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# minimize command

Accelerator Variant: minimize/kk

## Syntax

    minimize etol ftol maxiter maxeval

- etol = stopping tolerance for energy (unitless)

- ftol = stopping tolerance for force (force units)

- maxiter = max iterations of minimizer

- maxeval = max number of force/energy evaluations

## Examples

    minimize 1.0e-4 1.0e-6 100 1000
    minimize 0.0 1.0e-8 1000 100000

## Description

Perform an energy minimization of the system, by iteratively adjusting atom coordinates. Iterations are terminated when one of the stopping criteria is satisfied. At that point the configuration will hopefully be in a local potential energy minimum. More precisely, the configuration should approximate a critical point for the objective function (see below), which may or may not be a local minimum.

The minimization algorithm used is set by the min_style command. Other options are set by the min_modify command. Minimize commands can be interspersed with run commands to alternate between relaxation and dynamics. The minimizers bound the distance atoms may move in one iteration, so that you can relax systems with highly overlapped atoms (large energies and forces) by pushing the atoms off of each other.

Neighbor list update settings

The distance that atoms can move during individual minimization steps can be quite large, especially at the beginning of a minimization. Thus neighbor list settings of every = 1 and delay = 0 are required. This may be combined with either check = no (always update the neighbor list) or check = yes (only update the neighbor list if at least one atom has moved more than half the neighbor list skin distance since the last reneighboring). Using check = yes is recommended since it avoids unneeded reneighboring steps when the system is closer to the minimum and thus atoms move only small distances. Using check = no may be required for debugging or when coupling LAMMPS with external codes that require a predictable sequence of neighbor list updates.

If the settings are not every = 1 and delay = 0, LAMMPS will temporarily apply a neigh_modify every 1 delay 0 check yes setting during the minimization and restore the original setting at the end of the minimization. A corresponding message will be printed to the screen and log file, if this happens.

Alternate means of relaxing a system are to run dynamics with a small or limited timestep. Or dynamics can be run using fix viscous to impose a damping force that slowly drains all kinetic energy from the system. The pair_style soft potential can be used to un-overlap atoms while running dynamics.

Note that you can minimize some atoms in the system while holding the coordinates of other atoms fixed by applying fix setforce 0.0 0.0 0.0 to the other atoms. See a more detailed discussion of using fixes while minimizing below.

The minimization styles cg, sd, and hftn involves an outer iteration loop which sets the search direction along which atom coordinates are changed. An inner iteration is then performed using a line search algorithm. The line search typically evaluates forces and energies several times to set new coordinates. Currently, a backtracking algorithm is used which may not be optimal in terms of the number of force evaluations performed, but appears to be more robust than previous line searches we have tried. The backtracking method is described in Nocedal and Wright’s Numerical Optimization (Procedure 3.1 on p 41).

The minimization styles quickmin and fire perform damped dynamics using an Euler integration step. Thus they require a timestep be defined.

Note

The damped dynamic minimizer algorithms will use the timestep you have defined via the timestep command or its default value. Often they will converge more quickly if you use a timestep about 10x larger than you would normally use for regular molecular dynamics simulations.

In all cases, the objective function being minimized is the total potential energy of the system as a function of the N atom coordinates:

\[\begin{split}E(r_1,r_2, \ldots ,r_N) = & \sum_{i,j} E_{pair}(r_i,r_j) + \sum_{ij} E_{bond}(r_i,r_j) + \sum_{ijk} E_{angle}(r_i,r_j,r_k) + \\ & \sum_{ijkl} E_{dihedral}(r_i,r_j,r_k,r_l) + \sum_{ijkl} E_{improper}(r_i,r_j,r_k,r_l) + \sum_i E_{fix}(r_i)\end{split}\]

where the first term is the sum of all non-bonded pairwise interactions including long-range Coulombic interactions, the second through fifth terms are bond, angle, dihedral, and improper interactions respectively, and the last term is energy due to fixes which can act as constraints or apply force to atoms, such as through interaction with a wall. See the discussion below about how fix commands affect minimization.

The starting point for the minimization is the current configuration of the atoms.

The minimization procedure stops if any of several criteria are met:

- the change in energy between outer iterations is less than etol

- the 2-norm (length) of the global force vector is less than the ftol

- the line search fails because the step distance backtracks to 0.0

- the number of outer iterations or timesteps exceeds maxiter

- the number of total force evaluations exceeds maxeval

Note

the minimization style spin, spin/cg, and spin/lbfgs replace the force tolerance ftol by a torque tolerance. The minimization procedure stops if the 2-norm (length) of the torque vector on atom (defined as the cross product between the atomic spin and its precession vectors omega) is less than ftol, or if any of the other criteria are met. Torque have the same units as the energy.

Note

You can also use the fix halt command to specify a general criterion for exiting a minimization, that is a calculation performed on the state of the current system, as defined by an equal-style variable.

For the first criterion, the specified energy tolerance etol is unitless; it is met when the energy change between successive iterations divided by the energy magnitude is less than or equal to the tolerance. For example, a setting of 1.0e-4 for etol means an energy tolerance of one part in 10^4. For the damped dynamics minimizers this check is not performed for a few steps after velocities are reset to 0, otherwise the minimizer would prematurely converge.

For the second criterion, the specified force tolerance ftol is in force units, since it is the length of the global force vector for all atoms, e.g. a vector of size 3N for N atoms. Since many of the components will be near zero after minimization, you can think of ftol as an upper bound on the final force on any component of any atom. For example, a setting of 1.0e-4 for ftol means no x, y, or z component of force on any atom will be larger than 1.0e-4 (in force units) after minimization.

Either or both of the etol and ftol values can be set to 0.0, in which case some other criterion will terminate the minimization.

During a minimization, the outer iteration count is treated as a timestep. Output is triggered by this timestep, e.g. thermodynamic output or dump and restart files.

Using the thermo_style custom command with the fmax or fnorm keywords can be useful for monitoring the progress of the minimization. Note that these outputs will be calculated only from forces on the atoms, and will not include any extra degrees of freedom, such as from the fix box/relax command.

Following minimization, a statistical summary is printed that lists which convergence criterion caused the minimizer to stop, as well as information about the energy, force, final line search, and iteration counts. An example is as follows:

    Minimization stats:
      Stopping criterion = max iterations
      Energy initial, next-to-last, final =
           -0.626828169302     -2.82642039062     -2.82643549739
      Force two-norm initial, final = 2052.1 91.9642
      Force max component initial, final = 346.048 9.78056
      Final line search alpha, max atom move = 2.23899e-06 2.18986e-05
      Iterations, force evaluations = 2000 12724

The 3 energy values are for before and after the minimization and on the next-to-last iteration. This is what the etol parameter checks.

The two-norm force values are the length of the global force vector before and after minimization. This is what the ftol parameter checks.

The max-component force values are the absolute value of the largest component (x,y,z) in the global force vector, i.e. the infinity-norm of the force vector.

The alpha parameter for the line-search, when multiplied by the max force component (on the last iteration), gives the max distance any atom moved during the last iteration. Alpha will be 0.0 if the line search could not reduce the energy. Even if alpha is non-zero, if the “max atom move” distance is tiny compared to typical atom coordinates, then it is possible the last iteration effectively caused no atom movement and thus the evaluated energy did not change and the minimizer terminated. Said another way, even with non-zero forces, it is possibly the effect of those forces to move atoms a distance less than machine precision, so that the energy cannot be further reduced.

The iterations and force evaluation values are what is checked by the maxiter and maxeval parameters.

Note

There are several force fields in LAMMPS which have discontinuities or other approximations which may prevent you from performing an energy minimization to tight tolerances. For example, you should use a pair style that goes to 0.0 at the cutoff distance when performing minimization (even if you later change it when running dynamics). If you do not do this, the total energy of the system will have discontinuities when the relative distance between any pair of atoms changes from cutoff plus epsilon to cutoff minus epsilon and the minimizer may thus behave poorly. Some of the many-body potentials use splines and other internal cutoffs that inherently have this problem. The long-range Coulombic styles (PPPM, Ewald) are approximate to within the user-specified tolerance, which means their energy and forces may not agree to a higher precision than the Kspace-specified tolerance. This agreement is further reduced when using tabulation to speed up the computation of the real-space part of the Coulomb interactions, which is enabled by default. In all these cases, the minimizer may give up and stop before finding a minimum to the specified energy or force tolerance.

Note that a cutoff Lennard-Jones potential (and others) can be shifted so that its energy is 0.0 at the cutoff via the pair_modify command. See the doc pages for individual pair styles for details. Note that most Coulombic potentials have a cutoff, unless versions with a long-range component are used (e.g. pair_style lj/cut/coul/long) or some other damping/smoothing schemes are used. The CHARMM potentials go to 0.0 at the cutoff (e.g. pair_style lj/charmm/coul/charmm), as do the GROMACS potentials (e.g. pair_style lj/gromacs).

If a soft potential (pair_style soft) is used the Astop value is used for the prefactor (no time dependence).

The fix box/relax command can be used to apply an external pressure to the simulation box and allow it to shrink/expand during the minimization.

Only a few other fixes (typically those that add forces) are invoked during minimization. See the doc pages for individual fix commands to see which ones are relevant. Current examples of fixes that can be used include:

- fix addforce

- fix addtorque/group

- fix efield

- fix enforce2d

- fix indent

- fix lineforce

- fix planeforce

- fix setforce

- fix spring

- fix spring/self

- fix viscous

- fix wall

- fix wall/region

Note

Some fixes which are invoked during minimization have an associated potential energy. For that energy to be included in the total potential energy of the system (the quantity being minimized), you MUST enable the fix_modify energy option for that fix. The doc pages for individual fix commands specify if this should be done.

Styles with a gpu, intel, kk, omp, or opt suffix are functionally the same as the corresponding style without the suffix. They have been optimized to run faster, depending on your available hardware, as discussed on the Accelerator packages page. The accelerated styles take the same arguments and should produce the same results, except for round-off and precision issues.

These accelerated styles are part of the GPU, INTEL, KOKKOS, OPENMP, and OPT packages, respectively. They are only enabled if LAMMPS was built with those packages. See the Build package page for more info.

You can specify the accelerated styles explicitly in your input script by including their suffix, or you can use the -suffix command-line switch when you invoke LAMMPS, or you can use the suffix command in your input script.

See the Accelerator packages page for more instructions on how to use the accelerated styles effectively.

## Restrictions

Changed in version 15Sep2022.

It used to be an error to use fix shake with minimization but this is no longer the case. While the SHAKE constraint equations cannot be applied during minimization, fix shake (and fix rattle) will substitute the constraints with stiff harmonic bonds. This allows some (small) changes in the geometry, but those are usually small enough so that when starting an MD run the constraints can be fulfilled during the first time step. The same effect can be achieved without fix shake by replacing the force constants for the bonds and/or angles that would otherwise be constrained by the SHAKE algorithm.

Fix rigid is not supported during minimization. It does not trigger an error to have it defined, but the energy minimization will not keep the defined body(s) rigid during the minimization. Note that if bonds, angles, etc internal to a rigid body have been turned off (e.g. via neigh_modify exclude), they will not contribute to the potential energy which is probably not what is desired. One can approximate a minimization with rigid bodies by performing simulated annealing.

Pair potentials that produce torque on a particle (e.g. granular potentials or the GayBerne potential for ellipsoidal particles) are not relaxed by a minimization. More specifically, radial relaxations are induced, but no rotations are induced by a minimization, so such a system will not fully relax.

## Related commands

min_modify, min_style, run_style

## Default

none