### 23.1.2 Representation by hardware floats

A real is represented by a floating number d, that is

d=2α(1+m),   0<m<1,  −210< α < 210.

If α>1−210, then m ≥ 1/2, and d is a normalized floating point number, otherwise d is denormalized (α=1−210). The special exponent 210 is used to represent plus or minus infinity and NaN (Not a Number). A hardware float is made of 64 bits:

- the first bit is for the sign of d (0 for + and 1 for −),
- the 11 following bits represents the exponent, more precisely if α denotes the integer given by the 11 bits, the exponent is α+210−1,
- the 52 last bits codes the mantissa m, more precisely if M denotes the integer given by the 52 bits, then m=1/2+M/253 for normalized floats and m=M/253 for denormalized floats.

Examples of representations of the exponent:

- α=0 is coded by 011 1111 1111
- α=1 is coded by 100 0000 0000
- α=4 is coded by 100 0000 0011
- α=5 is coded by 100 0000 0100
- α=−1 is coded by 011 1111 1110
- α=−4 is coded by 011 1111 1011
- α=−5 is coded by 011 1111 1010
- α=210 is coded by 111 1111 1111
- α=2−10−1 is coded by 000 0000 000

##### Remark.

2−52=0.2220446049250313e−15.

#### Examples of representations of normalized floats

##### Representation of 3.1.

We have

3.1

=2·

⎛
⎜
⎜
⎝

1+

1
2

+

1
25

+

1
26

+

1
29

+

1
210

+⋯

⎞
⎟
⎟
⎠

=2·

⎛
⎜
⎜
⎝

1+

1
2

+

∞
∑
k=1

⎛
⎜
⎜
⎝

1
24k+1

+

1
24k+2

⎞
⎟
⎟
⎠

⎞
⎟
⎟
⎠

,

hence α=1 and m=1/2+∑k=1∞(1/24k+1+1/24k+2). Hence the hexadecimal and binary representation of 3.1 is:

`40 (01000000), 8 (00001000), cc (11001100), cc (11001100),`
`cc (11001100), cc (11001100), cc (11001100), cd (11001101),`

the last octet is 1101, the last bit is 1, because the following digit is 1 (upper rounding).

##### Representation of 3.0.

We have 3=2· (1+1/2). Hence the hexadecimal and binary representation of 3 is:

`40 (01000000), 8 (00001000), 0 (00000000), 0 (00000000),`
`0 (00000000), 0 (00000000), 0 (00000000), 0 (00000000)`

##### The difference between representations of 3.1−3.0 and 0.1.

For the representation of 0.1:

0.1

=2−4·

⎛
⎜
⎜
⎝

1+

1
2

+

1
24

+

1
25

+

1
28

+

1
29

+⋯

⎞
⎟
⎟
⎠

=2−4·

∞
∑
k=0

⎛
⎜
⎜
⎝

1
24k

+

1
24k+1

⎞
⎟
⎟
⎠

,

hence α=1 and

m=

1
2

+

∞
∑
k=1

⎛
⎜
⎜
⎝

1
24k

+

1
24k+1

⎞
⎟
⎟
⎠

,

therefore the representation of 0.1 is

`3f (00111111), b9 (10111001), 99 (10011001), 99 (10011001),`
`99 (10011001), 99 (10011001), 99 (10011001), 9a (10011010),`

the last octet is 1010, indeed the 2 last bits 01 became 10 because the following digit is 1 (upper rounding).

For the representation of a=3.1−3: computing a is done by adjusting exponents (here nothing to do), then subtracting the mantissa and adjusting the exponent of the result to have a normalized float. The exponent is α=−4 (that corresponds at 2·2−5) and the bits corresponding to the mantissa begin at 1/2=2·2−6: the bits of the mantissa are shifted to the left 5 positions and you get:

`3f (00111111), b9 (10111001), 99 (10011001), 99 (10011001),`
`99 (10011001), 99 (10011001), 99 (10011001), a0 (10100000),`

Therefore, a>0.1 and a−0.1=1/250+1/251 (since 100000−11010=110).

This is the reason why:

floor(1/(3.1-3))

returns 9 and not 10 when Digits:=14.