### 7.14 Term input/output

- `read_term/3`, `read_term/2`, `read/2`, `read/1`
- `read_atom/2`, `read_atom/1`, `read_integer/2`, `read_integer/1`,
  `read_number/2`, `read_number/1`
- `read_token/2`, `read_token/1`
- `syntax_error_info/4`
- `last_read_start_line_column/2`
- `write_term/3`, `write_term/2`, `write/2`, `write/1`, `writeq/2`, `writeq/1`,
  `write_canonical/2`, `write_canonical/1`, `display/2`, `display/1`, `print/2`,
  `print/1`
- `format/3`, `format/2`
- `portray_clause/2`, `portray_clause/1`
- `get_print_stream/1`
- `op/3`
- `current_op/3`
- `char_conversion/2`
- `current_char_conversion/2`

These built-in predicates enable a Prolog term to be input from or output to a text stream. The atom `end_of_file` is returned as term to indicate the end-of-file. The syntax of such terms can also be altered by changing the operators (section 7.14.10), and making some characters equivalent to others (section 7.14.12) if the `char_conversion` Prolog flag is `on` (section 7.22.1). Double quoted tokens will be returned as an atom or a character list or a character code list depending on the value of the `double_quotes` Prolog flag (section 7.22.1). Similarly, back quoted tokens are returned depending on the value of the `back_quotes` Prolog flag.

#### 7.14.1 `read_term/3`, `read_term/2`, `read/2`, `read/1`

Templates

  `read_term(+stream_or_alias, ?term, +read_option_list)
  read_term(?term, +read_option_list)
  read(+stream_or_alias, ?term)
  read(?term)`

Description

`read_term(SorA, Term, Options)` is true if `Term` unifies with the next term read from the stream associated with the stream-term or alias `SorA` according to the options given by `Options`.

Read options: `Options` is a list of read options. If this list contains contradictory options, the rightmost option is the one which applies. Possible options are:

- `variables(VL)`: `VL` is unified with the list of all variables of the input term, in left-to-right traversal order. Anonymous variables are included in the list `VL`.
- `variable_names(VNL)`: `VNL` is unified with the list of pairs `Name = Var` where `Var` is a named variable of the term and `Name` is the atom associated with the name of `Var`. Anonymous variables are not included in the list `VNL`.
- `singletons(SL)`: `SL` is unified with the list of pairs `Name = Var` where `Var` is a named variable which occurs only once in the term and `Name` is the atom associated to the name of `Var`. Anonymous variables are not included in the list `SL`.
- `syntax_error(error`/`warning`/`fail)`: specifies the effect of a syntax error:
  - `error`: a `syntax_error` is raised.
  - `warning`: a warning message is displayed and the predicate fails.
  - `fail`: the predicate quietly fails.

  The default value is the value of the `syntax_error` Prolog flag (section 7.22.1).

- `end_of_term(dot`/`eof)`: specifies the end-of-term delimiter: `dot` is the classical full-stop delimiter (a dot followed with a layout character), `eof` is the end-of-file delimiter. This option is useful for predicates like `read_term_from_atom/3` (section 7.15.1) to avoid to add a terminal dot at the end of the atom. The default value is `dot`.

`read(SorA, Term)` is equivalent to `read_term(SorA, Term, [])`.

`read_term/2` and `read/1` apply to the current input stream.

Errors

`SorA` is a variable |  | `instantiation_error`
`Options` is a partial list or a list with an element `E` which is a variable |  | `instantiation_error`
`SorA` is neither a variable nor a stream-term or alias |  | `domain_error(stream_or_alias, SorA)`
`Options` is neither a partial list nor a list |  | `type_error(list, Options)`
an element `E` of the `Options` list is neither a variable nor a valid read option |  | `domain_error(read_option, E)`
`SorA` is not associated with an open stream |  | `existence_error(stream, SorA)`
`SorA` is an output stream |  | `permission_error(input, stream, SorA)`
`SorA` is associated with a binary stream |  | `permission_error(input, binary_stream, SorA)`
`SorA` has stream properties `end_of_stream(past)` and `eof_action(error)` |  | `permission_error(input, past_end_of_stream, SorA)`
a syntax error occurs and the value of the `syntax_error` Prolog flag is `error` (section 7.22.1) |  | `syntax_error(atom explaining the error)`

Portability

ISO predicates. The ISO reference raises a `representation_error(Flag)` where `Flag` is `max_arity`,`max_integer`, or`min_integer` when the read term breaches an implementation defined limit specified by `Flag`. GNU Prolog detects neither `min_integer` nor `max_integer` violation and treats a `max_arity` violation as a syntax error. The read options `syntax_error/1` and `end_of_term/1` are GNU Prolog extensions.

#### 7.14.2 `read_atom/2`, `read_atom/1`, `read_integer/2`, `read_integer/1`,
`read_number/2`, `read_number/1`

Templates

  `read_atom(+stream_or_alias, ?atom)
  read_atom(?atom)
  read_integer(+stream_or_alias, ?integer)
  read_integer(?integer)
  read_number(+stream_or_alias, ?number)
  read_number(?number)`

Description

`read_atom(SorA, Atom)` succeeds if `Atom` unifies with the next atom read from the stream associated with the stream-term or alias `SorA`.

`read_integer(SorA, Integer)` succeeds if `Integer` unifies with the next integer read from the stream associated with the stream-term or alias `SorA`.

`read_number(SorA, Number)` succeeds if `Number` unifies with the next number (integer or floating point number) read from the stream associated with the stream-term or alias `SorA`.

`read_atom/1`, `read_integer/1` and `read_number/1` apply to the current input stream.

Errors

`SorA` is a variable |  | `instantiation_error`
`Atom` is neither a variable nor an atom |  | `type_error(atom, Atom)`
`Integer` is neither a variable nor an integer |  | `type_error(integer, Integer)`
`Number` is neither a variable nor a number |  | `type_error(number, Number)`
`SorA` is neither a variable nor a stream-term or alias |  | `domain_error(stream_or_alias, SorA)`
`SorA` is not associated with an open stream |  | `existence_error(stream, SorA)`
`SorA` is an output stream |  | `permission_error(input, stream, SorA)`
`SorA` is associated with a binary stream |  | `permission_error(input, binary_stream, SorA)`
`SorA` has stream properties `end_of_stream(past)` and `eof_action(error)` |  | `permission_error(input, past_end_of_stream, SorA)`
a syntax error occurs and the value of the `syntax_error` Prolog flag is `error` (section 7.22.1) |  | `syntax_error(atom explaining the error)`

Portability

GNU Prolog predicates.

#### 7.14.3 `read_token/2`, `read_token/1`

Templates

  `read_token(+stream_or_alias, ?nonvar)
  read_token(?nonvar)`

Description

`read_token(SorA, Token)` succeeds if `Token` unifies with the encoding of the next Prolog token read from the stream associated with stream-term or alias `SorA`.

Token encoding:

- `var(A)`: a variable is read whose name is the atom `A`.
- an atom `A`: an atom `A` is read.
- integer `N`: an integer `N` is read.
- floating point number `N`: a floating point number `N` is read.
- `string(A)`: a string (double quoted item) is read whose characters forms the atom `A`.
- `punct(P)`: a punctuation character `P` is read (`P` is a one-character atom in `()[]{|}`, the atom `full_stop` or the atom `end_of_file`).
- `back_quotes(A)`: a back quoted item is read whose characters forms the atom `A`.
- `extended(A)`: an extended character `A` (an atom) is read.

As for `read_term/3`, the behavior of `read_token/2` can be affected by some Prolog flags (section 7.14).

`read_token/1` applies to the current input stream.

Errors

`SorA` is a variable |  | `instantiation_error`
`SorA` is neither a variable nor a stream-term or alias |  | `domain_error(stream_or_alias, SorA)`
`SorA` is not associated with an open stream |  | `existence_error(stream, SorA)`
`SorA` is an output stream |  | `permission_error(input, stream, SorA)`
`SorA` is associated with a binary stream |  | `permission_error(input, binary_stream, SorA)`
`SorA` has stream properties `end_of_stream(past)` and `eof_action(error)` |  | `permission_error(input, past_end_of_stream, SorA)`
a syntax error occurs and the value of the `syntax_error` Prolog flag is `error` (section 7.22.1) |  | `syntax_error(atom explaining the error)`

Portability

GNU Prolog predicates.

#### 7.14.4 `syntax_error_info/4`

Templates

  `syntax_error_info(?atom, ?integer, ?integer, ?atom)`

Description

`syntax_error_info(FileName, Line, Column, Error)` returns the information associated with the last syntax error. `Line` is the line number of the error, `Column` is the column number of the error and `Error` is an atom explaining the error.

Errors

`FileName` is neither a variable nor an atom |  | `type_error(atom, FileName)`
`Line` is neither a variable nor an integer |  | `type_error(integer, Line)`
`Column` is neither a variable nor an integer |  | `type_error(integer, Column)`
`Error` is neither a variable nor an atom |  | `type_error(atom, Error)`

Portability

GNU Prolog predicate.

#### 7.14.5 `last_read_start_line_column/2`

Templates

  `last_read_start_line_column(?integer, ?integer)`

Description

`last_read_start_line_column(Line, Column)` unifies `Line` and `Column` with the line number and the column number associated with the start of the last read predicate. This predicate can be used after calling one of the following predicates: `read_term/3`, `read_term/2`, `read/2`, `read/1` (section 7.14.1), `read_atom/2`, `read_atom/1`, `read_integer/2`, `read_integer/1`, `read_number/2`, `read_number/1` (section 7.14.2) or `read_token/2`, `read_token/1` (section 7.14.3).

Errors

`Line` is neither a variable nor an integer |  | `type_error(integer, Line)`
`Column` is neither a variable nor an integer |  | `type_error(integer, Column)`

Portability

GNU Prolog predicate.

#### 7.14.6 `write_term/3`, `write_term/2`, `write/2`, `write/1`, `writeq/2`, `writeq/1`,
`write_canonical/2`, `write_canonical/1`, `display/2`, `display/1`, `print/2`,
`print/1`

Templates

  `write_term(+stream_or_alias, ?term, +write_option_list)
  write_term(?term, +write_option_list)
  write(+stream_or_alias, ?term)
  write(?term)
  writeq(+stream_or_alias, ?term)
  writeq(?term)
  write_canonical(+stream_or_alias, ?term)
  write_canonical(?term)
  display(+stream_or_alias, ?term)
  display(?term)
  print(+stream_or_alias, ?term)
  print(?term)`

Description

`write_term(SorA, Term, Options)` writes `Term` to the stream associated with the stream-term or alias `SorA` according to the options given by `Options`.

Write options: `Options` is a list of write options. If this list contains contradictory options, the rightmost option is the one which applies. Possible options are:

- `quoted(true`/`false)`: if `true` each atom and functor is quoted if this would be necessary for the term to be input by `read_term/3`. If `false` no extra quotes are written. The default value is `false`.
- `ignore_ops(true`/`false)`: if `true` each compound term is output in functional notation (neither operator notation nor list notation is used). If `false` operator and list notations are used. The default value is `false`.
- `numbervars(true`/`false)`: if `true` a term of the form `’$VAR’(N)`, where `N` is an integer, is output as a variable name (see below). If `false` such a term is output normally (according to the other options). The default value is `true`.
- `namevars(true`/`false)`: if `true` a term of the form `’$VARNAME’(Name)`, where `Name` is an atom, is output as a variable name (see below). If `false` such a term is output normally (according to the other options). The default value is `true`.
- `space_args(true`/`false)`: if `true` an extra space character is emitted after each comma separating the arguments of a compound term in functional notation or of a list. If `false` no extra space is emitted. The default value is `false`.
- `portrayed(true`/`false)`: if `true` and if there exists a predicate `portray/1`, `write_term/3` acts as follows: if `Term` is a variable it is simply written. If `Term` is non-variable then it is passed to `portray/1`. If this succeeds then it is assumed that `Term` has been output. Otherwise `write_term/3` outputs the principal functor of `Term` (`Term` itself if it is atomic) according to other options and recursively calls `portray/1` on the components of `Term` (if it is a compound term). With `ignore_ops(false)` a list is first passed to `portray/1` and only if this call fails each element of the list is passed to `portray/1` (thus every sub-list is not passed). The default value is `false`.
- `max_depth(N)`: controls the depth of output for compound terms. `N` is an integer specifying the depth. The output of a term whose depth is greater than `N` gives rise to the output of `...` (3 dots). By default there is no depth limit.
- `priority(N)`: specifies the starting priority to output the term. This option controls if `Term` should be enclosed in brackets. `N` is a positive integer ≤ 1200. By default `N` = 1200.

Variable numbering: when the `numbervars(true)` option is passed to `write_term/3` any term of the form `’$VAR’(N)` where `N` is an integer is output as a variable name consisting of a capital letter possibly followed by an integer. The capital letter is the `(I+1)`th letter of the alphabet and the integer is `J`, where `I = N mod 26` and `J = N // 26`. The integer `J` is omitted if it is zero. For example:

  `’$VAR’(0)` |  | is written as `A`
  `’$VAR’(1)` |  | is written as `B`
  `...`
  `’$VAR’(25)` |  | is written as `Z`
  `’$VAR’(26)` |  | is written as `A1`
  `’$VAR’(27)` |  | is written as `B1`

Variable naming: when the `namevars(true)` option is passed to `write_term/3` any term of the form `’$VARNAME’(Name)` where `Name` is an atom is output as a variable name consisting of the characters `Name`. For example: `’$VARNAME’(’A’)` is written as `A` (even in the presence of the `quoted(true)` option).

`write(SorA, Term)` is equivalent to `write_term(SorA, Term, [])`.

`writeq(SorA, Term)` is equivalent to `write_term(SorA, Term, [quoted(true)])`.

`write_canonical(SorA, Term)` is equivalent to `write_term(SorA, Term, [quoted(true),
ignore_ops(true), numbervars(false)])`.

`display(SorA, Term)` is equivalent to `write_term(SorA, Term, [ignore_ops(true),
numbervars(false)])`.

`print(SorA, Term)` is equivalent to `write_term(SorA, Term, [numbervars(false),
portrayed(true)])`.

`write_term/2`, `write/1`, `writeq/1`, `write_canonical/1`, `display/1` and `print/1` apply to the current output stream.

Errors

`SorA` is a variable |  | `instantiation_error`
`Options` is a partial list or a list with an element `E` which is a variable |  | `instantiation_error`
`Options` is neither a partial list nor a list |  | `type_error(list, Options)`
`SorA` is neither a variable nor a stream-term or alias |  | `domain_error(stream_or_alias, SorA)`
an element `E` of the `Options` list is neither a variable nor a valid write-option |  | `domain_error(write_option, E)`
`SorA` is not associated with an open stream |  | `existence_error(stream, SorA)`
`SorA` is an input stream |  | `permission_error(output, stream, SorA)`
`SorA` is associated with a binary stream |  | `permission_error(output, binary_stream, SorA)`

Portability

ISO predicates except `display/1-2` and `print/1-2` that are GNU Prolog predicates. `namevars/1`, `space_args/1`, `portrayed/1`, `max_depth/1` and `priority/1` options are GNU Prolog extensions.

#### 7.14.7 `format/3`, `format/2`

Templates

  `format(+stream_or_alias, +character_code_list_or_atom, +list)
  format(+character_code_list_or_atom, +list)`

Description

`format(SorA, Format, Arguments)` writes the `Format` string replacing each format control sequence `F` by the corresponding element of `Arguments` (formatted according to `F`) to the stream associated with the stream-term or alias `SorA`.

Format control sequences: the general format of a control sequence is `’~NC’`. The character `C` determines the type of the control sequence. `N` is an optional numeric argument. An alternative form of `N` is `’*’`. `’*’` implies that the next argument `Arg` in `Arguments` should be used as a numeric argument in the control sequence. The use of C `printf()` formatting sequence (beginning by the character `%`) is also allowed. The following control sequences are available:

Format sequence | type of the argument | Description
`~Na` | atom | print the atom without quoting. `N` is minimal number of characters to print using spaces on the rigth if needed (default: the length of the atom)
`~Nc` | character code | print the character associated with the code. `N` is the number of times to print the character (default: 1)
`~Nf` `~Ne ~NE ~Ng ~NG` | float expression | pass the argument `Arg` and `N` to the C `printf()` function as: if `N` is not specified `printf("%f",Arg)` else `printf("%.Nf",Arg)`. Similarly for `~Ne`, `~NE`, `~Ng` and `~NG`
`~Nd` | integer expression | print the argument. `N` is the number of digits after the decimal point. If `N` is 0 no decimal point is printed (default: 0)
`~ND` | integer expression | identical to `~Nd` except that `’,’` separates groups of three digits to the left of the decimal point
`~Nr` | integer expression | print the argument according to the radix `N`. 2 ≤ `N` ≤ 36 (default: 8). The letters `a-z` denote digits > 9
`~NR` | integer expression | identical to `~Nr` except that the letters `A-Z` denote digits > 9
`~Ns` | character code list | print exactly `N` characters (default: the length of the list)
`~NS` | character list | print exactly `N` characters (default: the length of the list)
`~i` | term | ignore the current argument
`~k` | term | pass the argument to `write_canonical/1` (section 7.14.6)
`~p` | term | pass the argument to `print/1` (section 7.14.6)
`~q` | term | pass the argument to `writeq/1` (section 7.14.6)
`~w` | term | pass the argument to `write/1` (section 7.14.6)
`~~` | none | print the character `’~’`
`~Nn` | none | print `N` new-line characters (default: 1)
`~N` | none | print a new-line character if not at the beginning of a line
`~?` | atom | use the argument as a nested format string
`%F` | atom, integer or float expression | interface to the C function `printf(3)` for outputting atoms (C string), integers and floating point numbers. `*` are also allowed.

`format/2` applies to the current output stream.

Errors

`SorA` is a variable |  | `instantiation_error`
`Format` is a partial list or a list with an element `E` which is a variable |  | `instantiation_error`
`Arguments` is a partial list |  | `instantiation_error`
`Format` is neither a partial list nor a list or an atom |  | `type_error(list, Format)`
`Arguments` is neither a partial list nor a list |  | `type_error(list, Arguments)`
an element `E` of the `Format` list is neither a variable nor a character code |  | `representation_error(character_code, E)`
`SorA` is neither a variable nor a stream-term or alias |  | `domain_error(stream_or_alias, SorA)`
an element `E` of Format is not a valid format control sequence |  | `domain_error(format_control_sequence, E)`
the `Arguments` list does not contain sufficient elements |  | `domain_error(non_empty_list, [])`
an element `E` of the `Arguments` list is a variable while a non-variable term was expected |  | `instantiation_error`
an element `E` of the `Arguments` list is neither variable nor an atom while an atom was expected |  | `type_error(atom, E)`
an element `E` of the `Arguments` cannot be evaluated as an arithmetic expression while an integer or a floating point number was expected |  | an arithmetic error (section 7.6.1)
an element `E` of the `Arguments` list is neither variable nor character code while a character code was expected |  | `representation_error(character_code, E)`
`SorA` is not associated with an open stream |  | `existence_error(stream, SorA)`
`SorA` is an input stream |  | `permission_error(output, stream, SorA)`
`SorA` is associated with a binary stream |  | `permission_error(output, binary_stream, SorA)`

Portability

GNU Prolog predicates.

#### 7.14.8 `portray_clause/2`, `portray_clause/1`

Templates

  `portray_clause(+stream_or_alias, +clause)
  portray_clause(+clause)`

Description

`portray_clause(SorA, Clause)` pretty prints `Clause` to the stream associated with the stream-term or alias `SorA`. `portray_clause/2` uses the variable binding predicates `name_singleton_vars/1` (section 7.5.1) and `numbervars/1` (section 7.5.3). This predicate is used by `listing/1` (section 7.23.3).

`portray_clause/1` applies to the current output stream.

Errors

`Clause` is a variable |  | `instantiation_error`
`Clause` is neither a variable nor a callable term |  | `type_error(callable, Clause)`
`SorA` is a variable |  | `instantiation_error`
`SorA` is neither a variable nor a stream-term or alias |  | `domain_error(stream_or_alias, SorA)`
`SorA` is not associated with an open stream |  | `existence_error(stream, SorA)`
`SorA` is an input stream |  | `permission_error(output, stream, SorA)`
`SorA` is associated with a binary stream |  | `permission_error(output, binary_stream, SorA)`

Portability

GNU Prolog predicates.

#### 7.14.9 `get_print_stream/1`

Templates

  `get_print_stream(?stream)`

Description

`get_print_stream(Stream)` unifies `Stream` with the stream-term associated with the output stream used by `print/2` (section 7.14.6). The purpose of this predicate is to allow a user-defined `portray/1` predicate to identify the output stream in use.

Errors

`Stream` is neither a variable nor a stream-term |  | `domain_error(stream, Stream)`

Portability

GNU Prolog predicate.

#### 7.14.10 `op/3`

Templates

  `op(+integer, +operator_specifier, +atom_or_atom_list)`

Description

`op(Priority, OpSpecifier, Operator)` alters the operator table. `Operator` is declared as an operator with properties defined by specifier `OpSpecifier` and `Priority`. `Priority` must be an integer ≥ 0 and ≤ 1200. If `Priority` is 0 then the operator properties of `Operator` (if any) are canceled. `Operator` may also be a list of atoms in which case all of them are declared to be operators. In general, operators can be removed from the operator table and their priority or specifier can be changed. However, it is an error to attempt to change the `’,’` operator from its initial status. An atom can have multiple operator definitions (e.g. prefix and infix like `+`) however an atom cannot have both an infix and a postfix operator definitions.

Operator specifiers: the following specifiers are available:

Specifier | Type | Associativity
`fx` | prefix | no
`fy` | prefix | yes
`xf` | postfix | no
`yf` | postfix | yes
`xfx` | infix | no
`yfx` | infix | left
`xfy` | infix | right

Prolog predefined operators:

Priority | Specifier | Operators
`1200` | `xfx` | `:- -->`
`1200` | `fx` | `:-`
`1100` | `xfy` | `;`
`1050` | `xfy` | `->`
`1000` | `xfy` | `,`
`900` | `fy` | `\+`
`700` | `xfx` | `= \= =.. == \== @< @=< @> @>= is =:= =\= < =< > >=`
`600` | `xfy` | `:`
`500` | `yfx` | `+ - /\ \/`
`400` | `yfx` | `* / // rem mod << >>`
`200` | `xfy` | `** ^`
`200` | `fy` | `+ - \`

FD predefined operators:

Priority | Specifier | Operators
`750` | `xfy` | `#<=> #\<=>`
`740` | `xfy` | `#==> #\==>`
`730` | `xfy` | `## #\/ #\\/`
`720` | `yfx` | `#/\ #\/\`
`710` | `fy` | `#\`
`700` | `xfx` | `#= #\= #< #=< #> #>= #=# #\=# #<# #=<# #># #>=#`
`500` | `yfx` | `+ -`
`400` | `yfx` | `* / // rem`
`200` | `xfy` | `**`
`200` | `fy` | `+ -`

Errors

`Priority` is a variable |  | `instantiation_error`
`OpSpecifier` is a variable |  | `instantiation_error`
`Operator` is a partial list or a list with an element `E` which is a variable |  | `instantiation_error`
`Priority` is neither a variable nor an integer |  | `type_error(integer, Priority)`
`OpSpecifier` is neither a variable nor an atom |  | `type_error(atom, OpSpecifier)`
`Operator` is neither a partial list nor a list nor an atom |  | `type_error(list, Operator)`
an element `E` of the `Operator` list is neither a variable nor an atom |  | `type_error(atom, E)`
`Priority` is an integer not ≥ 0 and ≤ 1200 |  | `domain_error(operator_priority, Priority)`
`OpSpecifier` is not a valid operator specifier |  | `domain_error(operator_specifier, OpSpecifier)`
`Operator` is `’,’` or an element of the `Operator` list is `’,’` |  | `permission_error(modify, operator, ’,’)`
`OpSpecifier` is a specifier such that `Operator` would have a postfix and an infix definition. |  | `permission_error(create, operator, Operator)`

Portability

ISO predicate.

The ISO reference implies that if a program calls `current_op/3`, then modifies an operator definition by calling `op/3` and backtracks into the call to `current_op/3`, then the changes are guaranteed not to affect that `current_op/3` goal. This is not guaranteed by GNU Prolog.

#### 7.14.11 `current_op/3`

Templates

  `current_op(?integer, ?operator_specifier, ?atom)`

Description

`current_op(Priority, OpSpecifier, Operator)` succeeds if `Operator` is an operator with properties defined by specifier `OpSpecifier` and `Priority`. This predicate is re-executable on backtracking.

Errors

`Priority` is neither a variable nor an operator priority |  | `domain_error(operator_priority, Priority)`
`OpSpecifier` is neither a variable nor an operator specifier |  | `domain_error(operator_specifier, OpSpecifier)`
`Operator` is neither a variable nor an atom |  | `type_error(atom, Operator)`

Portability

ISO predicate.

#### 7.14.12 `char_conversion/2`

Templates

  `char_conversion(+character, +character)`

Description

`char_conversion(InChar, OutChar)` alters the character-conversion mapping. This mapping is used by the following read predicates: `read_term/3` (section 7.14.1), `read_atom/2`, `read_integer/2`, `read_number/2` (section 7.14.2) and `read_token/2` (section 7.14.3) to replace any occurrence of a character `InChar` by `OutChar`. However the conversion mechanism should have been previously activated by switching on the `char_conversion` Prolog flag (section 7.22.1). When `InChar` and `OutChar` are the same, the effect is to remove any conversion of a character `InChar`.

Note that the single character read predicates (e.g. `get_char/2`) never do character conversion. If such behavior is required, it must be explicitly done using `current_char_conversion/2` (section 7.14.13).

Errors

`InChar` is a variable |  | `instantiation_error`
`OutChar` is a variable |  | `instantiation_error`
`InChar` is neither a variable nor a character |  | `type_error(character, InChar)`
`OutChar` is neither a variable nor a character |  | `type_error(character, OutChar)`

Portability

ISO predicate. The `type_error(character,…)` is a GNU Prolog behavior, the ISO reference instead defines a `representation_error(character)` in this case. This seems to be an error of the ISO reference since, for many other built-in predicates accepting a character (e.g. `char_code/2`, `put_char/2`), a `type_error` is raised.

The ISO reference implies that if a program calls `current_char_conversion/2`, then modifies the character mapping by calling `char_conversion/2`, and backtracks into the call to `current_char_conversion/2` then the changes are guaranteed not to affect that `current_char_conversion/2` goal. This is not guaranteed by GNU Prolog.

#### 7.14.13 `current_char_conversion/2`

Templates

  `current_char_conversion(?character, ?character)`

Description

`current_char_conversion(InChar, OutChar)` succeeds if the conversion of `InChar` is `OutChar` according to the character-conversion mapping. In that case, `InChar` and `OutChar` are different. This predicate is re-executable on backtracking.

Errors

`InChar` is neither a variable nor a character |  | `type_error(character, InChar)`
`OutChar` is neither a variable nor a character |  | `type_error(character, OutChar)`

Portability

ISO predicate. Same remark as for char_conversion/2 (section 7.14.12).

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