#### 12.2.38 sqrt, isqrt [Function] ¶

`sqrt` number ⇒ root

`isqrt` natural ⇒ natural-root

#### Arguments and Values:: ¶

number, root—a number.

natural, natural-root—a non-negative integer.

#### Description:: ¶

sqrt and isqrt compute square roots.

sqrt returns the principal square root of number. If the number is not a complex but is negative, then the result is a complex.

isqrt returns the greatest integer less than or equal to the exact positive square root of natural.

If number is a positive rational, it is implementation-dependent whether root is a rational or a float. If number is a negative rational, it is implementation-dependent whether root is a complex rational or a complex float.

The mathematical definition of complex square root (whether or not minus zero is supported) follows:

`(sqrt x) = (exp (/ (log x) 2))`

The branch cut for square root lies along the negative real axis, continuous with quadrant II. The range consists of the right half-plane, including the non-negative imaginary axis and excluding the negative imaginary axis.

#### Examples:: ¶

     (sqrt 9.0) ⇒  3.0
     (sqrt -9.0) ⇒  #C(0.0 3.0)
     (isqrt 9) ⇒  3
     (sqrt 12) ⇒  3.4641016
     (isqrt 12) ⇒  3
     (isqrt 300) ⇒  17
     (isqrt 325) ⇒  18
     (sqrt 25)
    ⇒  5
    OR⇒ 5.0
     (isqrt 25) ⇒  5
     (sqrt -1) ⇒  #C(0.0 1.0)
     (sqrt #c(0 2)) ⇒  #C(1.0 1.0)

#### Exceptional Situations:: ¶

The function sqrt should signal type-error if its argument is not a number.

The function isqrt should signal type-error if its argument is not a non-negative integer.

The functions sqrt and isqrt might signal arithmetic-error.

#### See Also:: ¶

exp, expt [Function] , log [Function] , Rule of Float Substitutability

#### Notes:: ¶

     (isqrt x) ≡ (values (floor (sqrt x)))

but it is potentially more efficient.