### 1.14 Expressions

In general, any mathematical expression accepted by C, FORTRAN, Pascal, or BASIC is valid. The precedence of these operators is determined by the specifications of the C programming language. White space (spaces and tabs) is ignored inside expressions.

Complex constants are expressed as {<real>,<imag>}, where <real> and <imag> must be numerical constants. For example, {3,2} represents 3 + 2i; {0,1} represents ’i’ itself. The curly braces are explicitly required here.

Note that gnuplot uses both "real" and "integer" arithmetic, like FORTRAN and C. Integers are entered as "1", "-10", etc; reals as "1.0", "-10.0", "1e1", 3.5e-1, etc. The most important difference between the two forms is in division: division of integers truncates: 5/2 = 2; division of reals does not: 5.0/2.0 = 2.5. In mixed expressions, integers are "promoted" to reals before evaluation: 5/2e0 = 2.5. The result of division of a negative integer by a positive one may vary among compilers. Try a test like "print -5/2" to determine if your system chooses -2 or -3 as the answer.

The integer expression "1/0" may be used to generate an "undefined" flag, which causes a point to ignored. Or you can use the pre-defined variable NaN to achieve the same result. See using for an example.

The real and imaginary parts of complex expressions are always real, whatever the form in which they are entered: in {3,2} the "3" and "2" are reals, not integers.

Gnuplot can also perform simple operations on strings and string variables. For example, the expression ("A" . "B" eq "AB") evaluates as true, illustrating the string concatenation operator and the string equality operator.

A string which contains a numerical value is promoted to the corresponding integer or real value if used in a numerical expression. Thus ("3" + "4" == 7) and (6.78 == "6.78") both evaluate to true. An integer, but not a real or complex value, is promoted to a string if used in string concatenation. A typical case is the use of integers to construct file names or other strings; e.g. ("file" . 4 eq "file4") is true.

Substrings can be specified using a postfixed range descriptor [beg:end]. For example, "ABCDEF"[3:4] == "CD" and "ABCDEF"[4:*] == "DEF" The syntax "string"[beg:end] is exactly equivalent to calling the built-in string-valued function substr("string",beg,end), except that you cannot omit either beg or end from the function call.