lf:

        cmd-insert
        cmd-escape               (default '<esc>')
        cmd-complete             (default '<tab>')
        cmd-menu-complete
        cmd-menu-complete-back
        cmd-menu-accept
        cmd-enter                (default '<c-j>' and '<enter>')
        cmd-interrupt            (default '<c-c>')
        cmd-history-next         (default '<c-n>' and '<down>')
        cmd-history-prev         (default '<c-p>' and '<up>')
        cmd-left                 (default '<c-b>' and '<left>')
        cmd-right                (default '<c-f>' and '<right>')
        cmd-home                 (default '<c-a>' and '<home>')
        cmd-end                  (default '<c-e>' and '<end>')
        cmd-delete               (default '<c-d>' and '<delete>')
        cmd-delete-back          (default '<backspace>' and '<backspace2>')
        cmd-delete-home          (default '<c-u>')
        cmd-delete-end           (default '<c-k>')
        cmd-delete-unix-word     (default '<c-w>')
        cmd-yank                 (default '<c-y>')
        cmd-transpose            (default '<c-t>')
        cmd-transpose-word       (default '<a-t>')
        cmd-word                 (default '<a-f>')
        cmd-word-back            (default '<a-b>')
        cmd-delete-word          (default '<a-d>')
        cmd-delete-word-back     (default '<a-backspace>' and '<a-backspace2>')
        cmd-capitalize-word      (default '<a-c>')
        cmd-uppercase-word       (default '<a-u>')
        cmd-lowercase-word       (default '<a-l>')

The following options can be used to customize the behavior of lf:

        anchorfind        bool      (default true)
        autoquit          bool      (default true)
        borderfmt         string    (default "\033[0m")
        cleaner           string    (default '')
        copyfmt           string    (default "\033[7;33m")
        cursoractivefmt   string    (default "\033[7m")
        cursorparentfmt   string    (default "\033[7m")
        cursorpreviewfmt  string    (default "\033[4m")
        cutfmt            string    (default "\033[7;31m")
        dircounts         bool      (default false)
        dirfirst          bool      (default true)
        dironly           bool      (default false)
        dirpreviews       bool      (default false)
        drawbox           bool      (default false)
        dupfilefmt        string    (default '%f.~%n~')
        errorfmt          string    (default "\033[7;31;47m")
        filesep           string    (default "\n")
        filtermethod      string    (default 'text')
        findlen           int       (default 1)
        hidden            bool      (default false)
        hiddenfiles       []string  (default '.*' for Unix and '' for Windows)
        history           bool      (default true)
        icons             bool      (default false)
        ifs               string    (default '')
        ignorecase        bool      (default true)
        ignoredia         bool      (default true)
        incfilter         bool      (default false)
        incsearch         bool      (default false)
        info              []string  (default '')
        infotimefmtnew    string    (default 'Jan _2 15:04')
        infotimefmtold    string    (default 'Jan _2  2006')
        menufmt           string    (default "\033[0m")
        menuheaderfmt     string    (default "\033[1m")
        menuselectfmt     string    (default "\033[7m")
        mouse             bool      (default false)
        number            bool      (default false)
        numberfmt         string    (default "\033[33m")
        period            int       (default 0)
        preserve          []string  (default "mode")
        preview           bool      (default true)
        previewer         string    (default '')
        promptfmt         string    (default "\033[32;1m%u@%h\033[0m:\033[34;1m%d\033[0m\033[1m%f\033[0m")
        ratios            []int     (default '1:2:3')
        relativenumber    bool      (default false)
        reverse           bool      (default false)
        roundbox          bool      (default false)
        rulerfmt          string    (default "  %a|  %p|  \033[7;31m %m \033[0m|  \033[7;33m %c \033[0m|  \033[7;35m %s \033[0m|  \033[7;34m %f \033[0m|  %i/%t")
        scrolloff         int       (default 0)
        searchmethod      string    (default 'text')
        selectfmt         string    (default "\033[7;35m")
        selmode           string    (default 'all')
        shell             string    (default 'sh' for Unix and 'cmd' for Windows)
        shellflag         string    (default '-c' for Unix and '/c' for Windows)
        shellopts         []string  (default '')
        showbinds         bool      (default true)
        sizeunits         string    (default 'binary')
        smartcase         bool      (default true)
        smartdia          bool      (default false)
        sortby            string    (default 'natural')
        statfmt           string    (default "\033[36m%p\033[0m| %c| %u| %g| %S| %t| -> %l")
        tabstop           int       (default 8)
        tagfmt            string    (default "\033[31m")
        tempmarks         string    (default '')
        timefmt           string    (default 'Mon Jan _2 15:04:05 2006')
        truncatechar      string    (default '~')
        truncatepct       int       (default 100)
        visualfmt         string    (default "\033[7;36m")
        waitmsg           string    (default 'Press any key to continue')
        watch             bool      (default false)
        wrapscan          bool      (default true)
        wrapscroll        bool      (default false)
        user_{option}     string    (default none)

The following environment variables are exported for shell commands:

        f
        fs
        fv
        fx
        id
        PWD
        OLDPWD
        LF_LEVEL
        OPENER
        VISUAL
        EDITOR
        PAGER
        SHELL
        lf
        lf_{option}
        lf_user_{option}
        lf_flag_{flag}
        lf_width
        lf_height
        lf_count
        lf_mode

The following special shell commands are used to customize the behavior of lf when defined:

        open
        paste
        rename
        delete
        pre-cd
        on-cd
        on-load
        on-focus-gained
        on-focus-lost
        on-init
        on-select
        on-redraw
        on-quit

The following commands/keybindings are provided by default:

        Unix
        cmd open &$OPENER "$f"
        map e $$EDITOR "$f"
        map i $$PAGER "$f"
        map w $$SHELL
        cmd help $$lf -doc | $PAGER
        map <f-1> help
        cmd maps $lf -remote "query $id maps" | $PAGER
        cmd nmaps $lf -remote "query $id nmaps" | $PAGER
        cmd vmaps $lf -remote "query $id vmaps" | $PAGER
        cmd cmaps $lf -remote "query $id cmaps" | $PAGER
        cmd cmds $lf -remote "query $id cmds" | $PAGER

        Windows
        cmd open &%OPENER% %f%
        map e $%EDITOR% %f%
        map i !%PAGER% %f%
        map w $%SHELL%
        cmd help !%lf% -doc | %PAGER%
        map <f-1> help
        cmd maps !%lf% -remote "query %id% maps" | %PAGER%
        cmd nmaps !%lf% -remote "query %id% nmaps" | %PAGER%
        cmd vmaps !%lf% -remote "query %id% vmaps" | %PAGER%
        cmd cmaps !%lf% -remote "query %id% cmaps" | %PAGER%
        cmd cmds !%lf% -remote "query %id% cmds" | %PAGER%

The defaults for Windows are using cmd syntax. A PowerShell compatible configuration file can be found at https://github.com/gokcehan/lf/blob/master/etc/lfrc.ps1.example

The following additional keybindings are provided by default:

        map zh set hidden!
        map zr set reverse!
        map zn set info
        map zs set info size
        map zt set info time
        map za set info size:time
        map sn :set sortby natural; set info
        map ss :set sortby size; set info size
        map st :set sortby time; set info time
        map sa :set sortby atime; set info atime
        map sb :set sortby btime; set info btime
        map sc :set sortby ctime; set info ctime
        map se :set sortby ext; set info
        map gh cd ~
        nmap <space> :toggle; down

If the mouse option is enabled, mouse buttons have the following default effects:

        Left mouse button
            Click on a file or directory to select it.

        Right mouse button
            Enter a directory or open a file. Also works on the preview pane.

        Scroll wheel
            Move up or down. If Ctrl is pressed, scroll up or down.

CONFIGURATION
Configuration files should be located at:

        OS       system-wide               user-specific
        Unix     /etc/lf/lfrc              ~/.config/lf/lfrc
        Windows  C:\ProgramData\lf\lfrc    C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Roaming\lf\lfrc

The colors file should be located at:

        OS       system-wide               user-specific
        Unix     /etc/lf/colors            ~/.config/lf/colors
        Windows  C:\ProgramData\lf\colors  C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Roaming\lf\colors

The icons file should be located at:

        OS       system-wide               user-specific
        Unix     /etc/lf/icons             ~/.config/lf/icons
        Windows  C:\ProgramData\lf\icons   C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Roaming\lf\icons

The selection file should be located at:

        Unix     ~/.local/share/lf/files
        Windows  C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Local\lf\files

The marks file should be located at:

        Unix     ~/.local/share/lf/marks
        Windows  C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Local\lf\marks

The tags file should be located at:

        Unix     ~/.local/share/lf/tags
        Windows  C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Local\lf\tags

The history file should be located at:

        Unix     ~/.local/share/lf/history
        Windows  C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Local\lf\history

You can configure these locations with the following variables given with their order of precedences and their default values:

        Unix
            $LF_CONFIG_HOME
            $XDG_CONFIG_HOME
            ~/.config

            $LF_DATA_HOME
            $XDG_DATA_HOME
            ~/.local/share

        Windows
            %LF_CONFIG_HOME%
            %XDG_CONFIG_HOME%
            %APPDATA%

            %LF_DATA_HOME%
            %XDG_DATA_HOME%
            %LOCALAPPDATA%

A sample configuration file can be found at https://github.com/gokcehan/lf/blob/master/etc/lfrc.example

COMMANDS
This section shows information about built-in commands. Modal commands do not take any arguments, but instead change the operation mode to read their input conveniently, and so they are meant to be assigned to keybindings.

  quit (default q)
Quit lf and return to the shell.

  up (default k and <up>), half-up (default <c-u>), page-up (default <c-b> and <pgup>), scroll-up (default <c-y>), down (default j and <down>), half-down (default <c-d>), page-down (default <c-f> and <pgdn>), scroll-down (default <c-e>)
Move/scroll the current file selection upwards/downwards by one/half a page/full page.

  updir (default h and <left>)
Change the current working directory to the parent directory.

  open (default l and <right>)
If the current file is a directory, then change the current directory to it, otherwise, execute the open command. A default open command is provided to call the default system opener asynchronously with the current file as the argument. A custom open command can be defined to override this default.

  jump-next (default ]), jump-prev (default [)
Change the current working directory to the next/previous jumplist item.

  top (default gg and <home>), bottom (default G and <end>)
Move the current file selection to the top/bottom of the directory. A count can be specified to move to a specific line, for example, use 3G to move to the third line.

  high (default H), middle (default M), low (default L)
Move the current file selection to the high/middle/low of the screen.

  toggle
Toggle the selection of the current file or files given as arguments.

  invert (default v)
Reverse the selection of all files in the current directory (i.e. toggle all files). Selections in other directories are not affected by this command. You can define a new command to select all files in the directory by combining invert with unselect (i.e. cmd select-all :unselect; invert), though this will also remove selections in other directories.

  unselect (default u)
Remove the selection of all files in all directories.

  glob-select, glob-unselect
Select/unselect files that match the given glob.

  copy (default y)
Save the paths of selected files to the clipboard as files to be copied. If there are no selected files, the path of the current file is used instead.

  cut (default d)
Save the paths of selected files to the clipboard as files to be moved. If there are no selected files, the path of the current file is used instead.

  paste (default p)
Copy/Move files in the clipboard to the current working directory. A custom paste command can be defined to override this default.

  clear (default c)
Clear file paths in the clipboard.

  sync
Synchronize copied/cut files with the server. This command is automatically called when required.

  draw
Draw the screen. This command is automatically called when required.

  redraw (default <c-l>)
Synchronize the terminal and redraw the screen.

  load
Load modified files and directories. This command is automatically called when required.

  reload (default <c-r>)
Flush the cache and reload all files and directories.

  delete (modal)
Remove the current file or selected file(s). A custom delete command can be defined to override this default.

  rename (modal) (default r)
Rename the current file using the built-in method. A custom rename command can be defined to override this default.

  read (modal) (default :)
Read a command to evaluate.

  shell (modal) (default $)
Read a shell command to execute.

  shell-pipe (modal) (default %)
Read a shell command to execute piping its standard I/O to the bottom statline.

  shell-wait (modal) (default !)
Read a shell command to execute and wait for a key press at the end.

  shell-async (modal) (default &)
Read a shell command to execute asynchronously without standard I/O.

  find (modal) (default f), find-back (modal) (default F), find-next (default ;), find-prev (default ,)
Read key(s) to find the appropriate filename match in the forward/backward direction and jump to the next/previous match.

  search (default /), search-back (default ?), search-next (default n), search-prev (default N)
Read a pattern to search for a filename match in the forward/backward direction and jump to the next/previous match.

  filter (modal), setfilter
Command filter reads a pattern to filter out and only view files matching the pattern. Command setfilter does the same but uses an argument to set the filter immediately. You can supply an argument to filter to use as the starting prompt.

  mark-save (modal) (default m)
Save the current directory as a bookmark assigned to the given key.

  mark-load (modal) (default ')
Change the current directory to the bookmark assigned to the given key. A special bookmark ' holds the previous directory after a mark-load, cd, or select command.

  mark-remove (modal) (default ")
Remove a bookmark assigned to the given key.

  tag
Tag a file with * or a single-width character given in the argument. You can define a new tag-clearing command by combining tag with tag-toggle (i.e. cmd tag-clear :tag; tag-toggle).

  tag-toggle (default t)
Tag a file with * or a single-width character given in the argument if the file is untagged, otherwise remove the tag.

  echo
Print the given arguments to the message line at the bottom.

  echomsg
Print the given arguments to the message line at the bottom and also to the log file.

  echoerr
Print given arguments to the message line at the bottom as errorfmt and also to the log file.

  cd
Change the working directory to the given argument.

  select
Change the current file selection to the given argument.

  source
Read the configuration file given in the argument.

  push
Simulate key pushes given in the argument.

  addcustominfo
Update the custom info field of the given file with the given string. The info string may contain ANSI escape codes to further customize its appearance. If no info is provided, clear the file's info instead.

  calcdirsize
Calculate the total size for each of the selected directories. Option info should include size and option dircounts should be disabled to show this size. If the total size of a directory is not calculated, it will be shown as -.

  clearmaps
Remove all keybindings associated with the map, nmap and vmap command. This command can be used in the config file to remove the default keybindings. For safety purposes, : is left mapped to the read command, and cmap keybindings are retained so that it is still possible to exit lf using :quit.

  tty-write
Write the given string to the tty. This is useful for sending escape sequences to the terminal to control its behavior (e.g. OSC 0 to set the window title). Using tty-write is preferred over directly writing to /dev/tty because the latter is not synchronized and can interfere with drawing the UI.

  visual (default V)
Switch to Visual mode. If already in Visual mode, discard the visual selection and stay in Visual mode.

VISUAL MODE COMMANDS

  visual-accept (default V)
Add the visual selection to the selection list, quit Visual mode and return to Normal mode.

  visual-unselect
Remove the visual selection from the selection list, quit Visual mode and return to Normal mode.

  visual-discard (default <esc>)
Discard the visual selection, quit Visual mode and return to Normal mode.

  visual-change (default o)
Go to the other end of the current Visual mode selection.

COMMAND-LINE MODE COMMANDS
The prompt character specifies which of the several Command-line modes you are in. For example, the read command takes you to the : mode.

When the cursor is at the first character in : mode, pressing one of the keys !, $, %, or & takes you to the corresponding mode. You can go back with cmd-delete-back (<backspace> by default).

The command line commands should be mostly compatible with readline keybindings. A character refers to a Unicode code point, a word consists of letters and digits, and a Unix word consists of any non-blank characters.

  cmd-insert
Insert the character given in the argument. This command is automatically called when required.

  cmd-escape (default <esc>)
Quit Command-line mode and return to Normal mode.

  cmd-complete (default <tab>)
Autocomplete the current word.

  cmd-menu-complete, cmd-menu-complete-back
Autocomplete the current word with the menu selection. You need to assign keys to these commands (e.g. cmap <tab> cmd-menu-complete; cmap <backtab> cmd-menu-complete-back). You can use the assigned keys to display the menu and then cycle through completion options.

  cmd-menu-accept
Accept the currently selected match in menu completion and close the menu.

  cmd-enter (default <c-j> and <enter>)
Execute the current line.

  cmd-interrupt (default <c-c>)
Interrupt the current shell-pipe command and return to the Normal mode.

  cmd-history-next (default <c-n> and <down>), cmd-history-prev (default <c-p> and <up>)
Go to the next/previous item in the history.

  cmd-left (default <c-b> and <left>), cmd-right (default <c-f> and <right>)
Move the cursor to the left/right.

  cmd-home (default <c-a> and <home>), cmd-end (default <c-e> and <end>)
Move the cursor to the beginning/end of the line.

  cmd-delete (default <c-d> and <delete>)
Delete the next character.

  cmd-delete-back (default <backspace> and <backspace2>)
Delete the previous character. When at the beginning of a prompt, returns either to Normal mode or to : mode.

  cmd-delete-home (default <c-u>), cmd-delete-end (default <c-k>)
Delete everything up to the beginning/end of the line.

  cmd-delete-unix-word (default <c-w>)
Delete the previous Unix word.

  cmd-yank (default <c-y>)
Paste the buffer content containing the last deleted item.

  cmd-transpose (default <c-t>), cmd-transpose-word (default <a-t>)
Transpose the positions of the last two characters/words.

  cmd-word (default <a-f>), cmd-word-back (default <a-b>)
Move the cursor by one word in the forward/backward direction.

  cmd-delete-word (default <a-d>)
Delete the next word in the forward direction.

  cmd-delete-word-back (default <a-backspace> and <a-backspace2>)
Delete the previous word in the backward direction.

  cmd-capitalize-word (default <a-c>), cmd-uppercase-word (default <a-u>), cmd-lowercase-word (default <a-l>)
Capitalize/uppercase/lowercase the current word and jump to the next word.

OPTIONS
This section shows information about options to customize the behavior. Character : is used as the separator for list options []int and []string.

  anchorfind (bool) (default true)
When this option is enabled, the find command starts matching patterns from the beginning of filenames, otherwise, it can match at an arbitrary position.

  autoquit (bool) (default true)
Automatically quit the server when there are no clients left connected.

  borderfmt (string) (default \033[0m)
Format string of the box drawing characters enabled by the drawbox option.

  cleaner (string) (default ``) (not called if empty)
Set the path of a cleaner file. The file should be executable. This file is called if previewing is enabled, the previewer is set, and the previously selected file has its preview cache disabled. The following arguments are passed to the file, (1) current filename, (2) width, (3) height, (4) horizontal position, (5) vertical position of preview pane and (6) next filename to be previewed respectively. Preview cleaning is disabled when the value of this option is left empty.

  copyfmt (string) (default \033[7;33m)
Format string of the indicator for files to be copied.

  cursoractivefmt (string) (default \033[7m), cursorparentfmt (string) (default \033[7m), cursorpreviewfmt (string) (default \033[4m)
Format strings for highlighting the cursor. cursoractivefmt applies in the current directory pane, cursorparentfmt applies in panes that show parents of the current directory, and cursorpreviewfmt applies in panes that preview directories.

The default is to make the active cursor and the parent directory cursor inverted. The preview cursor is underlined.

Some other possibilities to consider for the preview or parent cursors: an empty string for no cursor, \033[7;2m for dimmed inverted text (visibility varies by terminal), \033[7;90m for inverted text with grey (aka "brightblack") background.

If the format string contains the characters %s, it is interpreted as a format string for fmt.Sprintf. Such a string should end with the terminal reset sequence. For example, \033[4m%s\033[0m has the same effect as \033[4m.

  cutfmt (string) (default \033[7;31m)
Format string of the indicator for files to be cut.

  dircounts (bool) (default false)
When this option is enabled, directory sizes show the number of items inside instead of the total size of the directory, which needs to be calculated for each directory using calcdirsize. This information needs to be calculated by reading the directory and counting the items inside. Therefore, this option is disabled by default for performance reasons. This option only has an effect when info has a size field and the pane is wide enough to show the information. 999 items are counted per directory at most, and bigger directories are shown as 999+.

  dirfirst (bool) (default true)
Show directories first above regular files. With dircounts enabled, sorting by size always separates directories and files, regardless of dirfirst.

  dironly (bool) (default false)
Show only directories.

  dirpreviews (bool) (default false)
If enabled, directories will also be passed to the previewer script. This allows custom previews for directories.

  drawbox (bool) (default false)
Draw boxes around panes with box drawing characters.

  dupfilefmt (string) (default %f.~%n~)
Format string of filename when creating duplicate files. With the default format, copying a file abc.txt to the same directory will result in a duplicate file called abc.txt.~1~. Special expansions are provided, %f as the file name, %b for the base name (file name without extension), %e as the extension (including the dot) and %n as the number of duplicates.

  errorfmt (string) (default \033[7;31;47m)
Format string of error messages shown in the bottom message line.

If the format string contains the characters %s, it is interpreted as a format string for fmt.Sprintf. Such a string should end with the terminal reset sequence. For example, \033[4m%s\033[0m has the same effect as \033[4m.

  filesep (string) (default \n)
File separator used in environment variables fs, fv and fx.

  filtermethod (string) (default text)
How filter command patterns are treated. Currently supported methods are text (i.e. string literals), glob (i.e. shell globs) and regex (i.e. regular expressions). See SEARCHING FILES for more details.

  findlen (int) (default 1)
Number of characters prompted for the find command. When this value is set to 0, find command prompts until there is only a single match left.

  hidden (bool) (default false)
Show hidden files. On Unix systems, hidden files are determined by the value of hiddenfiles. On Windows, files with hidden attributes are also considered hidden files.

  hiddenfiles ([]string) (default .* for Unix and `` for Windows)
List of hidden file glob patterns. Patterns can be given as relative or absolute paths. Globbing supports the usual special characters, * to match any sequence, ? to match any character, and [...] or [^...] to match character sets or ranges. In addition, if a pattern starts with !, then its matches are excluded from hidden files. To add multiple patterns, use : as a separator. Example: .*:lost+found:*.bak

  history (bool) (default true)
Save command history.

  icons (bool) (default false)
Show icons before each item in the list.

  ifs (string) (default ``)
Sets IFS variable in shell commands. It works by adding the assignment to the beginning of the command string as IFS=...; .... The reason is that IFS variable is not inherited by the shell for security reasons. This method assumes a POSIX shell syntax so it can fail for non-POSIX shells. This option has no effect when the value is left empty. This option does not have any effect on Windows.

  ignorecase (bool) (default true)
Ignore case in sorting and search patterns.

  ignoredia (bool) (default true)
Ignore diacritics in sorting and search patterns.

  incfilter (bool) (default false)
Apply filter pattern after each keystroke during filtering.

  incsearch (bool) (default false)
Jump to the first match after each keystroke during searching.

  info ([]string) (default ``)
A list of information that is shown for directory items at the right side of the pane.

The following information types are supported:

        perm      file permission
        user      user name
        group     group name
        size      file size
        time      time of last data modification
        atime     time of last access
        btime     time of file birth
        ctime     time of last status (inode) change
        custom    property defined via `addcustominfo` (empty by default)

Information is only shown when the pane width is more than twice the width of information.

  infotimefmtnew (string) (default Jan _2 15:04)
Format string of the file time shown in the info column when it matches this year.

  infotimefmtold (string) (default Jan _2 2006)
Format string of the file time shown in the info column when it doesn't match this year.

  menufmt (string) (default \033[0m)
Format string of the menu.

  menuheaderfmt (string) (default \033[1m)
Format string of the header row in the menu.

  menuselectfmt (string) (default \033[7m)
Format string of the currently selected item in the menu.

  mouse (bool) (default false)
Send mouse events as input.

  number (bool) (default false)
Show the position number for directory items on the left side of the pane. When the relativenumber option is enabled, only the current line shows the absolute position and relative positions are shown for the rest.

  numberfmt (string) (default \033[33m)
Format string of the position number for each line.

  period (int) (default 0)
Set the interval in seconds for periodic checks of directory updates. This works by periodically calling the load command. Note that directories are already updated automatically in many cases. This option can be useful when there is an external process changing the displayed directory and you are not doing anything in lf. Periodic checks are disabled when the value of this option is set to zero.

  preserve ([]string) (default mode)
List of attributes that are preserved when copying files. Currently supported attributes are mode (i.e. access mode) and timestamps (i.e. modification time and access time). Note that preserving other attributes like ownership of change/birth timestamp is desirable, but not portably supported in Go.

  preview (bool) (default true)
Show previews of files and directories at the rightmost pane. If the file has more lines than the preview pane, the rest of the lines are not read. Files containing the null character (U+0000) in the read portion are considered binary files and displayed as binary.

  previewer (string) (default ``) (not filtered if empty)
Set the path of a previewer file to filter the content of regular files for previewing. The file should be executable. The following arguments are passed to the file, (1) current filename, (2) width, (3) height, (4) horizontal position, and (5) vertical position of preview pane respectively. SIGPIPE signal is sent when enough lines are read. If the previewer returns a non-zero exit code, then the preview cache for the given file is disabled. This means that if the file is selected in the future, the previewer is called once again. Preview filtering is disabled and files are displayed as they are when the value of this option is left empty.

  promptfmt (string) (default \033[32;1m%u@%h\033[0m:\033[34;1m%d\033[0m\033[1m%f\033[0m)
Format string of the prompt shown in the top line.

The following special expansions are supported:

        %f        file name
        %h        host name
        %u        user name
        %w        working directory
        %d        working directory (with trailing path separator)
        %F        current filter
        %S        spacer to right-align the following parts (can be used once)

The home folder is shown as ~ in the working directory expansion. Directory names are automatically shortened to a single character starting from the leftmost parent when the prompt does not fit the screen.

  ratios ([]int) (default 1:2:3)
List of ratios of pane widths. Number of items in the list determines the number of panes in the UI. When the preview option is enabled, the rightmost number is used for the width of the preview pane.

  relativenumber (bool) (default false)
Show the position number relative to the current line. When number is enabled, the current line shows the absolute position, otherwise nothing is shown.

  reverse (bool) (default false)
Reverse the direction of sort.

  roundbox (bool) (default false)
Draw rounded outer corners when the drawbox option is enabled.

  rulerfmt (string) (default %a| %p| \033[7;31m %m \033[0m| \033[7;33m %c \033[0m| \033[7;35m %s \033[0m| \033[7;36m %v \033[0m| \033[7;34m %f \033[0m| %i/%t)
Format string of the ruler shown in the bottom right corner.

The following special expansions are supported:

        %a        pressed keys
        %p        progress of file operations
        %m        number of files to be cut (moved)
        %c        number of files to be copied
        %s        number of selected files
        %v        number of visually selected files
        %t        number of shown files in the current directory
        %h        number of hidden files in the current directory
        %f        current filter
        %i        cursor position
        %P        scroll percentage
        %d        amount of free disk space

Additional expansions are provided for environment variables exported by lf, in the form %{lf_<name>} (e.g. %{lf_selmode}). This is useful for displaying the current settings. Expansions are also provided for user-defined options, in the form %{lf_user_<name>} (e.g. %{lf_user_foo}). The | character splits the format string into sections. Any section containing a failed expansion (result is a blank string) is discarded and not shown.

  scrolloff (int) (default 0)
Minimum number of offset lines shown at all times at the top and bottom of the screen when scrolling. The current line is kept in the middle when this option is set to a large value that is bigger than half the number of lines. A smaller offset can be used when the current file is close to the beginning or end of the list to show the maximum number of items.

  searchmethod (string) (default text)
How search command patterns are treated. Currently supported methods are text (i.e. string literals), glob (i.e. shell globs) and regex (i.e. regular expressions). See SEARCHING FILES for more details.

  selectfmt (string) (default \033[7;35m)
Format string of the indicator for files that are selected.

  selmode (string) (default all)
Selection mode for commands. When set to all it will use the selected files from all directories. When set to dir it will only use the selected files in the current directory.

  shell (string) (default sh for Unix and cmd for Windows)
Shell executable to use for shell commands. Shell commands are executed as shell shellopts shellflag command -- arguments.

  shellflag (string) (default -c for Unix and /c for Windows)
Command line flag used to pass shell commands.

  shellopts ([]string) (default ``)
List of shell options to pass to the shell executable.

  showbinds (bool) (default true)
Show bindings associated with pressed keys.

  sizeunits (string) (default binary)
Determines whether file sizes are displayed using binary units (1K is 1024 bytes) or decimal units (1K is 1000 bytes).

  smartcase (bool) (default true)
Override ignorecase option when the pattern contains an uppercase character. This option has no effect when ignorecase is disabled.

  smartdia (bool) (default false)
Override ignoredia option when the pattern contains a character with diacritic. This option has no effect when ignoredia is disabled.

  sortby (string) (default natural)
Sort type for directories.

The following sort types are supported:

        natural   file name (track_2.flac comes before track_10.flac)
        name      file name (track_10.flac comes before track_2.flac)
        ext       file extension
        size      file size
        time      time of last data modification
        atime     time of last access
        btime     time of file birth
        ctime     time of last status (inode) change
        custom    property defined via `addcustominfo` (empty by default)

  statfmt (string) (default \033[36m%p\033[0m| %c| %u| %g| %S| %t| -> %l)
Format string of the file info shown in the bottom left corner.

The following special expansions are supported:

        %p        file permission
        %c        link count
        %u        user name
        %g        group name
        %s        file size
        %S        file size (left-padded with spaces to a fixed width of 5 characters)
        %t        time of last data modification
        %l        link target
        %m        current mode
        %M        current mode (displaying `NORMAL` instead of a blank string in Normal mode)

The | character splits the format string into sections. Any section containing a failed expansion (result is a blank string) is discarded and not shown.

  tabstop (int) (default 8)
Number of space characters to show for horizontal tabulation (U+0009) character.

  tagfmt (string) (default \033[31m)
Format string of the tags.

If the format string contains the characters %s, it is interpreted as a format string for fmt.Sprintf. Such a string should end with the terminal reset sequence. For example, \033[4m%s\033[0m has the same effect as \033[4m.

  tempmarks (string) (default ``)
Marks to be considered temporary (e.g. abc refers to marks a, b, and c). These marks are not synced to other clients and they are not saved in the bookmarks file. Note that the special bookmark ` is always treated as temporary and it does not need to be specified.

  timefmt (string) (default Mon Jan _2 15:04:05 2006)
Format string of the file modification time shown in the bottom line.

  truncatechar (string) (default ~)
The truncate character that is shown at the end when the filename does not fit into the pane.

  truncatepct (int) (default 100)
When a filename is too long to be shown completely, the available space is partitioned into two pieces. truncatepct defines a fraction (in percent between 0 and 100) for the size of the first piece, which will show the beginning of the filename. The second piece will show the end of the filename and will use the rest of the available space. Both pieces are separated by the truncation character (truncatechar). A value of 100 will only show the beginning of the filename, while a value of 0 will only show the end of the filename, e.g.:

•   set truncatepct 100 -> very-long-filename-tr~ (default)

•   set truncatepct 50 -> very-long-f~-truncated

•   set truncatepct 0 -> ~ng-filename-truncated

  visualfmt (string) (default \033[7;36m)
Format string of the indicator for files that are visually selected.

  waitmsg (string) (default Press any key to continue)
String shown after commands of shell-wait type.

  watch (bool) (default false)
Watch the filesystem for changes using fsnotify to automatically refresh file information. FUSE is currently not supported due to limitations in fsnotify.

  wrapscan (bool) (default true)
Searching can wrap around the file list.

  wrapscroll (bool) (default false)
Scrolling can wrap around the file list.

  user_{option} (string) (default none)
Any option that is prefixed with user_ is a user-defined option and can be set to any string. Inside a user-defined command, the value will be provided in the lf_user_{option} environment variable. These options are not used by lf and are not persisted.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following variables are exported for shell commands: These are referred to with a $ prefix on POSIX shells (e.g. $f), between % characters on Windows cmd (e.g. %f%), and with a $env: prefix on Windows PowerShell (e.g. $env:f).

  f
Current file selection as a full path.

  fs
Selected file(s) separated with the value of filesep option as full path(s).

  fv
Visually selected file(s) separated with the value of filesep option as full path(s).

  fx
Selected file(s) (i.e. fs, never fv) if there are any selected files, otherwise current file selection (i.e. f).

  id
Id of the running client.

  PWD
Present working directory.

  OLDPWD
Initial working directory.

  LF_LEVEL
The value of this variable is set to the current nesting level when you run lf from a shell spawned inside lf. You can add the value of this variable to your shell prompt to make it clear that your shell runs inside lf. For example, with POSIX shells, you can use [ -n "$LF_LEVEL" ] && PS1="$PS1""(lf level: $LF_LEVEL) " in your shell configuration file (e.g. ~/.bashrc).

  OPENER
If this variable is set in the environment, use the same value. Otherwise, this is set to start in Windows, open in macOS, xdg-open in others.

  EDITOR
If VISUAL is set in the environment, use its value. Otherwise, use the value of the environment variable EDITOR. If neither variable is set, this is set to vi on Unix, notepad in Windows.

  PAGER
If this variable is set in the environment, use the same value. Otherwise, this is set to less on Unix, more in Windows.

  SHELL
If this variable is set in the environment, use the same value. Otherwise, this is set to sh on Unix, cmd in Windows.

  lf
Absolute path to the currently running lf binary, if it can be found. Otherwise, this is set to the string lf.

  lf_{option}
Value of the {option}.

  lf_user_{option}
Value of the user_{option}.

  lf_flag_{flag}
Value of the command line {flag}.

  lf_width, lf_height
Width/Height of the terminal.

  lf_count
Value of the count associated with the current command.

  lf_mode
Current mode that lf is operating in. This is useful for customizing keybindings depending on what the current mode is. Possible values are delete, rename, filter, find, mark, search, command, shell, pipe (when running a shell-pipe command), normal, visual and unknown.

SPECIAL COMMANDS
This section shows information about special shell commands.

  open
This shell command can be defined to override the default open command when the current file is not a directory.

  paste
This shell command can be defined to override the default paste command.

  rename
This shell command can be defined to override the default rename command.

  delete
This shell command can be defined to override the default delete command.

  pre-cd
This shell command can be defined to be executed before changing a directory.

  on-cd
This shell command can be defined to be executed after changing a directory.

  on-load
This shell command can be defined to be executed after loading a directory. It provides the files inside the directory as arguments.

  on-focus-gained
This shell command can be defined to be executed when the terminal gains focus.

  on-focus-lost
This shell command can be defined to be executed when the terminal loses focus.

  on-init
This shell command can be defined to be executed after initializing and connecting to the server.

  on-select
This shell command can be defined to be executed after the selection changes.

  on-redraw
This shell command can be defined to be executed after the screen is redrawn or if the terminal is resized.

  on-quit
This shell command can be defined to be executed before quitting.

PREFIXES
The following command prefixes are used by lf:

        :  read (default)  built-in/custom command
        $  shell           shell command
        %  shell-pipe      shell command running with the UI
        !  shell-wait      shell command waiting for a key press
        &  shell-async     shell command running asynchronously

The same evaluator is used for the command line and the configuration file for reading shell commands. The difference is that prefixes are not necessary in the command line. Instead, different modes are provided to read corresponding commands. These modes are mapped to the prefix keys above by default. Visual mode mappings are defined the same way Normal mode mappings are defined.

SYNTAX
Characters from # to newline are comments and ignored:

        # comments start with `#`

The following commands (set, setlocal, map, nmap, vmap, cmap, and cmd) are used for configuration.

Command set is used to set an option which can be a boolean, integer, or string:

        set hidden         # boolean enable
        set hidden true    # boolean enable
        set nohidden       # boolean disable
        set hidden false   # boolean disable
        set hidden!        # boolean toggle
        set scrolloff 10   # integer value
        set sortby time    # string value without quotes
        set sortby 'time'  # string value with single quotes (whitespace)
        set sortby "time"  # string value with double quotes (backslash escapes)

Command setlocal is used to set a local option for a directory which can be a boolean or string. Currently supported local options are dircounts, dirfirst, dironly, hidden, info, reverse and sortby. Adding a trailing path separator (i.e. / for Unix and \ for Windows) sets the option for the given directory along with its subdirectories:

        setlocal /foo/bar hidden         # boolean enable
        setlocal /foo/bar hidden true    # boolean enable
        setlocal /foo/bar nohidden       # boolean disable
        setlocal /foo/bar hidden false   # boolean disable
        setlocal /foo/bar hidden!        # boolean toggle
        setlocal /foo/bar sortby time    # string value without quotes
        setlocal /foo/bar sortby 'time'  # string value with single quotes (whitespace)
        setlocal /foo/bar sortby "time"  # string value with double quotes (backslash escapes)
        setlocal /foo/bar  hidden        # for only '/foo/bar' directory
        setlocal /foo/bar/ hidden        # for '/foo/bar' and its subdirectories (e.g. '/foo/bar/baz')

Command map is used to bind a key in Normal and Visual mode to a command which can be a built-in command, custom command, or shell command:

        map gh cd ~        # built-in command
        map D trash        # custom command
        map i $less $f     # shell command
        map U !du -csh *   # waiting shell command

Command nmap does the same but for Normal mode only.

Command vmap does the same but for Visual mode only.

Overview of which map command works in which mode:

        map                Normal, Visual
        nmap               Normal
        vmap               Visual
        cmap               Command-line

Command cmap is used to bind a key on the command line to a command line command or any other command:

        cmap <c-g> cmd-escape
        cmap <a-i> set incsearch!

You can delete an existing binding by leaving the expression empty:

        map gh             # deletes 'gh' mapping in Normal and Visual mode
        nmap v             # deletes 'v' mapping in Normal mode
        vmap o             # deletes 'o' mapping in Visual mode
        cmap <c-g>         # deletes '<c-g>' mapping

Command cmd is used to define a custom command:

        cmd usage $du -h -d1 | less

You can delete an existing command by leaving the expression empty:

        cmd trash          # deletes 'trash' command

If there is no prefix then : is assumed:

        map zt set info time

An explicit : can be provided to group statements until a newline which is especially useful for map and cmd commands:

        map st :set sortby time; set info time

If you need multiline you can wrap statements in {{ and }} after the proper prefix.

        map st :{{
            set sortby time
            set info time
        }}

KEY MAPPINGS
Regular keys are assigned to a command with the usual syntax:

        map a down

Keys combined with the Shift key simply use the uppercase letter:

        map A down

Special keys are written in between < and > characters and always use lowercase letters:

        map <enter> down

Angle brackets can be assigned with their special names:

        map <lt> down
        map <gt> down

Function keys are prefixed with f character:

        map <f-1> down

Keys combined with the Ctrl key are prefixed with a c character:

        map <c-a> down

Keys combined with the Alt key are assigned in two different ways depending on the behavior of your terminal. Older terminals (e.g. xterm) may set the 8th bit of a character when the Alt key is pressed. On these terminals, you can use the corresponding byte for the mapping:

        map á down

Newer terminals (e.g. gnome-terminal) may prefix the key with an escape character when the Alt key is pressed. lf uses the escape delaying mechanism to recognize Alt keys in these terminals (delay is 100ms). On these terminals, keys combined with the Alt key are prefixed with an a character:

        map <a-a> down

It is possible to combine special keys with modifiers:

        map <a-enter> down

WARNING: Some key combinations will likely be intercepted by your OS, window manager, or terminal. Other key combinations cannot be recognized by lf due to the way terminals work (e.g. Ctrl+h combination sends a backspace key instead). The easiest way to find out the name of a key combination and whether it will work on your system is to press the key while lf is running and read the name from the unknown mapping error.

Mouse buttons are prefixed with an m character:

        map <m-1> down  # primary
        map <m-2> down  # secondary
        map <m-3> down  # middle
        map <m-4> down
        map <m-5> down
        map <m-6> down
        map <m-7> down
        map <m-8> down

Mouse wheel events are also prefixed with an m character:

        map <m-up>    down
        map <m-down>  down
        map <m-left>  down
        map <m-right> down

PUSH MAPPINGS
The usual way to map a key sequence is to assign it to a named or unnamed command. While this provides a clean way to remap built-in keys as well as other commands, it can be limiting at times. For this reason, the push command is provided by lf. This command is used to simulate key pushes given as its arguments. You can map a key to a push command with an argument to create various keybindings.

This is mainly useful for two purposes. First, it can be used to map a command with a command count:

        map <c-j> push 10j

Second, it can be used to avoid typing the name when a command takes arguments:

        map r push :rename<space>

One thing to be careful of is that since the push command works with keys instead of commands it is possible to accidentally create recursive bindings:

        map j push 2j

These types of bindings create a deadlock when executed.

SHELL COMMANDS
Regular shell commands are the most basic command type that is useful for many purposes. For example, we can write a shell command to move the selected file(s) to trash. A first attempt to write such a command may look like this:

        cmd trash ${{
            mkdir -p ~/.trash
            if [ -z "$fs" ]; then
                mv "$f" ~/.trash
            else
                IFS="$(printf '\n\t')"; mv $fs ~/.trash
            fi
        }}

We check $fs to see if there are any selected files. Otherwise, we just delete the current file. Since this is such a common pattern, a separate $fx variable is provided. We can use this variable to get rid of the conditional:

        cmd trash ${{
            mkdir -p ~/.trash
            IFS="$(printf '\n\t')"; mv $fx ~/.trash
        }}

The trash directory is checked each time the command is executed. We can move it outside of the command so it would only run once at startup:

        ${{ mkdir -p ~/.trash }}

        cmd trash ${{ IFS="$(printf '\n\t')"; mv $fx ~/.trash }}

Since these are one-liners, we can drop {{ and }}:

        $mkdir -p ~/.trash

        cmd trash $IFS="$(printf '\n\t')"; mv $fx ~/.trash

Finally, note that we set the IFS variable manually in these commands. Instead, we could use the ifs option to set it for all shell commands (i.e. set ifs "\n"). This can be especially useful for interactive use (e.g. $rm $f or $rm $fs would simply work). This option is not set by default as it can behave unexpectedly for new users. However, use of this option is highly recommended and it is assumed in the rest of the documentation.

PIPING SHELL COMMANDS
Regular shell commands have some limitations in some cases. When an output or error message is given and the command exits afterwards, the UI is immediately resumed and there is no way to see the message without dropping to shell again. Also, even when there is no output or error, the UI still needs to be paused while the command is running. This can cause flickering on the screen for short commands and similar distractions for longer commands.

Instead of pausing the UI, piping shell commands connect stdin, stdout, and stderr of the command to the statline at the bottom of the UI. This can be useful for programs following the Unix philosophy to give no output in the success case, and brief error messages or prompts in other cases.

For example, the following rename command prompts for overwrite in the statline if there is an existing file with the given name:

        cmd rename %mv -i $f $1

You can also output error messages in the command and they will show up in the statline. For example, an alternative rename command may look like this:

        cmd rename %[ -e $1 ] && printf "file exists" || mv $f $1

Note that input is line buffered and output and error are byte buffered.

WAITING SHELL COMMANDS
Waiting shell commands are similar to regular shell commands except that they wait for a key press when the command is finished. These can be useful to see the output of a program before the UI is resumed. Waiting shell commands are more appropriate than piping shell commands when the command is verbose and the output is best displayed as multiline.

ASYNCHRONOUS SHELL COMMANDS
Asynchronous shell commands are used to start a command in the background and then resume operation without waiting for the command to finish. Stdin, stdout, and stderr of the command are neither connected to the terminal nor the UI.

REMOTE COMMANDS
One of the more advanced features in lf is remote commands. All clients connect to a server on startup. It is possible to send commands to all or any of the connected clients over the common server. This is used internally to notify file selection changes to other clients.

To use this feature, you need to use a client which supports communicating with a Unix domain socket. OpenBSD implementation of netcat (nc) is one such example. You can use it to send a command to the socket file:

        echo 'send echo hello world' | nc -U ${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR:-/tmp}/lf.${USER}.sock

Since such a client may not be available everywhere, lf comes bundled with a command line flag to be used as such. When using lf, you do not need to specify the address of the socket file. This is the recommended way of using remote commands since it is shorter and immune to socket file address changes:

        lf -remote 'send echo hello world'

In this command send is used to send the rest of the string as a command to all connected clients. You can optionally give it an ID number to send a command to a single client:

        lf -remote 'send 1234 echo hello world'

All clients have a unique ID number but you may not be aware of the ID number when you are writing a command. For this purpose, an $id variable is exported to the environment for shell commands. The value of this variable is set to the process ID of the client. You can use it to send a remote command from a client to the server which in return sends a command back to itself. So now you can display a message in the current client by calling the following in a shell command:

        lf -remote "send $id echo hello world"

Since lf does not have control flow syntax, remote commands are used for such needs. For example, you can configure the number of columns in the UI with respect to the terminal width as follows:

        cmd recol %{{
            if [ $lf_width -le 80 ]; then
                lf -remote "send $id set ratios 1:2"
            elif [ $lf_width -le 160 ]; then
                lf -remote "send $id set ratios 1:2:3"
            else
                lf -remote "send $id set ratios 1:2:3:5"
            fi
        }}

In addition, the query command can be used to obtain information about a specific lf instance by providing its ID:

        lf -remote "query $id maps"

The following types of information are supported:

        maps     list of mappings created by the 'map', 'nmap' and 'vmap' command
        nmaps    list of mappings created by the 'nmap' and 'map' command
        vmaps    list of mappings created by the 'vmap' and 'map' command
        cmaps    list of mappings created by the 'cmap' command
        cmds     list of commands created by the 'cmd' command
        jumps    contents of the jump list, showing previously visited locations
        history  list of previously executed commands on the command line
        files    list of files in the currently open directory as displayed by lf, empty if dir is still loading

When listing mappings the characters in the first column are:

        n  Normal
        v  Visual
        c  Command-line

This is useful for scripting actions based on the internal state of lf. For example, to select a previous command using fzf and execute it:

        map <a-h> ${{
            clear
            cmd=$(
                lf -remote "query $id history" |
                awk -F'\t' 'NR > 1 { print $NF}' |
                sort -u |
                fzf --reverse --prompt='Execute command: '
            )
            lf -remote "send $id $cmd"
        }}

There is also a quit command to quit the server when there are no connected clients left, and a quit! command to force quit the server by closing client connections first:

        lf -remote 'quit'
        lf -remote 'quit!'

Lastly, there is a conn command to connect the server to a client. This should not be needed for users.

FILE OPERATIONS
lf uses its own built-in copy and move operations by default. These are implemented as asynchronous operations and progress is shown in the bottom ruler. These commands do not overwrite existing files or directories with the same name. Instead, a suffix that is compatible with the --backup=numbered option in GNU cp is added to the new files or directories. Only file modes and (some) timestamps can be preserved (see preserve option), all other attributes are ignored including ownership, context, and xattr. Special files such as character and block devices, named pipes, and sockets are skipped and links are not followed. Moving is performed using the rename operation of the underlying OS. For cross-device moving, lf falls back to copying and then deletes the original files if there are no errors. Operation errors are shown in the message line as well as the log file and they do not prematurely terminate the corresponding file operation.

File operations can be performed on the currently selected file or on multiple files by selecting them first. When you copy a file, lf doesn't actually copy the file on the disk, but only records its name to a file. The actual file copying takes place when you paste. Similarly paste after a cut operation moves the file.

You can customize copy and move operations by defining a paste command. This is a special command that is called when it is defined instead of the built-in implementation. You can use the following example as a starting point:

        cmd paste %{{
            load=$(cat ~/.local/share/lf/files)
            mode=$(echo "$load" | sed -n '1p')
            list=$(echo "$load" | sed '1d')
            if [ $mode = 'copy' ]; then
                cp -R $list .
            elif [ $mode = 'move' ]; then
                mv $list .
                rm ~/.local/share/lf/files
                lf -remote 'send clear'
            fi
        }}

Some useful things to be considered are to use the backup (--backup) and/or preserve attributes (-a) options with cp and mv commands if they support it (i.e. GNU implementation), change the command type to asynchronous, or use rsync command with progress bar option for copying and feed the progress to the client periodically with remote echo calls.

By default, lf does not assign delete command to a key to protect new users. You can customize file deletion by defining a delete command. You can also assign a key to this command if you like. An example command to move selected files to a trash folder and remove files completely after a prompt is provided in the example configuration file.

SEARCHING FILES
There are two mechanisms implemented in lf to search a file in the current directory. Searching is the traditional method to move the selection to a file matching a given pattern. Finding is an alternative way to search for a pattern possibly using fewer keystrokes.

The searching mechanism is implemented with commands search (default /), search-back (default ?), search-next (default n), and search-prev (default N). You can set searchmethod to glob to match using a glob pattern. Globbing supports * to match any sequence, ? to match any character, and [...] or [^...] to match character sets or ranges. You can set searchmethod to regex to match using a regex pattern. For a full overview of Go's RE2 syntax, see https://pkg.go.dev/regexp/syntax . You can enable incsearch option to jump to the current match at each keystroke while typing. In this mode, you can either use cmd-enter to accept the search or use cmd-escape to cancel the search. You can also map some other commands with cmap to accept the search and execute the command immediately afterwards. For example, you can use the right arrow key to finish the search and open the selected file with the following mapping:

        cmap <right> :cmd-enter; open

The finding mechanism is implemented with commands find (default f), find-back (default F), find-next (default ;), find-prev (default ,). You can disable anchorfind option to match a pattern at an arbitrary position in the filename instead of the beginning. You can set the number of keys to match using findlen option. If you set this value to zero, then the keys are read until there is only a single match. The default values of these two options are set to jump to the first file with the given initial.

Some options affect both searching and finding. You can disable wrapscan option to prevent searches from being wrapped around at the end of the file list. You can disable ignorecase option to match cases in the pattern and the filename. This option is already automatically overridden if the pattern contains uppercase characters. You can disable smartcase option to disable this behavior. Two similar options ignoredia and smartdia are provided to control matching diacritics in Latin letters.

OPENING FILES
You can define an open command (default l and <right>) to configure file opening. This command is only called when the current file is not a directory, otherwise, the directory is entered instead. You can define it just as you would define any other command:

        cmd open $vi $fx

It is possible to use different command types:

        cmd open &xdg-open $f

You may want to use either file extensions or MIME types from file command:

        cmd open ${{
            case $(file --mime-type -Lb $f) in
                text/*) vi $fx;;
                *) for f in $fx; do xdg-open $f > /dev/null 2> /dev/null & done;;
            esac
        }}

You may want to use setsid before your opener command to have persistent processes that continue to run after lf quits.

Regular shell commands (i.e. $) drop to the terminal which results in a flicker for commands that finish immediately (e.g. xdg-open in the above example). If you want to use asynchronous shell commands (i.e. &) but also want to use the terminal when necessary (e.g. vi in the above example), you can use a remote command:

        cmd open &{{
            case $(file --mime-type -Lb $f) in
                text/*) lf -remote "send $id \$vi \$fx";;
                *) for f in $fx; do xdg-open $f > /dev/null 2> /dev/null & done;;
            esac
        }}

Note that asynchronous shell commands run in their own process group by default so they do not require the manual use of setsid.

The following command is provided by default:

        cmd open &$OPENER $f

You may also use any other existing file openers as you like. Possible options are libfile-mimeinfo-perl (executable name is mimeopen), rifle (ranger's default file opener), or mimeo to name a few.

PREVIEWING FILES
lf previews files on the preview pane by printing the file until the end or until the preview pane is filled. This output can be enhanced by providing a custom preview script for filtering. This can be used to highlight source code, list contents of archive files or view PDF or image files to name a few. For coloring lf recognizes ANSI escape codes.

To use this feature, you need to set the value of previewer option to the path of an executable file. Five arguments are passed to the file, (1) current filename, (2) width, (3) height, (4) horizontal position, and (5) vertical position of preview pane respectively. The output of the execution is printed in the preview pane. You may also want to use the same script in your pager mapping as well:

        set previewer ~/.config/lf/pv.sh
        map i $~/.config/lf/pv.sh $f | less -R

For less pager, you may instead utilize LESSOPEN mechanism so that useful information about the file such as the full path of the file can still be displayed in the statusline below:

        set previewer ~/.config/lf/pv.sh
        map i $LESSOPEN='| ~/.config/lf/pv.sh %s' less -R $f

Since this script is called for each file selection change it needs to be as efficient as possible and this responsibility is left to the user. You may use file extensions to determine the type of file more efficiently compared to obtaining MIME types from file command. Extensions can then be used to match cleanly within a conditional:

        #!/bin/sh

        case "$1" in
            *.tar*) tar tf "$1";;
            *.zip) unzip -l "$1";;
            *.rar) unrar l "$1";;
            *.7z) 7z l "$1";;
            *.pdf) pdftotext "$1" -;;
            *) highlight -O ansi "$1";;
        esac

Another important consideration for efficiency is the use of programs with short startup times for preview. For this reason, highlight is recommended over pygmentize for syntax highlighting. Besides, it is also important that the application processes the file on the fly rather than first reading it to the memory and then doing the processing afterwards. This is especially relevant for big files. lf automatically closes the previewer script output pipe with a SIGPIPE when enough lines are read. When everything else fails, you can make use of the height argument to only feed the first portion of the file to a program for preview. Note that some programs may not respond well to SIGPIPE to exit with a non-zero return code and avoid caching. You may add a trailing || true command to avoid such errors:

        highlight -O ansi "$1" || true

You may also use an existing preview filter as you like. Your system may already come with a preview filter named lesspipe. These filters may have a mechanism to add user customizations as well. See the related documentation for more information.

CHANGING DIRECTORY
lf changes the working directory of the process to the current directory so that shell commands always work in the displayed directory. After quitting, it returns to the original directory where it is first launched like all shell programs. If you want to stay in the current directory after quitting, you can use one of the example lfcd wrapper shell scripts provided in the repository at https://github.com/gokcehan/lf/tree/master/etc

There is a special command on-cd that runs a shell command when it is defined and the directory is changed. You can define it just as you would define any other command:

        cmd on-cd &{{
            bash -c '
            # display git repository status in your prompt
            source /usr/share/git/completion/git-prompt.sh
            GIT_PS1_SHOWDIRTYSTATE=auto
            GIT_PS1_SHOWSTASHSTATE=auto
            GIT_PS1_SHOWUNTRACKEDFILES=auto
            GIT_PS1_SHOWUPSTREAM=auto
            git=$(__git_ps1 " (%s)")
            fmt="\033[32;1m%u@%h\033[0m:\033[34;1m%d\033[0m\033[1m%f$git\033[0m"
            lf -remote "send $id set promptfmt \"$fmt\""
            '
        }}

If you want to send escape sequences to the terminal, you can use the tty-write command to do so. The following xterm-specific escape sequence sets the terminal title to the working directory:

        cmd on-cd &{{
            lf -remote "send $id tty-write \"\033]0;$PWD\007\""
        }}

This command runs whenever you change the directory but not on startup. You can add an extra call to make it run on startup as well:

        cmd on-cd &{{ ... }}
        on-cd

Note that all shell commands are possible but % and & are usually more appropriate as $ and ! causes flickers and pauses respectively.

There is also a pre-cd command, that works like on-cd, but is run before the directory is actually changed. Another related command is on-load which gets executed when loading a directory.

LOADING DIRECTORY
Similar to on-cd there also is on-load that when defined runs a shell command after loading a directory. It works well when combined with addcustominfo.

The following example can be used to display git indicators in the info column:

        cmd on-load &{{
            cd "$(dirname "$1")" || exit 1
            [ "$(git rev-parse --is-inside-git-dir 2>/dev/null)" = false ] || exit 0

            cmds=""

            for file in "$@"; do
                case "$file" in
                    */.git|*/.git/*) continue;;
                esac

                status=$(git status --porcelain --ignored -- "$file" | cut -c1-2 | head -n1)

                if [ -n "$status" ]; then
                    cmds="${cmds}addcustominfo \"${file}\" \"$status\"; "
                else
                    cmds="${cmds}addcustominfo \"${file}\" ''; "
                fi
            done

            if [ -n "$cmds" ]; then
                lf -remote "send $id :$cmds"
            fi
        }}

Another use case could be showing the dimensions of images and videos:

        cmd on-load &{{
            cmds=""

            for file in "$@"; do
                mime=$(file --mime-type -Lb -- "$file")
                case "$mime" in
                    # vector images cause problems
                    image/svg+xml)
                        ;;
                    image/*|video/*)
                        dimensions=$(exiftool -s3 -imagesize -- "$file")
                        cmds="${cmds}addcustominfo \"${file}\" \"$dimensions\"; "
                        ;;
                esac
            done

            if [ -n "$cmds" ]; then
                lf -remote "send $id :$cmds"
            fi
        }}

COLORS
lf tries to automatically adapt its colors to the environment. It starts with a default color scheme and updates colors using values of existing environment variables possibly by overwriting its previous values. Colors are set in the following order:

1.  default

2.  LSCOLORS (macOS/BSD ls)

3.  LS_COLORS (GNU ls)

4.  LF_COLORS (lf specific)

5.  colors file (lf specific)

Please refer to the corresponding man pages for more information about LSCOLORS and LS_COLORS. LF_COLORS is provided with the same syntax as LS_COLORS in case you want to configure colors only for lf but not ls. This can be useful since there are some differences between ls and lf, though one should expect the same behavior for common cases. The colors file (refer to the CONFIGURATION section (https://github.com/gokcehan/lf/blob/master/doc.md#configuration) ) is provided for easier configuration without environment variables. This file should consist of whitespace-separated pairs with a # character to start comments until the end of the line.

You can configure lf colors in two different ways. First, you can only configure 8 basic colors used by your terminal and lf should pick up those colors automatically. Depending on your terminal, you should be able to select your colors from a 24-bit palette. This is the recommended approach as colors used by other programs will also match each other.

Second, you can set the values of environment variables or colors file mentioned above for fine-grained customization. Note that LS_COLORS/LF_COLORS are more powerful than LSCOLORS and they can be used even when GNU programs are not installed on the system. You can combine this second method with the first method for the best results.

Lastly, you may also want to configure the colors of the prompt line to match the rest of the colors. Colors of the prompt line can be configured using the promptfmt option which can include hardcoded colors as ANSI escapes. See the default value of this option to have an idea about how to color this line.

It is worth noting that lf uses as many colors advertised by your terminal's entry in terminfo or infocmp databases on your system. If an entry is not present, it falls back to an internal database. If your terminal supports 24-bit colors but either does not have a database entry or does not advertise all capabilities, you can enable support by setting the $COLORTERM variable to truecolor or ensuring $TERM is set to a value that ends with -truecolor.

Default lf colors are mostly taken from GNU dircolors defaults. These defaults use 8 basic colors and bold attribute. Default dircolors entries with background colors are simplified to avoid confusion with current file selection in lf. Similarly, there are only file type matchings and extension matchings are left out for simplicity. Default values are as follows given with their matching order in lf:

        ln  01;36
        or  31;01
        tw  01;34
        ow  01;34
        st  01;34
        di  01;34
        pi  33
        so  01;35
        bd  33;01
        cd  33;01
        su  01;32
        sg  01;32
        ex  01;32
        fi  00

Note that lf first tries matching file names and then falls back to file types. The full order of matchings from most specific to least are as follows:

1.  Full Path (e.g. ~/.config/lf/lfrc)

2.  Dir Name (e.g. .git/) (only matches dirs with a trailing slash at the end)

3.  File Type (e.g. ln) (except fi)

4.  File Name (e.g. README*)

5.  File Name (e.g. *README)

6.  Base Name (e.g. README.*)

7.  Extension (e.g. *.txt)

8.  Default (i.e. fi)

For example, given a regular text file /path/to/README.txt, the following entries are checked in the configuration and the first one to match is used:

1.  /path/to/README.txt

2.  (skipped since the file is not a directory)

3.  (skipped since the file is of type fi)

4.  README.txt*

5.  *README.txt

6.  README.*

7.  *.txt

8.  fi

Given a regular directory /path/to/example.d, the following entries are checked in the configuration and the first one to match is used:

1.  /path/to/example.d

2.  example.d/

3.  di

4.  example.d*

5.  *example.d

6.  example.*

7.  *.d

8.  fi

Note that glob-like patterns do not perform glob matching for performance reasons.

For example, you can set a variable as follows:

        export LF_COLORS="~/Documents=01;31:~/Downloads=01;31:~/.local/share=01;31:~/.config/lf/lfrc=31:.git/=01;32:.git*=32:*.gitignore=32:*Makefile=32:README.*=33:*.txt=34:*.md=34:ln=01;36:di=01;34:ex=01;32:"

Having all entries on a single line can make it hard to read. You may instead divide it into multiple lines in between double quotes by escaping newlines with backslashes as follows:

        export LF_COLORS="\
        ~/Documents=01;31:\
        ~/Downloads=01;31:\
        ~/.local/share=01;31:\
        ~/.config/lf/lfrc=31:\
        .git/=01;32:\
        .git*=32:\
        *.gitignore=32:\
        *Makefile=32:\
        README.*=33:\
        *.txt=34:\
        *.md=34:\
        ln=01;36:\
        di=01;34:\
        ex=01;32:\
        "

The ln entry supports the special value target, which will use the link target to select a style. Filename rules will still apply based on the link's name -- this mirrors GNU's ls and dircolors behavior. Having such a long variable definition in a shell configuration file might be undesirable. You may instead use the colors file (refer to the CONFIGURATION section (https://github.com/gokcehan/lf/blob/master/doc.md#configuration) ) for configuration. A sample colors file can be found at https://github.com/gokcehan/lf/blob/master/etc/colors.example You may also see the wiki page for ANSI escape codes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code

ICONS
Icons are configured using LF_ICONS environment variable or an icons file (refer to the CONFIGURATION section (https://github.com/gokcehan/lf/blob/master/doc.md#configuration) ). The variable uses the same syntax as LS_COLORS/LF_COLORS. Instead of colors, you should use single characters or symbols as values. The ln entry supports the special value target, which will use the link target to select a icon. Filename rules will still apply based on the link's name -- this mirrors GNU's ls and dircolors behavior. The icons file (refer to the CONFIGURATION section (https://github.com/gokcehan/lf/blob/master/doc.md#configuration) ) should consist of whitespace-separated arrays with a # character to start comments until the end of the line. Each line should contain 1-3 columns: a file type or file name pattern, the icon, and an optional icon color. Using only one column disables all rules for that type or name. Do not forget to add set icons true to your lfrc to see the icons. Default values are listed below in the order lf matches them:

        ln  l
        or  l
        tw  t
        ow  d
        st  t
        di  d
        pi  p
        so  s
        bd  b
        cd  c
        su  u
        sg  g
        ex  x
        fi  -

A sample icons file can be found at https://github.com/gokcehan/lf/blob/master/etc/icons.example

A sample colored icons file can be found at https://github.com/gokcehan/lf/blob/master/etc/icons_colored.example