balanced_quicksort.h
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// -*- C++ -*-
// Copyright (C) 2007-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
//
// This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library. This library is free
// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
// of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
// Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) any later
// version.
// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
// WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
// General Public License for more details.
// Under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted additional
// permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version
// 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and
// a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program;
// see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively. If not, see
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/** @file parallel/balanced_quicksort.h
* @brief Implementation of a dynamically load-balanced parallel quicksort.
*
* It works in-place and needs only logarithmic extra memory.
* The algorithm is similar to the one proposed in
*
* P. Tsigas and Y. Zhang.
* A simple, fast parallel implementation of quicksort and
* its performance evaluation on SUN enterprise 10000.
* In 11th Euromicro Conference on Parallel, Distributed and
* Network-Based Processing, page 372, 2003.
*
* This file is a GNU parallel extension to the Standard C++ Library.
*/
// Written by Johannes Singler.
#ifndef _GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_BALANCED_QUICKSORT_H
#define _GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_BALANCED_QUICKSORT_H 1
#include <parallel/basic_iterator.h>
#include <bits/stl_algo.h>
#include <bits/stl_function.h>
#include <parallel/settings.h>
#include <parallel/partition.h>
#include <parallel/random_number.h>
#include <parallel/queue.h>
#if _GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERTIONS
#include <parallel/checkers.h>
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_HAVE_UNISTD_H
#include <unistd.h>
#endif
#endif
namespace __gnu_parallel
{
/** @brief Information local to one thread in the parallel quicksort run. */
template<typename _RAIter>
struct _QSBThreadLocal
{
typedef std::iterator_traits<_RAIter> _TraitsType;
typedef typename _TraitsType::difference_type _DifferenceType;
/** @brief Continuous part of the sequence, described by an
iterator pair. */
typedef std::pair<_RAIter, _RAIter> _Piece;
/** @brief Initial piece to work on. */
_Piece _M_initial;
/** @brief Work-stealing queue. */
_RestrictedBoundedConcurrentQueue<_Piece> _M_leftover_parts;
/** @brief Number of threads involved in this algorithm. */
_ThreadIndex _M_num_threads;
/** @brief Pointer to a counter of elements left over to sort. */
volatile _DifferenceType* _M_elements_leftover;
/** @brief The complete sequence to sort. */
_Piece _M_global;
/** @brief Constructor.
* @param __queue_size size of the work-stealing queue. */
_QSBThreadLocal(int __queue_size) : _M_leftover_parts(__queue_size) { }
};
/** @brief Balanced quicksort divide step.
* @param __begin Begin iterator of subsequence.
* @param __end End iterator of subsequence.
* @param __comp Comparator.
* @param __num_threads Number of threads that are allowed to work on
* this part.
* @pre @c (__end-__begin)>=1 */
template<typename _RAIter, typename _Compare>
typename std::iterator_traits<_RAIter>::difference_type
__qsb_divide(_RAIter __begin, _RAIter __end,
_Compare __comp, _ThreadIndex __num_threads)
{
_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERT(__num_threads > 0);
typedef std::iterator_traits<_RAIter> _TraitsType;
typedef typename _TraitsType::value_type _ValueType;
typedef typename _TraitsType::difference_type _DifferenceType;
_RAIter __pivot_pos =
__median_of_three_iterators(__begin, __begin + (__end - __begin) / 2,
__end - 1, __comp);
#if defined(_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERTIONS)
// Must be in between somewhere.
_DifferenceType __n = __end - __begin;
_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERT((!__comp(*__pivot_pos, *__begin)
&& !__comp(*(__begin + __n / 2),
*__pivot_pos))
|| (!__comp(*__pivot_pos, *__begin)
&& !__comp(*(__end - 1), *__pivot_pos))
|| (!__comp(*__pivot_pos, *(__begin + __n / 2))
&& !__comp(*__begin, *__pivot_pos))
|| (!__comp(*__pivot_pos, *(__begin + __n / 2))
&& !__comp(*(__end - 1), *__pivot_pos))
|| (!__comp(*__pivot_pos, *(__end - 1))
&& !__comp(*__begin, *__pivot_pos))
|| (!__comp(*__pivot_pos, *(__end - 1))
&& !__comp(*(__begin + __n / 2),
*__pivot_pos)));
#endif
// Swap pivot value to end.
if (__pivot_pos != (__end - 1))
std::iter_swap(__pivot_pos, __end - 1);
__pivot_pos = __end - 1;
__gnu_parallel::__binder2nd<_Compare, _ValueType, _ValueType, bool>
__pred(__comp, *__pivot_pos);
// Divide, returning __end - __begin - 1 in the worst case.
_DifferenceType __split_pos = __parallel_partition(__begin, __end - 1,
__pred,
__num_threads);
// Swap back pivot to middle.
std::iter_swap(__begin + __split_pos, __pivot_pos);
__pivot_pos = __begin + __split_pos;
#if _GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERTIONS
_RAIter __r;
for (__r = __begin; __r != __pivot_pos; ++__r)
_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERT(__comp(*__r, *__pivot_pos));
for (; __r != __end; ++__r)
_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERT(!__comp(*__r, *__pivot_pos));
#endif
return __split_pos;
}
/** @brief Quicksort conquer step.
* @param __tls Array of thread-local storages.
* @param __begin Begin iterator of subsequence.
* @param __end End iterator of subsequence.
* @param __comp Comparator.
* @param __iam Number of the thread processing this function.
* @param __num_threads
* Number of threads that are allowed to work on this part. */
template<typename _RAIter, typename _Compare>
void
__qsb_conquer(_QSBThreadLocal<_RAIter>** __tls,
_RAIter __begin, _RAIter __end,
_Compare __comp,
_ThreadIndex __iam, _ThreadIndex __num_threads,
bool __parent_wait)
{
typedef std::iterator_traits<_RAIter> _TraitsType;
typedef typename _TraitsType::value_type _ValueType;
typedef typename _TraitsType::difference_type _DifferenceType;
_DifferenceType __n = __end - __begin;
if (__num_threads <= 1 || __n <= 1)
{
__tls[__iam]->_M_initial.first = __begin;
__tls[__iam]->_M_initial.second = __end;
__qsb_local_sort_with_helping(__tls, __comp, __iam, __parent_wait);
return;
}
// Divide step.
_DifferenceType __split_pos =
__qsb_divide(__begin, __end, __comp, __num_threads);
#if _GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERTIONS
_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERT(0 <= __split_pos &&
__split_pos < (__end - __begin));
#endif
_ThreadIndex
__num_threads_leftside = std::max<_ThreadIndex>
(1, std::min<_ThreadIndex>(__num_threads - 1, __split_pos
* __num_threads / __n));
# pragma omp atomic
*__tls[__iam]->_M_elements_leftover -= (_DifferenceType)1;
// Conquer step.
# pragma omp parallel num_threads(2)
{
bool __wait;
if(omp_get_num_threads() < 2)
__wait = false;
else
__wait = __parent_wait;
# pragma omp sections
{
# pragma omp section
{
__qsb_conquer(__tls, __begin, __begin + __split_pos, __comp,
__iam, __num_threads_leftside, __wait);
__wait = __parent_wait;
}
// The pivot_pos is left in place, to ensure termination.
# pragma omp section
{
__qsb_conquer(__tls, __begin + __split_pos + 1, __end, __comp,
__iam + __num_threads_leftside,
__num_threads - __num_threads_leftside, __wait);
__wait = __parent_wait;
}
}
}
}
/**
* @brief Quicksort step doing load-balanced local sort.
* @param __tls Array of thread-local storages.
* @param __comp Comparator.
* @param __iam Number of the thread processing this function.
*/
template<typename _RAIter, typename _Compare>
void
__qsb_local_sort_with_helping(_QSBThreadLocal<_RAIter>** __tls,
_Compare& __comp, _ThreadIndex __iam,
bool __wait)
{
typedef std::iterator_traits<_RAIter> _TraitsType;
typedef typename _TraitsType::value_type _ValueType;
typedef typename _TraitsType::difference_type _DifferenceType;
typedef std::pair<_RAIter, _RAIter> _Piece;
_QSBThreadLocal<_RAIter>& __tl = *__tls[__iam];
_DifferenceType
__base_case_n = _Settings::get().sort_qsb_base_case_maximal_n;
if (__base_case_n < 2)
__base_case_n = 2;
_ThreadIndex __num_threads = __tl._M_num_threads;
// Every thread has its own random number generator.
_RandomNumber __rng(__iam + 1);
_Piece __current = __tl._M_initial;
_DifferenceType __elements_done = 0;
#if _GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERTIONS
_DifferenceType __total_elements_done = 0;
#endif
for (;;)
{
// Invariant: __current must be a valid (maybe empty) range.
_RAIter __begin = __current.first, __end = __current.second;
_DifferenceType __n = __end - __begin;
if (__n > __base_case_n)
{
// Divide.
_RAIter __pivot_pos = __begin + __rng(__n);
// Swap __pivot_pos value to end.
if (__pivot_pos != (__end - 1))
std::iter_swap(__pivot_pos, __end - 1);
__pivot_pos = __end - 1;
__gnu_parallel::__binder2nd
<_Compare, _ValueType, _ValueType, bool>
__pred(__comp, *__pivot_pos);
// Divide, leave pivot unchanged in last place.
_RAIter __split_pos1, __split_pos2;
__split_pos1 = __gnu_sequential::partition(__begin, __end - 1,
__pred);
// Left side: < __pivot_pos; __right side: >= __pivot_pos.
#if _GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERTIONS
_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERT(__begin <= __split_pos1
&& __split_pos1 < __end);
#endif
// Swap pivot back to middle.
if (__split_pos1 != __pivot_pos)
std::iter_swap(__split_pos1, __pivot_pos);
__pivot_pos = __split_pos1;
// In case all elements are equal, __split_pos1 == 0.
if ((__split_pos1 + 1 - __begin) < (__n >> 7)
|| (__end - __split_pos1) < (__n >> 7))
{
// Very unequal split, one part smaller than one 128th
// elements not strictly larger than the pivot.
__gnu_parallel::__unary_negate<__gnu_parallel::__binder1st
<_Compare, _ValueType, _ValueType, bool>, _ValueType>
__pred(__gnu_parallel::__binder1st
<_Compare, _ValueType, _ValueType, bool>
(__comp, *__pivot_pos));
// Find other end of pivot-equal range.
__split_pos2 = __gnu_sequential::partition(__split_pos1 + 1,
__end, __pred);
}
else
// Only skip the pivot.
__split_pos2 = __split_pos1 + 1;
// Elements equal to pivot are done.
__elements_done += (__split_pos2 - __split_pos1);
#if _GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERTIONS
__total_elements_done += (__split_pos2 - __split_pos1);
#endif
// Always push larger part onto stack.
if (((__split_pos1 + 1) - __begin) < (__end - (__split_pos2)))
{
// Right side larger.
if ((__split_pos2) != __end)
__tl._M_leftover_parts.push_front
(std::make_pair(__split_pos2, __end));
//__current.first = __begin; //already set anyway
__current.second = __split_pos1;
continue;
}
else
{
// Left side larger.
if (__begin != __split_pos1)
__tl._M_leftover_parts.push_front(std::make_pair
(__begin, __split_pos1));
__current.first = __split_pos2;
//__current.second = __end; //already set anyway
continue;
}
}
else
{
__gnu_sequential::sort(__begin, __end, __comp);
__elements_done += __n;
#if _GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERTIONS
__total_elements_done += __n;
#endif
// Prefer own stack, small pieces.
if (__tl._M_leftover_parts.pop_front(__current))
continue;
# pragma omp atomic
*__tl._M_elements_leftover -= __elements_done;
__elements_done = 0;
#if _GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERTIONS
double __search_start = omp_get_wtime();
#endif
// Look for new work.
bool __successfully_stolen = false;
while (__wait && *__tl._M_elements_leftover > 0
&& !__successfully_stolen
#if _GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERTIONS
// Possible dead-lock.
&& (omp_get_wtime() < (__search_start + 1.0))
#endif
)
{
_ThreadIndex __victim;
__victim = __rng(__num_threads);
// Large pieces.
__successfully_stolen = (__victim != __iam)
&& __tls[__victim]->_M_leftover_parts.pop_back(__current);
if (!__successfully_stolen)
__yield();
#if !defined(__ICC) && !defined(__ECC)
# pragma omp flush
#endif
}
#if _GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERTIONS
if (omp_get_wtime() >= (__search_start + 1.0))
{
sleep(1);
_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERT(omp_get_wtime()
< (__search_start + 1.0));
}
#endif
if (!__successfully_stolen)
{
#if _GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERTIONS
_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERT(*__tl._M_elements_leftover == 0);
#endif
return;
}
}
}
}
/** @brief Top-level quicksort routine.
* @param __begin Begin iterator of sequence.
* @param __end End iterator of sequence.
* @param __comp Comparator.
* @param __num_threads Number of threads that are allowed to work on
* this part.
*/
template<typename _RAIter, typename _Compare>
void
__parallel_sort_qsb(_RAIter __begin, _RAIter __end,
_Compare __comp, _ThreadIndex __num_threads)
{
_GLIBCXX_CALL(__end - __begin)
typedef std::iterator_traits<_RAIter> _TraitsType;
typedef typename _TraitsType::value_type _ValueType;
typedef typename _TraitsType::difference_type _DifferenceType;
typedef std::pair<_RAIter, _RAIter> _Piece;
typedef _QSBThreadLocal<_RAIter> _TLSType;
_DifferenceType __n = __end - __begin;
if (__n <= 1)
return;
// At least one element per processor.
if (__num_threads > __n)
__num_threads = static_cast<_ThreadIndex>(__n);
// Initialize thread local storage
_TLSType** __tls = new _TLSType*[__num_threads];
_DifferenceType __queue_size = (__num_threads
* (_ThreadIndex)(__rd_log2(__n) + 1));
for (_ThreadIndex __t = 0; __t < __num_threads; ++__t)
__tls[__t] = new _QSBThreadLocal<_RAIter>(__queue_size);
// There can never be more than ceil(__rd_log2(__n)) ranges on the
// stack, because
// 1. Only one processor pushes onto the stack
// 2. The largest range has at most length __n
// 3. Each range is larger than half of the range remaining
volatile _DifferenceType __elements_leftover = __n;
for (_ThreadIndex __i = 0; __i < __num_threads; ++__i)
{
__tls[__i]->_M_elements_leftover = &__elements_leftover;
__tls[__i]->_M_num_threads = __num_threads;
__tls[__i]->_M_global = std::make_pair(__begin, __end);
// Just in case nothing is left to assign.
__tls[__i]->_M_initial = std::make_pair(__end, __end);
}
// Main recursion call.
__qsb_conquer(__tls, __begin, __begin + __n, __comp, 0,
__num_threads, true);
#if _GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERTIONS
// All stack must be empty.
_Piece __dummy;
for (_ThreadIndex __i = 1; __i < __num_threads; ++__i)
_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERT(
!__tls[__i]->_M_leftover_parts.pop_back(__dummy));
#endif
for (_ThreadIndex __i = 0; __i < __num_threads; ++__i)
delete __tls[__i];
delete[] __tls;
}
} // namespace __gnu_parallel
#endif /* _GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_BALANCED_QUICKSORT_H */
stl_algo.h
stl_function.h
settings.h
Runtime settings and tuning parameters, heuristics to decide whether to use parallelized algorithms.
random_number.h
Random number generator based on the Mersenne twister. This file is a GNU parallel extension to the S...
_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERTIONS
#define _GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERTIONS
Switch on many _GLIBCXX_PARALLEL_ASSERTions in parallel code. Should be switched on only locally.
Definition compiletime_settings.h:61
_GLIBCXX_CALL
#define _GLIBCXX_CALL(__n)
Macro to produce log message when entering a function.
Definition compiletime_settings.h:44
checkers.h
Routines for checking the correctness of algorithm results. This file is a GNU parallel extension to ...
partition.h
Parallel implementation of std::partition(), std::nth_element(), and std::partial_sort()....
basic_iterator.h
Includes the original header files concerned with iterators except for stream iterators....
queue.h
Lock-free double-ended queue. This file is a GNU parallel extension to the Standard C++ Library.
__gnu_parallel
GNU parallel code for public use.
Definition balanced_quicksort.h:62
__gnu_parallel::_ThreadIndex
uint16_t _ThreadIndex
Unsigned integer to index a thread number. The maximum thread number (for each processor) must fit in...
Definition types.h:123
__gnu_parallel::__parallel_sort_qsb
void __parallel_sort_qsb(_RAIter __begin, _RAIter __end, _Compare __comp, _ThreadIndex __num_threads)
Top-level quicksort routine.
Definition balanced_quicksort.h:433
__gnu_parallel::__median_of_three_iterators
_RAIter __median_of_three_iterators(_RAIter __a, _RAIter __b, _RAIter __c, _Compare __comp)
Compute the median of three referenced elements, according to __comp.
Definition base.h:398
__gnu_parallel::__qsb_local_sort_with_helping
void __qsb_local_sort_with_helping(_QSBThreadLocal< _RAIter > **__tls, _Compare &__comp, _ThreadIndex __iam, bool __wait)
Quicksort step doing load-balanced local sort.
Definition balanced_quicksort.h:250
__gnu_parallel::__qsb_conquer
void __qsb_conquer(_QSBThreadLocal< _RAIter > **__tls, _RAIter __begin, _RAIter __end, _Compare __comp, _ThreadIndex __iam, _ThreadIndex __num_threads, bool __parent_wait)
Quicksort conquer step.
Definition balanced_quicksort.h:174
__gnu_parallel::__yield
void __yield()
Yield control to another thread, without waiting for the end of the time slice.
Definition parallel/compatibility.h:121
__gnu_parallel::__parallel_partition
std::iterator_traits< _RAIter >::difference_type __parallel_partition(_RAIter __begin, _RAIter __end, _Predicate __pred, _ThreadIndex __num_threads)
Parallel implementation of std::partition.
Definition partition.h:56
__gnu_parallel::__rd_log2
_Size __rd_log2(_Size __n)
Calculates the rounded-down logarithm of __n for base 2.
Definition base.h:102
__gnu_parallel::__qsb_divide
std::iterator_traits< _RAIter >::difference_type __qsb_divide(_RAIter __begin, _RAIter __end, _Compare __comp, _ThreadIndex __num_threads)
Balanced quicksort divide step.
Definition balanced_quicksort.h:103
std::iterator_traits
Traits class for iterators.
Definition stl_iterator_base_types.h:178
std::pair< _RAIter, _RAIter >
std::auto_ptr_ref
Definition auto_ptr.h:49
__gnu_parallel::_QSBThreadLocal
Information local to one thread in the parallel quicksort run.
Definition balanced_quicksort.h:66
__gnu_parallel::_QSBThreadLocal::_M_initial
_Piece _M_initial
Initial piece to work on.
Definition balanced_quicksort.h:75
__gnu_parallel::_QSBThreadLocal::_M_elements_leftover
volatile _DifferenceType * _M_elements_leftover
Pointer to a counter of elements left over to sort.
Definition balanced_quicksort.h:84
__gnu_parallel::_QSBThreadLocal::_M_num_threads
_ThreadIndex _M_num_threads
Number of threads involved in this algorithm.
Definition balanced_quicksort.h:81
__gnu_parallel::_QSBThreadLocal::_QSBThreadLocal
_QSBThreadLocal(int __queue_size)
Constructor.
Definition balanced_quicksort.h:91
__gnu_parallel::_QSBThreadLocal::_Piece
std::pair< _RAIter, _RAIter > _Piece
Continuous part of the sequence, described by an iterator pair.
Definition balanced_quicksort.h:72
__gnu_parallel::_QSBThreadLocal::_M_leftover_parts
_RestrictedBoundedConcurrentQueue< _Piece > _M_leftover_parts
Work-stealing queue.
Definition balanced_quicksort.h:78
__gnu_parallel::_QSBThreadLocal::_M_global
_Piece _M_global
The complete sequence to sort.
Definition balanced_quicksort.h:87
__gnu_parallel::__unary_negate
Similar to std::unary_negate, but giving the argument types explicitly.
Definition base.h:175
__gnu_parallel::__binder1st
Similar to std::binder1st, but giving the argument types explicitly.
Definition base.h:194
__gnu_parallel::__binder2nd
Similar to std::binder2nd, but giving the argument types explicitly.
Definition base.h:222
__gnu_parallel::_Piece
Subsequence description.
Definition multiway_mergesort.h:47
__gnu_parallel::_RestrictedBoundedConcurrentQueue
Double-ended queue of bounded size, allowing lock-free atomic access. push_front() and pop_front() mu...
Definition queue.h:53
__gnu_parallel::_RandomNumber
Random number generator, based on the Mersenne twister.
Definition random_number.h:43
__gnu_parallel::_Settings::sort_qsb_base_case_maximal_n
_SequenceIndex sort_qsb_base_case_maximal_n
Maximal subsequence __length to switch to unbalanced __base case. Applies to std::sort with dynamical...
Definition settings.h:240
__gnu_parallel::_Settings::get
static const _Settings & get()
Get the global settings.