#### 14.2.25 nconc [Function] ¶

`nconc` &rest lists ⇒ concatenated-list

#### Arguments and Values:: ¶

list—each but the last must be a list (which might be a dotted list but must not be a circular list); the last list may be any object.

concatenated-list—a list.

#### Description:: ¶

Returns a list that is the concatenation of lists. If no lists are supplied, `(nconc)` returns nil.

nconc is defined using the following recursive relationship:

     (nconc) ⇒  ()
     (nconc nil . lists) ≡ (nconc . lists)
     (nconc list) ⇒  list
     (nconc list-1 list-2) ≡ (progn (rplacd (last list-1) list-2) list-1)
     (nconc list-1 list-2 . lists) ≡ (nconc (nconc list-1 list-2) . lists)

#### Examples:: ¶

     (nconc) ⇒  NIL
     (setq x '(a b c)) ⇒  (A B C)
     (setq y '(d e f)) ⇒  (D E F)
     (nconc x y) ⇒  (A B C D E F)
     x ⇒  (A B C D E F)

Note, in the example, that the value of `x` is now different, since its last cons has been rplacd’d to the value of `y`. If `(nconc x y)` were evaluated again, it would yield a piece of a circular list, whose printed representation would be `(A B C D E F D E F D E F ...)`, repeating forever; if the *print-circle* switch were non-nil, it would be printed as `(A B C . #1=(D E F . #1#))`.

     (setq foo (list 'a 'b 'c 'd 'e)
           bar (list 'f 'g 'h 'i 'j)
           baz (list 'k 'l 'm)) ⇒  (K L M)
     (setq foo (nconc foo bar baz)) ⇒  (A B C D E F G H I J K L M)
     foo ⇒  (A B C D E F G H I J K L M)
     bar ⇒  (F G H I J K L M)
     baz ⇒  (K L M)

     (setq foo (list 'a 'b 'c 'd 'e)
           bar (list 'f 'g 'h 'i 'j)
           baz (list 'k 'l 'm)) ⇒  (K L M)
     (setq foo (nconc nil foo bar nil baz)) ⇒  (A B C D E F G H I J K L M)
     foo ⇒  (A B C D E F G H I J K L M)
     bar ⇒  (F G H I J K L M)
     baz ⇒  (K L M)

#### Side Effects:: ¶

The lists are modified rather than copied.

#### See Also:: ¶

append [Function] , concatenate [Function]