Glossary

Technologies

Akonadi

The data storage access mechanism for all PIM (Personal Information Manager) data in KDE SC 4. One single
				storage and retrieval system allows efficiency and extensibility not possible under KDE 3, where each PIM component had 
				its own system. Note that use of Akonadi does not change data storage formats (vcard, iCalendar, mbox, maildir etc.) - it 
				just provides a new way of accessing and updating the data.</p><p>
				The main reasons for design and development of Akonadi are of technical nature, e.g. having a unique way to access PIM-data (contacts, calendars, emails..) from different applications (e.g. KMail, Calligra Words etc.), thus eliminating the need to write similar code here and there.</p><p>
				Another goal is to de-couple GUI applications like KMail from the direct access to external resources like mail-servers - which was a major reason for bug-reports/wishes with regard to performance/responsiveness in the past.</p><p>
				More info:</p><p>
				<a href="https://community.kde.org/KDE_PIM/Akonadi" target="_top">Akonadi for KDE's PIM</a></p><p>
				<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akonadi" target="_top">Wikipedia: Akonadi</a></p><p>
				<a href="https://techbase.kde.org/KDE_PIM/Akonadi" target="_top">Techbase - Akonadi</a>

See Also GUI, KDE.

Applications

Applications are based on the core libraries projects by the KDE community, currently KDE Frameworks and previously KDE Platform.</p><p>
				More info:</p><p>
				<a href="https://community.kde.org/Promo/Guidance/Branding/Quick_Guide/" target="_top">KDE Branding</a>

See Also Plasma, Frameworks, Platform.

aRts

The sound framework in KDE 2 and 3. Its single-tasking nature caused problems when two sources of sound were encountered. In the Plasma desktop it is replaced by Phonon.</p><p>
				More info:</p><p>
				<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARts" target="_top"> Wikipedia: ARts</a>

See Also KDE, Phonon, Plasma.

D-Bus

D-Bus or Desktop Bus is an inter-service messaging system. Developed by Red Hat®, it was heavily influenced by KDE 3 DCOP, which it supersedes. Most POSIX operating systems support D-Bus, and a port for Windows exists. It is used by Qt 4 and GNOME.</p><p>
				More info:</p><p>
				<a href="https://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/dbus/" target="_top">FreeDesktop.org: What is D-Bus?</a></p><p>
				<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Bus" target="_top">Wikipedia: D-Bus</a>

See Also DCOP, GNOME, KDE, Qt™.

DCOP

DCOP, which stands for Desktop COmmunication Protocol, is a light-weight interprocess and software componentry communication system used in KDE 3. Replaced with D-Bus in KDE SC 4.</p><p>
				More info:</p><p>
				<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCOP" target="_top">Wikipedia: DCOP</a>

See Also D-Bus, KDE.

Flake

Flake is a programming library to be used in Calligra. Functionally, it provides Shapes to display content and Tools to manipulate content. Shapes can be zoomed or rotated and can be grouped to work as a single Shape, around which text flow is possible.</p><p>
				More info:</p><p>
				<a href="https://community.kde.org/Calligra/Libs/Flake" target="_top">KDE Community Wiki: Flake</a>

See Also KDE, KParts.

Frameworks

KDE Frameworks 5 is the next generation of KDE libraries, modularized and optimized for easy integration in Qt™ applications. The Frameworks offer a wide variety of commonly needed functionality in mature, peer reviewed and well tested libraries with friendly licensing terms. There are over 70 different Frameworks providing solutions including hardware integration, file format support, additional widgets, plotting functions, spell checking and more. Many of the Frameworks are cross platform and have minimal or no extra dependencies making them easy to build and add to any Qt™ application.</p><p>
				
				More info:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://community.kde.org/Frameworks" target="_top"&gt;<span class="orgname">KDE</span> Community Wiki: Frameworks&lt;/a&gt;</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-plasma">Plasma</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-applications">Applications</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-platform">Platform</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-ghns"></a><span class="glossterm">Get Hot New Stuff</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>&lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;G&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;et &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;H&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ot &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ew &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;tuff (GHNS) is an open standard that makes it easy for users to download and install various extensions for their applications. Our implementation of GHNS is used by <span class="productname">Plasma</span> (for example to get new desktop themes), and by many applications and widgets.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-plasma">Plasma</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-ghnsaccr"></a><span class="glossterm">GHNS</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p><acronym class="acronym">GHNS</acronym> is the acronym of Get Hot New Stuff.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-ghns">Get Hot New Stuff</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-ioworker"></a><span class="glossterm"><acronym class="acronym">IO</acronym> Worker</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p><acronym class="acronym">IO</acronym> Workers enable <span class="orgname">KDE</span> applications to
				access remote resources as easily as local resources (making them
				"network transparent"). Remote resources (<abbr class="abbrev">e.g.</abbr> files) might
				be stored on <acronym class="acronym">SMB</acronym> shares or similar.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-smb"><acronym class="acronym">SMB</acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-khtml"></a><span class="glossterm">KHTML</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>KHTML is the <acronym class="acronym">HTML</acronym> rendering engine for the <span class="orgname">KDE</span> <span class="productname">Plasma</span> desktop, as used by the <span class="application">Konqueror</span> browser. It also provides a KPart that enables all <span class="orgname">KDE</span> applications to display web content. A new introduction, <span class="trademark">Qt</span>™ WebKit is also for Plasma and other application development.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-konqueror"><span class="application">Konqueror</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kparts">KParts</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-plasma">Plasma</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-webkit">WebKit</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-kio"></a><span class="glossterm"><acronym class="acronym">KIO</acronym></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>The <span class="orgname">KDE</span> Input/Output system which makes use of so-called
				"<acronym class="acronym">IO</acronym> Workers".</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-ioworker"><acronym class="acronym">IO</acronym> Worker</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-kiosk"></a><span class="glossterm">Kiosk</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Kiosk is a framework for restricting user capabilities on a <span class="orgname">KDE</span> platform system, ideal for use in locked-down environments such as Internet cafés. It is present in <span class="orgname">KDE</span> 3 and <span class="orgname">KDE</span> 4, but the administration tool, <span class="application">Kiosktool</span> is <span class="orgname">KDE</span> 3 only. It can be used to configure <span class="orgname">KDE</span> 4 applications, or kiosk configurations can be maintained by editing config files manually.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-kparts"></a><span class="glossterm">KParts</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>KParts is an embedding technology which allows <span class="orgname">KDE</span>
				applications to embed other <span class="orgname">KDE</span> applications. For example, the text
				view used by <span class="application">Konqueror</span> is a KPart.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-konqueror"><span class="application">Konqueror</span></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-ksycoca"></a><span class="glossterm"><acronym class="acronym">KSycoca</acronym></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p><acronym class="acronym">KSycoca</acronym> (<span class="orgname">KDE</span> &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sy&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;stem
				&lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Co&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;nfiguration &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ca&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;che) is a
				configuration cache which, for example, guarantees fast access to the menu
				entries.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kbuildsycoca"><span class="application">KBuildSycoca</span></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-platform"></a><span class="glossterm">Platform</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Previously the base of libraries and services needed to run <span class="orgname">KDE</span> applications. It is used by core and third-party developers to create <span class="orgname">KDE</span> software. Especially when including development frameworks and tools it may be referred to as <span class="orgname">KDE</span> Development Platform. <span class="orgname">KDE</span> Platform is built on a number of Pillars, for example Akonadi, Solid, Phonon.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-plasma">Plasma</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-applications">Applications</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-frameworks">Frameworks</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-akonadi">Akonadi</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-solid">Solid</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-phonon">Phonon</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-phonon"></a><span class="glossterm">Phonon</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>A cross-platform multimedia API, interfacing with existing frameworks, such as gstreamer and xine engines. <span class="orgname">KDE</span> 2 and 3 depended on aRts for sound. Phonon replaces it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				More info:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon_(software)" target="_top"&gt; Wikipedia: Phonon (software)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://phonon.kde.org/" target="_top"&gt;Phonon website&lt;/a&gt;</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-arts">aRts</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-solid"></a><span class="glossterm">Solid</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Solid provides a single API for hardware management. Hardware is grouped into 'domains'. Since the backends for Solid are pluggable, Solid helps application developers write less code, and have it platform independent.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				More info:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://solid.kde.org/" target="_top"&gt;Discover Solid&lt;/a&gt;</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-threadweaver"></a><span class="glossterm">Threadweaver</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>This thread programming library spreads work among multiple-core processors where available, prioritizing them before queuing them for execution. ThreadWeaver provides a high-level job interface for multithreaded programming.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				More info:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://api.kde.org/frameworks/threadweaver/html/index.html" target="_top"&gt;API Documentation – ThreadWeaver&lt;/a&gt;</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-webkit"></a><span class="glossterm">WebKit</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>HTML rendering engine, originating from a fork of KHTML. Adopted by <span class="trademark">Apple</span>™ and developed for <span class="trademark">Safari</span>™. Webkit brings the whole functionality back to <span class="orgname">KDE</span> SC 4, where it is available through <span class="trademark">Qt</span>™.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				More info:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://webkit.org/" target="_top"&gt;WebKit home page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebKit" target="_top"&gt;Wikipedia: WebKit&lt;/a&gt;</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-khtml">KHTML</a>.</p></dd></dl></div><div class="glossdiv"><h3 class="title">X.Org</h3><dl><dt><a name="gloss-antialiasing"></a><span class="glossterm">Antialiasing</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>If mentioned in context with <span class="orgname">KDE</span>, anti-aliasing often means
				the smoothing of the fonts visible on the screen. <span class="trademark">Qt</span>™ version 3.3
				or higher used together with X.Org server makes this possible under <span class="orgname">KDE</span>
				as well.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-qt"><span class="trademark">Qt</span>™</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-xserver"></a><span class="glossterm"><span class="application">X-Server</span></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>The <span class="application">X-Server</span> represents a basic layer upon which the
				various <acronym class="acronym">GUI</acronym>s like <span class="orgname">KDE</span> are built. It manages the
				basic mouse and keyboard input (from the local host as well as from
				remote hosts) and provides elementary graphic routines to draw
				rectangles and other primitives.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-gui"><acronym class="acronym">GUI</acronym></a>.</p></dd></dl></div><div class="glossdiv"><h3 class="title">Applications</h3><dl><dt><a name="gloss-dolphin"></a><span class="glossterm">Dolphin</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>The default file manager in <span class="orgname">KDE</span> Applications. It has a side panel (Places), but navigation is mainly by the 'breadcrumb' trail above the main window. Split windows are possible, and views can be applied to individual windows. Mounting and unmounting <acronym class="acronym">USB</acronym> devices can be done in the side panel. Other directories can be added to the Places panel. A Tree view is also possible.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				More info:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://www.kde.org/applications/system/dolphin/" target="_top"&gt;Dolphin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin_(file_manager)" target="_top"&gt;Wikipedia: Dolphin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://userbase.kde.org/Dolphin/File_Management" target="_top"&gt;Userbase: File Management Tutorial&lt;/a&gt;</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-konqueror"><span class="application">Konqueror</span></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-kbuildsycoca"></a><span class="glossterm"><span class="application">KBuildSycoca</span></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p><span class="application">KBuildSycoca4</span> is a command line 
				program and regenerates the
				so-called <acronym class="acronym">KSycoca</acronym>. This is useful, for example, if some
				or all modules in
				<span class="application">System Settings</span> are missing.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-ksycoca"><acronym class="acronym">KSycoca</acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-systemsettings"><span class="application">System Settings</span></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-kinfocenter"></a><span class="glossterm">KInfoCenter</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Kinfocenter originated as part of Kcontrol standing alone from KDE 3.1. In <span class="orgname">KDE</span> SC 4 it was replaced by modules configured in <span class="application">System Settings</span>, notably Solid, and is being reintroduced as an application in <span class="productname">Plasma</span>.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				More info:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://www.kde.org/applications/system/kinfocenter/" target="_top"&gt;KInfoCenter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinfocenter" target="_top"&gt;Wikipedia: KInfoCenter&lt;/a&gt;</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-solid">Solid</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-systemsettings"><span class="application">System Settings</span></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-konqueror"></a><span class="glossterm"><span class="application">Konqueror</span></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p><span class="application">Konqueror</span> is a web browser, picture viewer, file manager
				and more, and a core part of the <span class="orgname">KDE</span> project. You can
				find more information about <span class="application">Konqueror</span> at &lt;a href="https://konqueror.org/" target="_top"&gt;www.konqueror.org&lt;/a&gt;.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-krunner"></a><span class="glossterm">KRunner</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>The mini-command-line that is accessed from the Classic menu, the keyboard shortcut <span class="keycap"><strong>Alt</strong></span>+<span class="keycap"><strong>F2</strong></span>, or a right-click on the desktop. In <span class="orgname">KDE</span> SC 4 a partial name will display all possible matches.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				More info:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://userbase.kde.org/Plasma/Krunner" target="_top"&gt;UserBase: KRunner Usage&lt;/a&gt;</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-plasma">Plasma</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-kwin"></a><span class="glossterm">KWin</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>KWin is the window manager. This is where window decorations can be changed and themes applied. <span class="orgname">KDE</span> SC 4 extends KWin to provide support for 3D Compositing effects on the desktop.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				More info:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://userbase.kde.org/KWin" target="_top"&gt;UserBase: KWin&lt;/a&gt;</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-xserver"><span class="application">X-Server</span></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-minicli"></a><span class="glossterm">Mini-CLI</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Mini &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;C&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ommand &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;L&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ine &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;nterface. Synonym to KRunner.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-krunner">KRunner</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-pager"></a><span class="glossterm">Pager</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>A pager is a small program or panel applet which shows the position of windows on your desktop and usually if you have several Virtual Desktops gives an overview over all.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-application-starter"><acronym class="acronym">Application Starter</acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kicker"><acronym class="acronym"><span class="application">Kicker</span></acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-panel">Panel</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-plasma">Plasma</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-virtualdesktops">Virtual Desktops</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-systemsettings"></a><span class="glossterm"><span class="application">System Settings</span></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>This is the project and filename of the <span class="orgname">KDE</span> control
				center. <span class="application">System Settings</span> allows you to customize virtually
				every configuration option of <span class="orgname">KDE</span>.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kinfocenter">KInfoCenter</a>.</p></dd></dl></div><div class="glossdiv"><h3 class="title">Desktop Terminology</h3><dl><dt><a name="gloss-activities"></a><span class="glossterm">Activities</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Activities are sets of <span class="productname">Plasma</span> widgets that have their own wallpaper&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
			A bit like Virtual Desktops, but not quite. For example you have a "work activity" with commit rss feeds, a note with your TODO, a Folder View with your work related files, and a subtle wallpaper.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
			Next to it, you have your freetime activity, with previews of family photos and dogs, rss feeds from your favorite blogs, a Folder View showing your movie collection, a twitter applet and of course that Iron Maiden wallpaper you have been loving since the early 80s.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
			At 17:00 hours sharp you switch from the work activity to your freetime activity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				More info:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://userbase.kde.org/Plasma" target="_top"&gt;Plasma FAQ&lt;/a&gt;</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-virtualdesktops">Virtual Desktops</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-breeze"></a><span class="glossterm"><acronym class="acronym">Breeze</acronym></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Breeze is the default theme for <span class="productname">Plasma</span>. The new theme is a high-contrast, flat theme for the workspace. It is available in light and dark variants. Simpler and more monochromatic graphics assets and typography-centered layouts offer a clean and visually clear user experience.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-ksvg">KSVG</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-plasma">Plasma</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-oxygen"><acronym class="acronym">Oxygen</acronym></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-containment"></a><span class="glossterm">Containment</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>A Containment is a top level grouping of widgets. Each Containment manages the layout and configuration data of its set of widgets independently from other Containments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
			The end result is that you can group widgets within a Containment according to the significance to your working pattern, rather than by directory grouping.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				More info:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				  &lt;a href="https://userbase.kde.org/Plasma" target="_top"&gt;Plasma FAQ&lt;/a&gt;</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-widget">Widget</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-draganddrop"></a><span class="glossterm">Drag and Drop</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>This concept tries to replace many actions like copying
				files from one place to another by a certain mouse movement, <abbr class="abbrev">e.g.</abbr>
				clicking on an icon in a <span class="application">Konqueror</span> window, moving the mouse to another
				window while keeping the mouse button pressed, and releasing the mouse
				button ("dropping" the object) copies files.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-konqueror"><span class="application">Konqueror</span></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-gnome"></a><span class="glossterm"><acronym class="acronym">GNOME</acronym></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>&lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;G&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;NU &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;etwork &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;O&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;bject
				&lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;M&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;odel &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;E&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;nvironment, one of the
				leading <span class="trademark">UNIX</span>® <acronym class="acronym">GUI</acronym>s.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-gui"><acronym class="acronym">GUI</acronym></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-gui"></a><span class="glossterm"><acronym class="acronym">GUI</acronym></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Abbreviation for &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;G&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;raphical
				&lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;U&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ser &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;nterface. Every desktop
				environment (like <span class="orgname">KDE</span>) is a <acronym class="acronym">GUI</acronym>. Most
				<acronym class="acronym">GUI</acronym>s feature mouse support and/or windows to manage
				the programs.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-homedirectory"></a><span class="glossterm">Home Directory</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>That's the place in system, where all your files are kept. You can write your files outside of this folder, but all applications are configured to propose this folder as place to write your files to. And this is easier, when you are keeping your things here.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				More info:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_directory" target="_top"&gt;Wikipedia: Home Directory&lt;/a&gt;</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-dolphin">Dolphin</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-kde"></a><span class="glossterm"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p><span class="orgname">KDE</span> is more than just software. It is a community made up of programmers, translators, contributors, artists, writers, distributors,
                                and users from all over the world. Our international technology team is committed to creating the best free software for the desktop.
                                And not only contributors, but users and fans of <span class="orgname">KDE</span> software can be found throughout the entire globe, giving help to other users,
                                spreading the news, or just simply enjoying the experience.
                                You can find more detailed information at &lt;a href="https://www.kde.org" target="_top"&gt;www.kde.org&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
                                The name changed its meaning over time. You can discover more about its history over &lt;a href="https://www.kde.org/community/history/" target="_top"&gt;the KDE history webpage&lt;/a&gt;.
                                </p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-gui"><acronym class="acronym">GUI</acronym></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-kicker"></a><span class="glossterm"><acronym class="acronym"><span class="application">Kicker</span></acronym></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>In <span class="orgname">KDE</span> 3, the relocatable bar, usually at the bottom of the screen (sometimes called the Panel), on which application launchers, the Pager, and buttons for running applications reside.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-panel">Panel</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-plasma">Plasma</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-application-starter"></a><span class="glossterm"><acronym class="acronym">Application Starter</acronym></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>In <span class="productname">Plasma</span> an application launcher in which apps are sorted by functional group. 'Favorites' replaces the 'Most used applications' in Classic Menu, and applications can be added to it. Right-click also offers the possibility of adding applications to the desktop or panel. Rapid access to a less-used application can be by the search box. Alternatives like the classic Application Menu with cascading popup menus and the Application Dashboard, a fullscreen launcher are available. <span class="productname">Plasma</span> can be used with more than one launcher, should that be required.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-pager">Pager</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-panel">Panel</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-plasma">Plasma</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-oxygen"></a><span class="glossterm"><acronym class="acronym">Oxygen</acronym></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Oxygen was the default theme of <span class="orgname">KDE</span> SC 4. Designed to bring 'a breath of fresh air' to the desktop by removing the simplistic, cartoonish icons, and replacing them with a clean theme and photo-realistic icons. Oxygen uses a desaturated palette to avoid the icons becoming a distraction and uses detailed scalable graphics (SVG).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				More info:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_Project" target="_top"&gt;Wikipedia: Oxygen Project&lt;/a&gt;</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-ksvg">KSVG</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-plasma">Plasma</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-breeze"><acronym class="acronym">Breeze</acronym></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-panel"></a><span class="glossterm">Panel</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Refers to the panel which often resides at the bottom of the
				screen.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kicker"><acronym class="acronym"><span class="application">Kicker</span></acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-application-starter"><acronym class="acronym">Application Starter</acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-plasma">Plasma</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-plasma"></a><span class="glossterm">Plasma</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p><span class="productname">Plasma</span> replaces KDesktop, <span class="application">Kicker</span> and the SuperKaramba widget engine. The applets are called Widgets, and range from informational widgets to mini-apps such as a calculator or dictionary.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				More info:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5" target="_top"&gt;Wikipedia: KDE Plasma 5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://www.kde.org/workspaces/" target="_top"&gt;Plasma Workspaces&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://userbase.kde.org/Plasma" target="_top"&gt;Plasma&lt;/a&gt;</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kicker"><acronym class="acronym"><span class="application">Kicker</span></acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-widget">Widget</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-ripping"></a><span class="glossterm">Ripping</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>The process of reading audio and video data from a <span class="hardware">CD-ROM drive</span> or DVD and
				storing it on the hard disk.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-virtualdesktops"></a><span class="glossterm">Virtual Desktops</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>A popular concept of <span class="trademark">UNIX</span>® based window managers is the one of virtual desktops. This means you have not only one screen where you can place your windows on but several. When you switch to a different desktop (usually with a pager) you will only see the windows which you started on your new desktop or moved to it. A window can also be made "sticky" which means it appears on all virtual desktops.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				More info:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://userbase.kde.org/Plasma" target="_top"&gt;Plasma FAQ&lt;/a&gt;</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-application-starter"><acronym class="acronym">Application Starter</acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-pager">Pager</a>.</p></dd></dl></div><div class="glossdiv"><h3 class="title"><span class="orgname">KDE</span> Development</h3><dl><dt><a name="gloss-qt"></a><span class="glossterm"><span class="trademark">Qt</span>™</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>The <acronym class="acronym">GUI</acronym> of <span class="orgname">KDE</span> is built on top of
				the <span class="trademark">Qt</span>™ toolkit, which provides many graphical elements (so-called
				"Widgets") which are used to construct the desktop. You
				can find more information about <span class="trademark">Qt</span>™ at &lt;a href=
				"https://www.qt.io/developers/" target="_top"&gt;https://www.qt.io/developers/&lt;/a&gt;.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-gui"><acronym class="acronym">GUI</acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-widget">Widget</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-git"></a><span class="glossterm">Git</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Git is a free and open source, distributed version control system designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
			  Every Git clone is a full-fledged repository with complete history and full revision tracking capabilities, not dependent on network access or a central server. Branching and merging are fast and easy to do.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
			  Git is used for version control of files, much like tools such as Mercurial, Bazaar, Subversion, CVS, Perforce, and Visual SourceSafe.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
			  It was decided that Git will be the main version control system of <span class="orgname">KDE</span>, replacement of SVN. It has been already used for some <span class="orgname">KDE</span> projects like Konversation and Amarok.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
			  More info:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
			        &lt;a href="https://git-scm.com/" target="_top"&gt;Git Homepage&lt;/a&gt;</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-svn"><acronym class="acronym">SVN</acronym></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-i18n"></a><span class="glossterm">i18n</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Abbreviation for "internationalization". <span class="orgname">KDE</span>
				supports many different languages, and several i18n techniques make it
				easy to translate the <acronym class="acronym">GUI</acronym> as well as the accompanying
				documents of <span class="orgname">KDE</span> into all these languages. More information about the
				i18n process is available at &lt;a href=
				"https://l10n.kde.org/" target="_top"&gt;l10n.kde.org&lt;/a&gt;.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-gui"><acronym class="acronym">GUI</acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-l10n">l10n</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-kross"></a><span class="glossterm">Kross</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Kross is a scripting framework, enabling support for multiple scripting languages. A plugin system allows for the support of further languages in the future.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-kdom"></a><span class="glossterm">KDOM</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>A KPart module making KHTML <acronym class="acronym">DOM</acronym> (&lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;D&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ocument &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;O&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;bject &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;M&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;odel) rendering capabilities available to all applications. KSVG2 is built on KDOM for <span class="orgname">KDE</span> SC 4.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-khtml">KHTML</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kparts">KParts</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-khtml">KHTML</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-kjs"></a><span class="glossterm">KJS</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p><span class="orgname">KDE</span> platform's JavaScript engine.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kparts">KParts</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-plasma">Plasma</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-ksvg"></a><span class="glossterm">KSVG</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>KSVG enables support for scalable vector graphics in a KHTML browser. KSVG2 extends this for <span class="orgname">KDE</span> SC 4.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-khtml">KHTML</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kparts">KParts</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-l10n"></a><span class="glossterm">l10n</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Abbreviation for "localization", the process
				of adapting a program to the local environment. This includes <abbr class="abbrev">e.g.</abbr> the
				currency used for monetary values or the time format and translating text.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				More info:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://l10n.kde.org/" target="_top"&gt;l10n.kde.org&lt;/a&gt;</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-i18n">i18n</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-widget"></a><span class="glossterm">Widget</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>In general Widgets are graphical elements like scrollbars, buttons or input fields which are used to construct the <acronym class="acronym">GUI</acronym>.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				In <span class="productname">Plasma</span> Widgets are the main components and take on a variety of functions, ranging from displaying the desktop and associated wallpaper, showing the laptop's battery level, displaying the plugged in devices, and drawing the taskbar: basically, they are small applications that live on the desktop. Additionally, widgets can be grouped together in "Containers", like the panel and even the desktop itself.
				</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-plasma">Plasma</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-containment">Containment</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kde"><span class="orgname">KDE</span></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-gui"><acronym class="acronym">GUI</acronym></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-svn"></a><span class="glossterm"><acronym class="acronym">SVN</acronym></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Abbreviation for &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Subversion&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, a version control system. The <acronym class="acronym">SVN</acronym> is a very elegant way of managing file versions that allow more than one developer to easily work on the same project. You can find a description of how to get the latest (developer) version of the <span class="orgname">KDE</span> sources via anonymous <acronym class="acronym">SVN</acronym> on &lt;a href="http://developer.kde.org/source/anonsvn.html" target="_top"&gt;http://developer.kde.org/source/anonsvn.html&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; More about <acronym class="acronym">SVN</acronym> is available at &lt;a href="http://subversion.tigris.org/" target="_top"&gt;http://subversion.tigris.org/&lt;/a&gt;.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-git">Git</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-xmlgui"></a><span class="glossterm">XMLGUI</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>A programmers' framework for designing the user interface. It is extensively used by KParts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				More info:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMLGUI" target="_top"&gt;Wikipedia: XMLGUI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_Style_Sheets" target="_top"&gt;Wikipedia: Qt Style Sheets&lt;/a&gt;</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-gui"><acronym class="acronym">GUI</acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-kparts">KParts</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-qt"><span class="trademark">Qt</span>™</a>.</p></dd></dl></div><div class="glossdiv"><h3 class="title">Miscellaneous</h3><dl><dt><a name="gloss-rfc"></a><span class="glossterm"><acronym class="acronym">RFC</acronym></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>&lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;equest &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;F&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;or
				&lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;C&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;omment. A common way to publish new protocol
				ideas or procedures for evaluation of the Internet community. Though
				<acronym class="acronym">RFC</acronym>s are not mandatory, many applications try to
				adhere to them, once they have been approved by the community.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; 
				More information about <acronym class="acronym">RFC</acronym>s can be found at the
				&lt;a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/" target="_top"&gt;RFC Homepage&lt;/a&gt;.</p></dd></dl></div><div class="glossdiv"><h3 class="title">Various protocols</h3><dl><dt><a name="gloss-smb"></a><span class="glossterm"><acronym class="acronym">SMB</acronym></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>&lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;erver &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;M&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;essage
				&lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;B&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;lock. A network protocol used in <span class="trademark">Microsoft</span>® <span class="trademark">Windows</span>®
				networks to access the file systems of other computers.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-ioworker"><acronym class="acronym">IO</acronym> Worker</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-irc"></a><span class="glossterm"><acronym class="acronym">IRC</acronym></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>&lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;nternet &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;elay
				&lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;C&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;hat. A protocol defined in <acronym class="acronym">RFC</acronym>
				1459, which handles the specification to enable real-time text chat.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-rfc"><acronym class="acronym">RFC</acronym></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-host"></a><span class="glossterm">Host</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>This can either be a name from your 
                        <code class="filename">/etc/hosts</code> file
			(<code class="systemitem">mycomputer</code>), 
                        an Internet name (<code class="systemitem">www.kde.org</code>) or an IP-Address 
			(<code class="systemitem">192.168.0.10</code>).
			</p></dd></dl></div><div class="glossdiv"><h3 class="title">Printing</h3><dl><dt><a name="gloss-acl"></a><span class="glossterm"><acronym class="acronym">ACLs</acronym></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Abbreviation for &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;A&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ccess
			&lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;C&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ontrol &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;L&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ists;
				ACLs are used to check for the access by a given
				(authenticated) user. A first rough support for ACLs
				for printing is available from <acronym class="acronym">CUPS</acronym>; this will be refined
				in future versions. </p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-authentication">Authentication</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-appsocketprotocol"></a><span class="glossterm">AppSocket Protocol</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>AppSocket is a protocol for the transfer of
				print data, also frequently called "Direct TCP/IP Printing".
				<span class="trademark">Hewlett-Packard</span>® have taken AppSocket, added a few minor
				extensions around it and been very successful in renaming
				and marketing it under the brand "<span class="trademark">HP</span>® JetDirect"...</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-hpjetdirectprotocol"><span class="trademark">HP</span>® JetDirect Protocol</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-directtcpipprinting">Direct TCP/IP Printing</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-authentication"></a><span class="glossterm">Authentication</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Proving the identity of a certain person (maybe via username/password
    				or by means of a certificate) is often called authentication. Once you are
				authenticated, you may or may not get access to a requested resource,
				possibly based on ACLs.</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-acl"><acronym class="acronym">ACLs</acronym></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-bidirectionalcommunication"></a><span class="glossterm">Bi-directional communication</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>In the context of printing, a server or a host may receive additional
				information sent back from the printer (status messages <abbr class="abbrev">etc.</abbr>), either
				upon a query or unrequested. AppSocket ( = <span class="trademark">HP</span>® JetDirect), <acronym class="acronym">CUPS</acronym> and IPP
				support bi-directional communication, LPR/LPD and BSD-style printing
				do not...</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-appsocketprotocol">AppSocket Protocol</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-cups"><acronym class="acronym">CUPS</acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-directtcpipprinting">Direct TCP/IP Printing</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-hpjetdirectprotocol"><span class="trademark">HP</span>® JetDirect Protocol</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-ipp"><acronym class="acronym">IPP</acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-lprlpd"><acronym class="acronym">LPR/LPD</acronym> printing</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-bsdstyleprinting"></a><span class="glossterm">BSD-style Printing</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Generic term for different variants of the traditional <span class="trademark">UNIX</span>®
				printing method. Its first version appeared in the early 70s on
				BSD <span class="trademark">UNIX</span>® and was formally described in &lt;a href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1179.txt" target="_top"&gt;RFC 1179&lt;/a&gt; only as late
				as 1990.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				At the time when BSD "remote" printing was first designed, printers
				were serially or otherwise directly connected devices to a host
				(with the Internet hardly consisting of more than 100 nodes!); printers
				used hole-punched, continuous paper, fed through by a tractor
				mechanism, with simple rows of ASCII text mechanically hammered on to
				the medium, drawn from a cardboard box beneath the table. It came out
				like a zig-zag folded paper "snake". Remote printing consisted of a
				neighboring host in the next room sending a file
				asking for printout.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				How technology has changed! Printers generally use cut-sheet media, they have
				built-in intelligence to compute the raster images of pages after pages
				that are sent to them using one of the powerful page description
				languages (PDL). Many are network nodes in their own right,
				with CPU, RAM, a hard disk and their own Operation System, and
				are hooked to a net with potentially millions of users...&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
                                It is a vast proof of the flexible <span class="trademark">UNIX</span>® concept for doing things,
				that it made "Line Printing" reliably work even under these modern
				conditions. But time has finally come now to go for something new
				-- the IPP.
				</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-ipp"><acronym class="acronym">IPP</acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-cups"><acronym class="acronym">CUPS</acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-lprlpd"><acronym class="acronym">LPR/LPD</acronym> printing</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-cups"></a><span class="glossterm"><acronym class="acronym">CUPS</acronym></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Abbreviation for &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;C&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ommon
				&lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;U&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;NIX &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;rinting
				&lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ystem; <acronym class="acronym">CUPS</acronym> is the most modern <span class="trademark">UNIX</span>® and Linux
				printing system, also providing cross-platform print services
				to <span class="trademark">Microsoft</span>® <span class="trademark">Windows</span>® and Apple <span class="trademark">macOS</span>® clients. Based on IPP, it does
				away with all the pitfalls of old-style BSD printing,
				providing authentication, encryption and ACLs, plus many more
				features. At the same time it is backward-compatible enough
				to serve all legacy clients that are not yet up to IPP, via
				LPR/LPD (BSD-style).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				<acronym class="acronym">CUPS</acronym> is able to control any <span class="trademark">PostScript</span>® printer by
				utilizing the vendor-supplied PPD (PostScript Printer
				Description file), targeted originally for <span class="trademark">Microsoft</span>® Windows NT
				printing only. <span class="orgname">KDE</span> Printing is most powerful if based on
				<acronym class="acronym">CUPS</acronym>.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				More info:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				&lt;a href="https://www.cups.org" target="_top"&gt;<acronym class="acronym">CUPS</acronym> Homepage&lt;/a&gt;</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-acl"><acronym class="acronym">ACLs</acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-authentication">Authentication</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-bsdstyleprinting">BSD-style Printing</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-ipp"><acronym class="acronym">IPP</acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-lprlpd"><acronym class="acronym">LPR/LPD</acronym> printing</a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-ppd"><acronym class="acronym">PPD</acronym></a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-cupsfaq"></a><span class="glossterm"><acronym class="acronym"><acronym class="acronym">CUPS</acronym>-FAQ</acronym></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>&lt;a href="https://www.cups.org/faq.html" target="_top"&gt;<acronym class="acronym">CUPS</acronym>-FAQ&lt;/a&gt; 
				is a valuable resource to answer many questions that anyone new to 
				<acronym class="acronym">CUPS</acronym> printing might have at first.
				</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-daemon"></a><span class="glossterm"><acronym class="acronym">Daemon</acronym></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Abbreviation for &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;D&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;isk
				&lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;a&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;nd &lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;e&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;xecution
				&lt;span class="emphasis"&gt;&lt;em&gt;mon&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;itor; <acronym class="acronym">Daemons</acronym> are present
				on all <span class="trademark">UNIX</span>® systems to perform tasks independent of user
				intervention. Readers more familiar with <span class="trademark">Microsoft</span>® <span class="trademark">Windows</span>® might
				want to compare daemons and the tasks they are responsible
				with "services".&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				One example of a daemon present on most
				legacy <span class="trademark">UNIX</span>® systems is the LPD (Line Printer Daemon); <acronym class="acronym">CUPS</acronym> is
				widely seen as the successor to LPD in the <span class="trademark">UNIX</span>® world and
				it also operates through a daemon. </p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-spooling"><acronym class="acronym">SPOOL</acronym>ing</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-databaselinuxprinting"></a><span class="glossterm">Database, Linuxprinting.org</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Already years ago, when Linux printing was still really difficult
				(only command line printing was known to most Linux users, no device
				specific print options were available for doing the jobs), Grant Taylor, 
				author of the "Linux Printing HOWTO", collected most of the available
				information about printers, drivers and filters in his database.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				With the emerging
				<acronym class="acronym">CUPS</acronym> concept, extending the use of PPDs even to non-PostScript printers,
				he realized the potential of this database: if one puts the different
				datablobs (with content that could be described along the lines
				"Which device prints with which Ghostscript or other
				filter?", "How well?", and "What command line switches are available?") into
				PPD-compatible files, he could have all the power of <acronym class="acronym">CUPS</acronym> on top of
				the traditional printer "drivers".&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				This has now developed into a broader
				concept, known as "Foomatic". Foomatic extends the capabilities
				of spoolers other than <acronym class="acronym">CUPS</acronym> (LPR/LPD, LPRng, PDQ, PPR) to a certain
				degree ("stealing" some concepts from <acronym class="acronym">CUPS</acronym>). The Linuxprinting
				Database is not a Linux-only stop -- people running other <span class="trademark">UNIX</span>®
 				based OSes (like *BSD or macOS®) will also find valuable information
				and software there.

See Also Foomatic, Linuxprinting.org Database.

Direct TCP/IP Printing

This is a method that often uses TCP/IP port 9100 to connect
				to the printer. It works with many modern network printers and has
				a few advantages over LPR/LPD, as it is faster and provides some 
				"backchannel feedback data" from the printer to the host sending
				the job.

See Also AppSocket Protocol, HP® JetDirect Protocol.

Drivers, Printer Drivers

The term "printer drivers", used in the same sense
				as on the Microsoft® Windows® platform, is not entirely applicable
				to a Linux or UNIX® platform. A "driver" functionality
				is supplied on UNIX® by different modular components working
				together. At the core of the printer drivers are "filters". Filters convert
				print files from a given input format to another format that is acceptable
				to the target printer. In many cases filters may be connected to a whole
				filter "chain", where only the result of the last conversion is sent to the
				printer. The actual transfer of the print data to the device is performed by
				a "backend".

See Also Filter, PPD.

Encryption

Encryption of confidential data is an all-important issue if
				you transfer it over the Internet or even within intranets.</p><p>
				Printing
				via traditional protocols is not encrypted at all -- it is very easy
				to tap and eavesdrop e.g. into PostScript® or PCL data transferred
				over the wire.</p><p>
				Therefore, in the design of IPP, provision was made for the easy
				plugin of encryption mechanisms (which can be provided by the same
				means as the encryption standards for HTTP traffic: SSL and TLS).

See Also Authentication, CUPS, IPP, SSL(3) encryption, TLS encryption.

Epson

Epson inkjets are among the best supported models by Free software
				drivers, as the company was not necessarily as secretive about their
				devices and handed technical specification documents to developers.
				The excellent print quality achieved by Gimp-Print on the Stylus
				series of printers can be attributed to this openness.

Escape Sequences

The first ever printers printed ASCII data only. To
				initiate a new line, or eject a page, they included special
				command sequences, often carrying a leading [ESC]-character.
				HP® evolved this concept through its series of PCL language
				editions until today, having now developed a full-blown
				Page Description Language (PDL) from these humble beginnings.

See Also PCL, PDL.

ESC/P

Abbreviation for <span class="emphasis"><em>E</em></span>pson
				<span class="emphasis"><em>S</em></span>tandard <span class="emphasis"><em>C</em></span>odes for
				<span class="emphasis"><em>P</em></span>rinters. Besides PostScript® and PCL, Epson's ESC/P
				printer language is one of the best known.

See Also PCL, PostScript®, HP®/GL.

Filter

Filters, in general, are programs that take some input
				data, work on it and pass it on as their output data. Filters
				may or may not change the data.</p><p>
				Filters in the context of printing, are programs that convert
				a given file (destined for printing, but not suitable in the
				format it is presently) into a printable format. Sometimes
				whole "filter chains" have to be constructed to achieve the
				goal, piping the output of one filter as the input to the next.

See Also Ghostscript, RIP.

Foomatic

Foomatic started out as the wrapper name for a set of
				different tools available from <a href="https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/openprinting/database/foomatic" target="_top">Linuxprinting.org</a>
				These tools aimed to make the usage of traditional
				Ghostscript and other print filters easier for users and
				extend the filters' capabilities by adding more command line
				switches or explain the driver's execution data.</p><p>
				More recently, Foomatic gravitated towards becoming a "meta-spooling"
				system, that allows configuration of the underlying print subsystem
				through a unified set of commands (however, this is much more
				complicated than KDE printing GUI interface, which performs a similar
				task with regards to different print subsystems). 

Ghostscript

Ghostscript is a an interpreter for the PostScript® language and for PDF or Raster Image Processor (RIP) in software, originally developed by L. Peter Deutsch. There is always a GPL version
				of Ghostscript available for free usage and distribution.
				Ghostscript is widely used inside the Linux and UNIX® world
				for transforming PostScript® into raster data suitable
				for sending to non-PostScript® devices.
				More info:
				<a href="https://www.ghostscript.com/" target="_top">Ghostscript Homepage</a>

See Also PostScript®, RIP.

Gimp-Print

Contrary to its name, Gimp-Print is no longer
				just the plugin to be used for printing from the popular
				Gimp program -- its codebase can also serve to be compiled
				into...</p><p>
				...a set of PPDs and associated filters that integrate seamlessly
				into CUPS, supporting around 130 different printer models, providing
				photographic output quality in many cases;</p><p>
				...a Ghostscript filter that can be used with any other
				program that needs a software-RIP;</p><p>
				...a library that can be used by other software applications
				in need of rasterization functions.

See Also Lexmark, RIP, Ghostscript.

HP®

Abbreviation for <span class="emphasis"><em>H</em></span>ewlett-<span class="emphasis"><em>Packard</em></span>;
				one of the first companies to distribute their own Linux printer
				drivers. -- More recently, the Company has released their
				"HPIJS" package of drivers, including source code and a Free license. 
				This is the first printer manufacturer to do so. HPIJS supports most
				current models of HP Ink- and DeskJets.

HP®/GL

Abbreviation for <span class="emphasis"><em>HP®</em></span>
				<span class="emphasis"><em>G</em></span>raphical <span class="emphasis"><em>L</em></span>anguage;
				a HP® printer language mainly used for plotters; many CAD
				(Computer Aided Design) software programs output HP®/GL files for
				printing.

See Also ESC/P, PCL, PostScript®.

HP® JetDirect Protocol

A term branded by HP® to describe their implementation
				of print data transfer to the printer via an otherwise "AppSocket" or
				"Direct TCP/IP Printing" named protocol.

See Also AppSocket Protocol, Direct TCP/IP Printing.

IETF

Abbreviation for <span class="emphasis"><em>I</em></span>nternet
				<span class="emphasis"><em>E</em></span>ngineering <span class="emphasis"><em>T</em></span>ask
				<span class="emphasis"><em>F</em></span>orce; an assembly of Internet, software
				and hardware experts that discuss
				new networking technologies and very often arrive at
				conclusions that are regarded by many as standards. "TCP/IP"
				is the most famous example.</p><p>
				IETF standards, as well as
				drafts, discussions, ideas and useful tutorials, are
				put in writing in the famous series of "RFCs", which
				are available to the public and included in most Linux and
				BSD distributions.

See Also IPP, PWG, RFC.

IPP

Abbreviation for <span class="emphasis"><em>I</em></span>nternet
				<span class="emphasis"><em>P</em></span>rinting <span class="emphasis"><em>P</em></span>rotocol;
				defined in a series of RFCs accepted by the IETF with
				status "proposed standard"; was designed
				by the PWG. -- IPP is a completely new design for network printing,
				but it utilizes a very well-known and proven method for the
				actual data transfer: HTTP 1.1! By not "re-inventing the wheel",
				and basing itself on an existing and robust Internet standard,
				IPP is able to relatively easily bolt other HTTP-compatible standard
				mechanisms into its framework:</p><p>

				Basic, Digest or Certificate authentication mechanisms&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				SSL or TLS for encryption of transferred data&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
				LDAP for directory services (to publish
					data on printers, device-options, drivers, costs
					to the network; or to check for passwords while
					conducting authentication)
				</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-cups"><acronym class="acronym">CUPS</acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-pwg"><acronym class="acronym">PWG</acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-ietf"><acronym class="acronym">IETF</acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-rfc"><acronym class="acronym">RFC</acronym></a>, <a class="glossseealso" href="index.html#gloss-tls"><acronym class="acronym">TLS</acronym> encryption</a>.</p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-lexmark"></a><span class="glossterm"><acronym class="acronym">Lexmark</acronym></span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>was one of the first companies to distribute their own Linux printer
				drivers for some of their models. However, those drivers are binary only
				(no source code available), and therefore cannot be used to integrate into
				other Free printing software projects.  
				 </p></dd><dt><a name="gloss-linuxprintingorg"></a><span class="glossterm">Linuxprinting.org</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>Linuxprinting.org = not just for Linux; all <span class="trademark">UNIX</span>®-like OS-es,
				like *BSD and commercial Unices may find useful printing
				information on this site. This web site is the home for the interesting 
				Foomatic project, that strives to develop the "Meta Print Spool and Driver
  				Configuration Toolset" (being able to configure, through one common
				interface, different print subsystems and their required drivers) with the
				ability to transfer all queues, printers and configuration files seamlessly
				to another spooler without new configuration effort. -- Also, they maintain
				the Printing Database; a collection of driver and device information that
				enables everybody to find the most current information about printer models,
				and also generate online the configuration files for any
				spooler/driver/device combo known to work with one of the common Linux or
				UNIX® print subsystems.	

See Also Linuxprinting.org Database.

Linuxprinting.org Database

<a href="https://www.openprinting.org/printers" target="_top">Database</a> containing printers and drivers that are suitable for them.
				More info:
				<a href="https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/openprinting/database/indexfaq" target="_top">Linuxprinting.org FAQ</a>

See Also Foomatic.

LPR/LPD printing

LPR == some people translate <span class="emphasis"><em>L</em></span>ine
				<span class="emphasis"><em>P</em></span>rinting <span class="emphasis"><em>R</em></span>equest, others:
				<span class="emphasis"><em>L</em></span>ine <span class="emphasis"><em>P</em></span>rinter
				<span class="emphasis"><em>R</em></span>emote.

See Also BSD-style Printing.

MIME-Types

Abbreviation for <span class="emphasis"><em>M</em></span>ultipurpose (or
				Multimedia) <span class="emphasis"><em>I</em></span>nternet <span class="emphasis"><em>M</em></span>ail
				<span class="emphasis"><em>E</em></span>xtensions; MIME-Types were first used to allow
				the transport of binary data (like mail attachments containing
				graphics) over mail connections that were normally only transmitting
				ASCII characters: the data had to be encoded into an ASCII representation.</p><p>
				Later this concept was extended to describe a data format in
				a platform independent, but at the same time non-ambiguous, way.
				From Windows® everybody knows the .doc extensions for Microsoft® Word files.
				This is handled ambiguously on the Windows® platform: .doc extensions are also
				used for simple text files or for Adobe Framemaker files. And if a real
				Word file is renamed with a different extension, it can no longer be
				opened by the program.</p><p>
				MIME typed files carry a recognition string with them, describing
				their file format based on <span class="emphasis"><em>main_category/sub_category</em></span>.
				Inside IPP, print files are also described using the MIME type scheme.
				MIME types are registered with the IANA (Internet Assigning Numbers
				<span class="emphasis"><em>Association</em></span>) to keep them unambiguous.</p><p>
				CUPS has some MIME types of its own registered, like
				<span class="emphasis"><em>application/vnd.cups-raster</em></span> (for the CUPS-internal
				raster image format).

See Also CUPS, Gimp-Print.

PCL

Abbreviation for <span class="emphasis"><em>P</em></span>rinter
				<span class="emphasis"><em>C</em></span>ontrol <span class="emphasis"><em>L</em></span>anguage;
				developed by HP®. PCL started off in version 1 as a simple
				command set for ASCII printing; now,
				in its versions PCL6 and PCL-X, it is capable of printing graphics
				and color -- but outside the Microsoft® Windows® realm and HP-UX® 
				(HP®'s own brand of UNIX®), it is not commonly used...

See Also ESC/P, HP®/GL, PDL, PostScript®.

PDL

Abbreviation for <span class="emphasis"><em>P</em></span>age
				<span class="emphasis"><em>D</em></span>escription <span class="emphasis"><em>L</em></span>anguage;
				PDLs describe, in an abstract way, the graphical representation
				of a page. - Before it is actually transferred into
				toner or ink laid down on to paper, a PDL needs to be
				"interpreted" first. In UNIX®, the most important PDL
				is PostScript®.

See Also ESC/P, HP®/GL, PCL, PostScript®.

Pixel

Abbreviation for <span class="emphasis"><em>Pic</em></span>ture
				<span class="emphasis"><em>El</em></span>ement; this term describes the smallest
				part of a raster picture (either as printed on paper
				or as displayed on a monitor by cathode rays or LCD elements). As
				any graphical or image representation on those types of output
				devices is composed of pixels, the values of "ppi" (pixel per inch)
				and dpi (dots per inch) are one important parameter for the
				overall quality and resolution of an image.

See Also Filter, Ghostscript, PostScript®, Raster Image.

PJL

Abbreviation for <span class="emphasis"><em>P</em></span>rint
				<span class="emphasis"><em>J</em></span>ob <span class="emphasis"><em>L</em></span>anguage;
				developed by HP® to control and influence default and per-job
				settings of a printer. It may not only be used
				for HP®'s own (PCL-)printers; also many PostScript®
				and other printers understand PJL commands sent to them
				inside a print job, or in a separate signal.

See Also PCL.

PostScript®

PostScript® (often shortened to "PS") is the de-facto
				standard in the UNIX® world for printing files. It was
				developed by Adobe and licensed to printer manufacturers 
				and software companies.</p><p>
				As the PostScript® specifications were
				published by Adobe, there are also "Third Party" implementations
				of PostScript® generating and PostScript® interpreting software
				available (one of the best-known in the Free software world
				being Ghostscript, a powerful PS-interpreter).

See Also ESC/P, HP®/GL, PCL, PPD.

PPD

Abbreviation for <span class="emphasis"><em>P</em></span>ostScript
				<span class="emphasis"><em>P</em></span>rinter <span class="emphasis"><em>D</em></span>escription;
				PPDs are ASCII files storing all information about the special
				capabilities of a printer, plus definitions of the (PostScript-
				or PJL-) commands to call on a certain capability (like print
				duplexing).</p><p>
				As the explanation of the acronym reveals, PPDs were originally
				only used for PostScript® printers. CUPS has extended the
				PPD concept to all types of printers.</p><p>
				PPDs for PostScript® printers are provided by the printer
				vendors. They can be used with CUPS and KDE printing subsystem to have access
				to the full features of any PostScript® printer. The KDE Team
				recommends using a PPD originally intended for use with
				Microsoft® Windows NT.</p><p>
				PPDs for non-PostScript printers <span class="emphasis"><em>need</em></span> a
				companion "filter" to process the PostScript® print files into
				a format digestible for the non-PostScript target device. Those
				PPD/filter combos are not (yet) available from the vendors. After
				the initiative by the CUPS developers to utilize PPDs, the Free
				Software community was creative enough to quickly come up with
				support for most of the currently used printer models, through
				PPDs and classical Ghostscript filters. But note: the printout
				quality varies from "hi-quality photographic output" (using
				Gimp-Print with most Epson inkjets) to "hardly readable" (using
				Foomatic-enabled Ghostscript filters for models rated as
				"paperweight" in the Linuxprinting.org database).

See Also CUPS, Linuxprinting.org, PostScript®.

printcap

In BSD-style print systems, the "printcap" file holds
				the configuration information; the printing daemon reads this file
				to determine which printers are available, what filters are to be
				user for each, where the spooling folder is located,
				if there are banner pages to be used, and so on...
				Some applications also depend on read access to the printcap 
				file, to obtain the names of available printers. 

See Also BSD-style Printing.

Printer-MIB

Abbreviation for
				<span class="emphasis"><em>Printer</em></span>-<span class="emphasis"><em>M</em></span>anagement
				<span class="emphasis"><em>I</em></span>nformation <span class="emphasis"><em>B</em></span>ase; the
				Printer-MIB defines a set of parameters that are to be
				stored inside the printer for access
				through the network. This is useful if many (in some cases, literally 
				thousands) network printers are managed centrally
				with the help of SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol).

See Also PWG, SNMP.

PWG

Abbreviation for
				<span class="emphasis"><em>P</em></span>rinter <span class="emphasis"><em>W</em></span>orking
				<span class="emphasis"><em>G</em></span>roup; the PWG is a loose grouping of
				representatives of the printer industry that has, in the past
				years, developed different standards
				in relation to network printing. These were later accepted by the
				IETF as RFC standards, like the "Printer-MIB" and the IPP.

See Also PostScript®, IPP, Printer-MIB, SNMP.

Printer Database

Good database of printer drivers can be found at <a href="https://www.openprinting.org/printers" target="_top">https://www.openprinting.org/printers</a>.

See Also Linuxprinting.org Database.

Raster Image

Every picture on a physical medium
				is composed of a pattern of discrete dots in different colors and (maybe)
				sizes. This is called a "raster image".</p><p>
				This is as opposed to a "vector image"
				where the graphic is described in terms of continuous curves, shades,
				forms and filled areas, represented by mathematical formula. Vector images
				normally have a smaller file size and may be scaled in size 
				without any loss of information and quality --- but they cannot be
				output directly, but always have to be "rendered" or "rasterized"
				first to the given resolution that the output device is capable of...</p><p>
				The rasterization is done by a Raster Image Processor (RIP,
				often the Ghostscript software) or some other filtering
				instance.

See Also Pixel, Ghostscript, PostScript®, Filter, RIP.

RIP

Abbreviation for
				<span class="emphasis"><em>R</em></span>aster <span class="emphasis"><em>I</em></span>mage
				<span class="emphasis"><em>P</em></span>rocess(or); if used in the context of
				printing, "RIP" means a hardware or software
				instance that converts PostScript® (or other print formats
				that are represented in one of the non-Raster PDLs) into a
				raster image format in such a way that it is acceptable
				for the "marking engine" of the printer.</p><p>
				PostScript® printers
				contain their own PostScript-RIPs. A RIP may or may not be located 
				inside a printer.</p><p>
				For many UNIX® systems, Ghostscript is the package that provides
				a "RIP in software", running on the host computer, and pre-digesting
				the PostScript® or other data to become ready to be sent to the
				printing device (hence you may perceive a "grain of truth" in the
				slogan "Ghostscript turns your printer into a PostScript®
				machine", which of course is not correct in the true sense of the
				meaning).

See Also Filter, Ghostscript, PostScript®, PDL, Raster Image.

RLPR (Remote LPR)

Abbreviation for <span class="emphasis"><em>R</em></span>emote
				<span class="emphasis"><em>L</em></span>ine <span class="emphasis"><em>P</em></span>rinting
				<span class="emphasis"><em>R</em></span>equest; this is a BSD-style printing system,
				that needs no root privileges to be installed, and no "printcap" to
				work: all parameters may be specified on the command
				line.</p><p>
				RLPR comes in handy for many laptop users who are
				working in frequently changing environments. This is because it
				may be installed concurrently with every other printing
				sub system, and allows a very flexible and quick
				way to install a printer for direct access via LPR/LPD.

See Also printcap.

SNMP

Abbreviation for <span class="emphasis"><em>S</em></span>imple
				<span class="emphasis"><em>N</em></span>etwork <span class="emphasis"><em>M</em></span>anagement
				<span class="emphasis"><em>P</em></span>rotocol; SNMP is widely used to control
				all types of network node (Hosts, Routers, Switches, Gateways,
				Printers...) remotely.

See Also PWG, Printer-MIB.

SSL(3) encryption

Abbreviation for <span class="emphasis"><em>S</em></span>ecure
				<span class="emphasis"><em>S</em></span>ocket <span class="emphasis"><em>L</em></span>ayer;
				SSL is a proprietary encryption method for data
				transfer over HTTP that was developed by Netscape. It is now being 
				replaced by an IETF standard named TLS.

See Also TLS encryption.

SPOOLing

Abbreviation for <span class="emphasis"><em>S</em></span>ynchronous
				<span class="emphasis"><em>P</em></span>eripheral <span class="emphasis"><em>O</em></span>perations
				<span class="emphasis"><em>O</em></span>n<span class="emphasis"><em>L</em></span>ine;
				SPOOLing enables printing applications
				(and users) to continue their work
                                as the job is being taken care of by a system daemon,
				which stores the file at a temporary location until the printer is ready
				to print. 

See Also Daemon.

TLS encryption

Abbreviation for <span class="emphasis"><em>T</em></span>ransport
				<span class="emphasis"><em>L</em></span>ayer <span class="emphasis"><em>S</em></span>ecurity;
				TLS is an encryption standard for
				data transferred over HTTP 1.1; it is defined in RFC 2246;
				although based on the former SSL development
				(from Netscape) it is not fully compatible with it.

See Also SSL(3) encryption.

System V-style printing

This is the second flavor of traditional UNIX®
				printing (as opposed to BSD-style printing). It uses
				a different command set (lp, lpadmin,...) to BSD,
				but is not fundamentally different from it. However, the 
				gap between the two is big enough to make the two
				incompatible, so that a BSD-client cannot simply print
				to a System V style print server without additional
				tweaking... IPP is supposed to resolve this weakness
				and more.

See Also BSD-style Printing, IPP.

TurboPrint

Shareware software providing photo quality printing for many
				inkjet printers. It is useful if you are unable to find a driver for your
				printer and may be hooked into either a traditional Ghostscript system
				or a modern CUPS system.

See Also Gimp-Print.

XPP

Abbreviation for <span class="emphasis"><em>X</em></span>
				<span class="emphasis"><em>P</em></span>rinting <span class="emphasis"><em>P</em></span>anel;
				XPP was the first Free
				graphical print command for CUPS, written by Till Kamppeter,
				and in some ways a model for the "kprinter" utility in KDE 3.

