# criterion performance measurements

## overview

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## ByteString/HashMap/random

| lower bound | estimate | upper bound
--- | --- | --- | ---
OLS regression | xxx | xxx | xxx
R² goodness-of-fit | xxx | xxx | xxx
Mean execution time | 5.54613319607341e-3 | 5.621667703915931e-3 | 5.713526073454561e-3
Standard deviation | 1.972562820146363e-4 | 2.494938876886024e-4 | 3.1487131555210624e-4

Outlying measurements have moderate (0.21993690418913867%) effect on estimated standard deviation.

## understanding this report

In this report, each function benchmarked by criterion is assigned a section of its own. The charts in each section are active; if you hover your mouse over data points and annotations, you will see more details.

- The chart on the left is a kernel density estimate (also known as a KDE) of time measurements. This graphs the probability of any given time measurement occurring. A spike indicates that a measurement of a particular time occurred; its height indicates how often that measurement was repeated.
- The chart on the right is the raw data from which the kernel density estimate is built. The x axis indicates the number of loop iterations, while the y axis shows measured execution time for the given number of loop iterations. The line behind the values is the linear regression prediction of execution time for a given number of iterations. Ideally, all measurements will be on (or very near) this line.

Under the charts is a small table. The first two rows are the results of a linear regression run on the measurements displayed in the right-hand chart.

- OLS regression indicates the time estimated for a single loop iteration using an ordinary least-squares regression model. This number is more accurate than the mean estimate below it, as it more effectively eliminates measurement overhead and other constant factors.
- R² goodness-of-fit is a measure of how accurately the linear regression model fits the observed measurements. If the measurements are not too noisy, R² should lie between 0.99 and 1, indicating an excellent fit. If the number is below 0.99, something is confounding the accuracy of the linear model.
- Mean execution time and standard deviation are statistics calculated from execution time divided by number of iterations.

We use a statistical technique called the bootstrap to provide confidence intervals on our estimates. The bootstrap-derived upper and lower bounds on estimates let you see how accurate we believe those estimates to be. (Hover the mouse over the table headers to see the confidence levels.)

A noisy benchmarking environment can cause some or many measurements to fall far from the mean. These outlying measurements can have a significant inflationary effect on the estimate of the standard deviation. We calculate and display an estimate of the extent to which the standard deviation has been inflated by outliers.