## Capítulo 8. Combinando imagens

## 1. Introdução a Camadas

You can think of layers as a stack of slides. Using layers, you can construct an image of several conceptual parts, each of which can be manipulated without affecting any other part of the image. Layers are stacked on top of each other. The bottom layer is the background of the image, and the components in the foreground of the image come above it.

Figura 8.1. An image with layers

Layers of the image

Resulting image

There is no limit to the number of layers an image can have, only the amount of memory available on the system. It is not uncommon for advanced users to work with images containing dozens of layers. You can group layers to make your work easier, and there are many commands to handle layers.

The organization of layers in an image is shown in the Layers dialog. How it works is described in detail in the Layers Dialog section, but we will touch some aspects of it here, in relation to the layer properties that they display.

Each open image has at any time a single active drawable. A “drawable” is a GIMP concept that includes layers, but also several other items, such as channels, layer masks, and the selection mask. Basically, a “drawable” is anything that can be drawn on with painting tools. If a layer is currently active, it is shown highlighted in the Layers dialog, and its name is shown in the status area of the image window. If not, you can activate it by clicking on it. If none of the layers are highlighted, it means the active drawable is something else than a layer.

In the menu bar, you can find a menu called Layer, containing a number of commands that affect the active layer of the image. The same menu can be accessed by right-clicking in the Layers dialog.

### 1.1. Propriedades das Camadas

Cada camada em uma imagem tem alguns atributos importantes:

Nome

  Every layer has a name. This is assigned automatically when the layer is created, but you can change it. You can change the name of a layer either by double-clicking on it in the Layers dialog, or by right-clicking there, and then selecting the top entry in the menu that appears, Edit Layer Attributes.

Presença ou ausência de um canal Alfa

  An alpha channel encodes information about how transparent a layer is at each pixel. It is visible in the Channels dialog: white is complete opacity, black is complete transparency and gray levels are partial transparencies.

  The background layer is special. If you have just created a new image, it only has one layer, which is the background layer. If the image has been created with an opaque Fill type, this one layer has no Alpha channel. To get a background layer with transparency, either create your new image with a transparent Fill type, or you use the Add an Alpha Channel command.

  If you add a new layer, even with an opaque Fill type, an Alpha channel is automatically added to the layer.

  Every layer other than the bottom layer of an image automatically has an Alpha channel, but you can't see a grayscale representation of the alpha values. See Alpha in Glossary for more information.

  Exemplo de canal Alfa.

  Figura 8.2. Exemplo de canal Alfa: Imagem básica

  Original image.

  The image has three layers painted with pure 100% opaque Red, Green, and Blue. The current layer is the red one.

  In the Channels dialog, the added Alpha channel is white because the image is not transparent since there is a 100% opaque (red) layer. As the current (red) layer is 100% opaque, there is no green and no blue so their corresponding channels are black.

  Figura 8.3. Exemplo de canal Alfa: Uma camada transparente

  The left part of the first layer has been made transparent (via Seção 2.2, “Seleção Retangular”, then Edit → Clear).

  The second layer, green, is visible.

  The Alpha channel is still white, since there is an opaque layer in this part of the image.

  Figura 8.4. Exemplo de canal Alfa: Duas camadas transparentes

  The left part of the second layer has been made transparent.

  The third layer, blue, is visible through the first and second layers.

  The Alpha channel is still white, since there is an opaque layer in this part of the image.

  Figura 8.5. Exemplo de canal Alfa: Três camadas transparentes

  The left part of the third layer has been cleared. In this case, the Clear command works like the Eraser and uses the Background color of Toolbox.

  The left part of the third layer is opaque, because the background layer has no Alpha channel.

  The Alpha channel is still white.

  Figura 8.6. Exemplo de canal Alfa: Canal Alfa adicionado ao fundo

  We used the Layer → Transparency → Add Alpha Channel command on the (blue) background layer. The left part of the image has become fully transparent and has the color of the page on which the image is shown.

  The left part of the blue layer has become transparent.

  The left part of the Alpha Channel thumbnail is black (transparent) in the Channels dialog.

Tipo de Camada

  The layer type is determined by the image type (see previous section), and the presence or absence of an alpha channel. These are the possible layer types:

  - RGB

  - RGBA

  - Cinza

  - CinzaA

  - Indexado

  - IndexadoA

  The main reason this matters is that some filters (in the Filters menu) only accept a subset of layer types, and appear disabled in the menu if the active layer does not have a supported type. Often you can rectify this either by changing the mode of the image, or by adding or removing an alpha channel.

Visibilidade

  É possível remover temporariamente uma camada de uma imagem, sem destruí-la, clicando sobre o ícone de “olho” na caixa de diálogo Camadas. Isso é chamado de “alternar a visibilidade” da camada. A maioria das operações de alteração de em uma imagem trata as camadas desligadas como se eles não existissem - exceto se ele for a camada ativa, mesmo desligada.Quando você trabalha com imagens que contêm muitas camadas, com diferentes opacidades, muitas vezes você pode obter uma imagem melhor do conteúdo da camada em que deseja trabalhar pela ocultação de algumas das outras camadas.

  | Dica
  Se você clicar segurando Shift sobre o símbolo do olho, isso fará com que todas as outras camadas, exceto a que você clicar, fiquem ocultas.

Active layer

  Usually, you activate a layer, to work on it, clicking it in the layer list. When you have a lot of layers, finding which layer an element of the image belongs to is not easy: then, press Alt and click with Mouse wheel on this element to activate its layer. The available layers will be looped through (starting from the upper one) while the Alt is held and the picked layer will be temporarily displayed in the status bar.

Layer Lock Settings

  If you click to the right of the eye icon, you can select the lock settings for the layer.

Layer Effects

  Directly to the left of the image thumbnail, you will see the Layer Effects icon if that layer has effects added to it.

  See Using Layer Effects for more details.

Tamanho e limites

  In GIMP, the boundaries of a layer do not necessarily match the boundaries of the image that contains it. When you create text, for example, each text item belongs to its own separate layer, and the layer size is automatically adjusted to contain the text and nothing more. Also, when you create a new layer using cut-and-paste, the new layer is sized just large enough to contain the pasted item. In the image window, the boundaries of the currently active layer are shown outlined with a black-and-yellow dashed line.

  The main reason why this matters is that you cannot do anything to a layer outside of its boundaries, unless you enabled Expand Layers in the Paint Tool Options. If this causes you problems, you can alter the dimensions of the layer using any of several commands that you can find near the bottom of the Layer menu.

  | Nota

  A quantidade de memória que uma camada consome é determinada por suas dimensões, e não seu conteúdo. Então, se você estiver trabalhando com imagens grandes ou imagens que contêm muitas camadas, pode ter sentido deixar as camadas com o menor tamanho possível, embora em geral isso não faça diferença para o trabalho cotidiano. Se fizer, é melhor pensar em expandir a memória da sua máquina de trabalho.

Opacidade

  A opacidade de uma camada determina a medida que permite que as cores das camadas abaixo dela na pilha de camadas apareçam. A opacidade varia de 0 a 100, onde 0 significa transparência completa, e 100 significa opacidade completa.

Modo

  O modo de uma camada determina como as cores da camada são combinadas com as cores das camadas abaixo para a produção de um resultado visível. Este é um conceito suficientemente complexo e importante, para merecer uma seção própria, que se segue. Veja Seção 2, “Modos de Camada”.

Máscara de Camada

  Além do canal alfa existe uma outra maneira de controlar a transparência de uma camada: adicionando uma máscara de camada, que é uma imagem em tons de cinza adicional associada à camada. Uma camada não tem uma máscara de camada de por padrão: ela deve ser especificamente adicionada. Máscaras de camada, e como trabalhar com elas, são descritas em mais detalhesna seção Máscara de Camada.

10.2. Criando uma forma básica |  | 2. Modos de Camada

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