  
  [1X3 [33X[0;0YCodewords[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YLet [22XGF(q)[122X denote a finite field with [22Xq[122X (a prime power) elements. A [13Xcode[113X is a
  subset [22XC[122X of some finite-dimensional vector space [22XV[122X over [22XGF(q)[122X. The [13Xlength[113X of
  [22XC[122X  is the dimension of [22XV[122X. Usually, [22XV=GF(q)^n[122X and the length is the number of
  coordinate  entries.  When  [22XC[122X is itself a vector space over [22XGF(q)[122X then it is
  called  a  [13Xlinear  code[113X  and the [13Xdimension[113X of [22XC[122X is its dimension as a vector
  space over [22XGF(q)[122X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIn  [5XGUAVA[105X, a `codeword' is a GAP record, with one of its components being an
  element in [22XV[122X. Likewise, a `code' is a GAP record, with one of its components
  being a subset (or subspace with given basis, if [22XC[122X is linear) of [22XV[122X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XC:=RandomLinearCode(20,10,GF(4));[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xa  [20,10,?] randomly generated code over GF(4)[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xc:=Random(C);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 1 a 0 0 0 1 1 a^2 0 0 a 1 1 1 a 1 1 a a 0 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSet(NamesOfComponents(C));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ "Basis", "Dimension", "GeneratorMat", [128X[104X
    [4X[28X  "GeneratorsOfLeftOperatorAdditiveGroup", "LeftActingDomain", [128X[104X
    [4X[28X  "NiceFreeLeftModule", "Representative", "WordLength", "ZeroImmutable", [128X[104X
    [4X[28X  "name" ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSet(NamesOfComponents(c));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ "VectorCodeword", "WordLength", "treatAsPoly" ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xc!.VectorCodeword;[127X[104X
    [4X[28X< immutable compressed vector length 20 over GF(4) >[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XDisplay(last);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Z(2^2), Z(2^2), Z(2^2), Z(2)^0, Z(2^2), Z(2^2)^2, 0*Z(2), Z(2^2), Z(2^2),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Z(2)^0, Z(2^2)^2, 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), Z(2^2), 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), Z(2^2)^2,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Z(2)^0, 0*Z(2) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XC!.Dimension;[127X[104X
    [4X[28X10[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0YMathematically,  a  `codeword'  is  an element of a code [22XC[122X, but in [5XGUAVA[105X the
  [10XCodeword[110X and [10XVectorCodeword[110X commands have implementations which do not check
  if  the  codeword  belongs  to [22XC[122X (i.e., are independent of the code itself).
  They  exist  primarily  to  make  it  easier  for  the user to construct the
  associated  GAP  record. Using these commands, one can enter into GAP both a
  codeword [22Xc[122X (belonging to [22XC[122X) and a received word [22Xr[122X (not belonging to [22XC[122X) using
  the  same  command.  The  user  can input codewords in different formats (as
  strings, vectors, and polynomials), and output information is formatted in a
  readable way.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YA codeword [22Xc[122X in a linear code [22XC[122X arises in practice by an initial encoding of
  a  'block'  message  [22Xm[122X,  adding  enough  redundancy  to recover [22Xm[122X after [22Xc[122X is
  transmitted  via a 'noisy' communication medium. In [5XGUAVA[105X, for linear codes,
  the  map [22Xmlongmapsto c[122X is computed using the command [10Xc:=m*C[110X and recovering [22Xm[122X
  from  [22Xc[122X  is obtained by the command [10XInformationWord(C,c)[110X. These commands are
  explained more below.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YMany  operations  are  available on codewords themselves, although codewords
  also work together with codes (see chapter [14X4.0[114X on Codes).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  first  section  describes  how  codewords are constructed (see [2XCodeword[102X
  ([14X3.1-1[114X)   and  [2XIsCodeword[102X  ([14X3.1-3[114X)).  Sections  [14X3.2[114X  and  [14X3.3[114X  describe  the
  arithmetic   operations   applicable  to  codewords.  Section  [14X3.4[114X  describe
  functions  that  convert  codewords  back  to  vectors  or  polynomials (see
  [2XVectorCodeword[102X  ([14X3.4-1[114X)  and  [2XPolyCodeword[102X  ([14X3.4-2[114X)).  Section  [14X3.5[114X describe
  functions  that  change  the  way a codeword is displayed (see [2XTreatAsVector[102X
  ([14X3.5-1[114X)  and [2XTreatAsPoly[102X ([14X3.5-2[114X)). Finally, Section [14X3.6[114X describes a function
  to  generate  a  null  word  (see  [2XNullWord[102X  ([14X3.6-1[114X)) and some functions for
  extracting  properties  of  codewords (see [2XDistanceCodeword[102X ([14X3.6-2[114X), [2XSupport[102X
  ([14X3.6-3[114X) and [2XWeightCodeword[102X ([14X3.6-4[114X)).[133X
  
  
  [1X3.1 [33X[0;0YConstruction of Codewords[133X[101X
  
  [1X3.1-1 Codeword[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XCodeword[102X( [3Xobj[103X[, [3Xn[103X][, [3XF[103X] ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XCodeword[110X returns a codeword or a list of codewords constructed from [3Xobj[103X. The
  object  [3Xobj[103X  can  be  a vector, a string, a polynomial or a codeword. It may
  also be a list of those (even a mixed list).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf a number [3Xn[103X is specified, all constructed codewords have length [3Xn[103X. This is
  the  only  way  to  make  sure  that  all  elements  of [3Xobj[103X are converted to
  codewords  of  the  same  length. Elements of [3Xobj[103X that are longer than [3Xn[103X are
  reduced in length by cutting of the last positions. Elements of [3Xobj[103X that are
  shorter  than  [3Xn[103X  are  lengthened  by  adding  zeros  at the end. If no [3Xn[103X is
  specified, each constructed codeword is handled individually.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  a  Galois  field [3XF[103X is specified, all codewords are constructed over this
  field.  This  is  the  only  way  to  make sure that all elements of [3Xobj[103X are
  converted  to  the  same  field [3XF[103X (otherwise they are converted one by one).
  Note  that all elements of [3Xobj[103X must have elements over [3XF[103X or over `Integers'.
  Converting  from  one  Galois  field  to  another is not allowed. If no [3XF[103X is
  specified, vectors or strings with integer elements will be converted to the
  smallest Galois field possible.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YNote  that  a significant speed increase is achieved if [3XF[103X is specified, even
  when all elements of [3Xobj[103X already have elements over [3XF[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YEvery  vector  in  [3Xobj[103X  can be a finite field vector over [3XF[103X or a vector over
  `Integers'.  In  the  last case, it is converted to [3XF[103X or, if omitted, to the
  smallest Galois field possible.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YEvery  string  in [3Xobj[103X must be a string of numbers, without spaces, commas or
  any  other  characters.  These  numbers  must  be from 0 to 9. The string is
  converted to a codeword over [3XF[103X or, if [3XF[103X is omitted, over the smallest Galois
  field possible. Note that since all numbers in the string are interpreted as
  one-digit  numbers,  Galois  fields  of size larger than 10 are not properly
  represented when using strings. In fact, no finite field of size larger than
  11 arises in this fashion at all.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YEvery  polynomial  in  [3Xobj[103X  is  converted  to  a codeword of length [3Xn[103X or, if
  omitted,  of  a  length  dictated  by  the degree of the polynomial. If [3XF[103X is
  specified, a polynomial in [3Xobj[103X must be over [3XF[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YEvery  element of [3Xobj[103X that is already a codeword is changed to a codeword of
  length  [3Xn[103X.  If  no  [3Xn[103X  was  specified,  the codeword doesn't change. If [3XF[103X is
  specified, the codeword must have base field [3XF[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xc := Codeword([0,1,1,1,0]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 0 1 1 1 0 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XVectorCodeword( c ); [127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 0*Z(2), Z(2)^0, Z(2)^0, Z(2)^0, 0*Z(2) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xc2 := Codeword([0,1,1,1,0], GF(3));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 0 1 1 1 0 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XVectorCodeword( c2 );[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 0*Z(3), Z(3)^0, Z(3)^0, Z(3)^0, 0*Z(3) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XCodeword([c, c2, "0110"]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ 0 1 1 1 0 ], [ 0 1 1 1 0 ], [ 0 1 1 0 ] ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xp := UnivariatePolynomial(GF(2), [Z(2)^0, 0*Z(2), Z(2)^0]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xx_1^2+Z(2)^0[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XCodeword(p);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xx^2 + 1[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis  command  can  also be called using the syntax [10XCodeword(obj,C)[110X. In this
  format,  the  elements  of [3Xobj[103X are converted to elements of the same ambient
  vector  space  as the elements of a code [3XC[103X. The command [10XCodeword(c,C)[110X is the
  same  as  calling [10XCodeword(c,n,F)[110X, where [3Xn[103X is the word length of [3XC[103X and the [3XF[103X
  is the ground field of [3XC[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XC := WholeSpaceCode(7,GF(5));[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xa cyclic [7,7,1]0 whole space code over GF(5)[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XCodeword(["0220110", [1,1,1]], C);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ 0 2 2 0 1 1 0 ], [ 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 ] ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XCodeword(["0220110", [1,1,1]], 7, GF(5));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ 0 2 2 0 1 1 0 ], [ 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 ] ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XC:=RandomLinearCode(10,5,GF(3));[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xa  [10,5,?] randomly generated code over GF(3)[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XCodeword("1000000000",C);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XCodeword("1000000000",10,GF(3));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X3.1-2 CodewordNr[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XCodewordNr[102X( [3XC[103X, [3Xlist[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XCodewordNr[110X  returns a list of codewords of [3XC[103X. [3Xlist[103X may be a list of integers
  or a single integer. For each integer of [3Xlist[103X, the corresponding codeword of
  [3XC[103X  is  returned.  The  correspondence  of  a  number  [22Xi[122X  with  a codeword is
  determined  as  follows:  if  a list of elements of [3XC[103X is available, the [22Xi^th[122X
  element  is taken. Otherwise, it is calculated by multiplication of the [22Xi^th[122X
  information  vector  by  the generator matrix or generator polynomial, where
  the  information  vectors  are ordered lexicographically. In particular, the
  returned  codeword(s) could be a vector or a polynomial. So [10XCodewordNr(C, i)[110X
  is  equal  to [10XAsSSortedList(C)[i][110X, described in the next chapter. The latter
  function  first calculates the set of all the elements of [22XC[122X and then returns
  the  [22Xi^th[122X  element  of that set, whereas the former only calculates the [22Xi^th[122X
  codeword.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XB := BinaryGolayCode();[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xa cyclic [23,12,7]3 binary Golay code over GF(2)[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xc := CodewordNr(B, 4);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xx^22 + x^20 + x^17 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XR := ReedSolomonCode(2,2);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xa cyclic [2,1,2]1 Reed-Solomon code over GF(3)[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XAsSSortedList(R);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ 0 0 ], [ 1 1 ], [ 2 2 ] ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XCodewordNr(R, [1,3]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ 0 0 ], [ 2 2 ] ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X3.1-3 IsCodeword[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XIsCodeword[102X( [3Xobj[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XIsCodeword[110X  returns `true' if [3Xobj[103X, which can be an object of arbitrary type,
  is  of  the codeword type and `false' otherwise. The function will signal an
  error if [3Xobj[103X is an unbound variable.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsCodeword(1);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xfalse[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsCodeword(ReedMullerCode(2,3));[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xfalse[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsCodeword("11111");[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xfalse[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsCodeword(Codeword("11111"));[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  
  [1X3.2 [33X[0;0YComparisons of Codewords[133X[101X
  
  [1X3.2-1 \=[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2X\=[102X( [3Xc1[103X, [3Xc2[103X ) [32X method[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe equality operator [10Xc1 = c2[110X evaluates to `true' if the codewords [3Xc1[103X and [3Xc2[103X
  are  equal,  and  to `false' otherwise. Note that codewords are equal if and
  only  if  their  base  vectors  are equal. Whether they are represented as a
  vector or polynomial has nothing to do with the comparison.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YComparing codewords with objects of other types is not recommended, although
  it  is  possible.  If  [3Xc2[103X  is  the  codeword,  the  other object [3Xc1[103X is first
  converted  to  a  codeword,  after which comparison is possible. This way, a
  codeword  can be compared with a vector, polynomial, or string. If [3Xc1[103X is the
  codeword,  then  problems may arise if [3Xc2[103X is a polynomial. In that case, the
  comparison  always  yields  a  `false', because the polynomial comparison is
  called.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  equality operator is also denoted [10XEQ[110X, and [10XEQ(c1,c2)[110X is the same as [10Xc1 =
  c2[110X. There is also an inequality operator, < >, or [10Xnot EQ[110X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XP := UnivariatePolynomial(GF(2), Z(2)*[1,0,0,1]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xx_1^3+Z(2)^0[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xc := Codeword(P, GF(2));[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xx^3 + 1[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XP = c;        # codeword operation[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xc2 := Codeword("1001", GF(2));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 1 0 0 1 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xc = c2;[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XC:=HammingCode(3);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xa linear [7,4,3]1 Hamming (3,2) code over GF(2)[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xc1:=Random(C);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xc2:=Random(C);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XEQ(c1,c2);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xfalse[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xnot EQ(c1,c2);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  
  [1X3.3 [33X[0;0YArithmetic Operations for Codewords[133X[101X
  
  [1X3.3-1 \+[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2X\+[102X( [3Xc1[103X, [3Xc2[103X ) [32X method[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  following  operations  are always available for codewords. The operands
  must  have  a  common base field, and must have the same length. No implicit
  conversions are performed.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe operator [10X+[110X evaluates to the sum of the codewords [3Xc1[103X and [3Xc2[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XC:=RandomLinearCode(10,5,GF(3));[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xa  [10,5,?] randomly generated code over GF(3)[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xc:=Random(C);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 1 0 2 2 2 2 1 0 2 0 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XCodeword(c+"2000000000");[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 0 0 2 2 2 2 1 0 2 0 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XCodeword(c+"1000000000");[127X[104X
    [4X[28XError, <x> and <y> have different characteristic[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  last  command  returns  a  GAP  ERROR  since the `codeword' which [5XGUAVA[105X
  associates to "1000000000" belongs to [22XGF(2)[122X and not [22XGF(3)[122X.[133X
  
  [1X3.3-2 \-[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2X\-[102X( [3Xc1[103X, [3Xc2[103X ) [32X method[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YSimilar  to  addition:  the  operator  [10X-[110X  evaluates to the difference of the
  codewords [3Xc1[103X and [3Xc2[103X.[133X
  
  [1X3.3-3 \+[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2X\+[102X( [3Xv[103X, [3XC[103X ) [32X method[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  operator  [10Xv+C[110X  evaluates  to  the  coset  code of code [3XC[103X after adding a
  `codeword'  [3Xv[103X  to all codewords in [3XC[103X. Note that if [22Xc ∈ C[122X then mathematically
  [22Xc+C=C[122X but [5XGUAVA[105X only sees them equal as [13Xsets[113X. See [2XCosetCode[102X ([14X6.1-17[114X).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YNote that the command [10XC+v[110X returns the same output as the command [10Xv+C[110X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XC:=RandomLinearCode(10,5);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xa  [10,5,?] randomly generated code over GF(2)[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xc:=Random(C);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xc+C;[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<add. coset of a  [10,5,?] randomly generated code over GF(2)>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xc+C=C;[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsLinearCode(c+C);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xfalse[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xv:=Codeword("100000000");[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xv+C;[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<add. coset of a  [10,5,?] randomly generated code over GF(2)>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XC=v+C;[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xfalse[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XC := GeneratorMatCode( [ [1, 0,0,0], [0, 1,0,0] ], GF(2) );[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xa linear [4,2,1]1..2 code defined by generator matrix over GF(2)[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XElements(C);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ 0 0 0 0 ], [ 0 1 0 0 ], [ 1 0 0 0 ], [ 1 1 0 0 ] ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xv:=Codeword("0011");[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 0 0 1 1 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XC+v;[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<add. coset of a linear [4,2,4]1 code defined by generator matrix over GF(2)>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XElements(C+v);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ 0 0 1 1 ], [ 0 1 1 1 ], [ 1 0 1 1 ], [ 1 1 1 1 ] ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0YIn general, the operations just described can also be performed on codewords
  expressed   as  vectors,  strings  or  polynomials,  although  this  is  not
  recommended.  The  vector,  string  or  polynomial  is  first converted to a
  codeword,  after  which  the  normal  operation is performed. For this to go
  right,  make  sure  that at least one of the operands is a codeword. Further
  more, it will not work when the right operand is a polynomial. In that case,
  the  polynomial operations ([10XFiniteFieldPolynomialOps[110X) are called, instead of
  the codeword operations ([10XCodewordOps[110X).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YSome other code-oriented operations with codewords are described in [14X4.2[114X.[133X
  
  
  [1X3.4 [33X[0;0YFunctions that Convert Codewords to Vectors or Polynomials[133X[101X
  
  [1X3.4-1 VectorCodeword[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XVectorCodeword[102X( [3Xobj[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YHere  [3Xobj[103X  can be a code word or a list of code words. This function returns
  the corresponding vectors over a finite field.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xa := Codeword("011011");; [127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XVectorCodeword(a);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 0*Z(2), Z(2)^0, Z(2)^0, 0*Z(2), Z(2)^0, Z(2)^0 ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X3.4-2 PolyCodeword[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XPolyCodeword[102X( [3Xobj[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XPolyCodeword[110X  returns  a  polynomial  or a list of polynomials over a Galois
  field,  converted  from  [3Xobj[103X. The object [3Xobj[103X can be a codeword, or a list of
  codewords.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xa := Codeword("011011");; [127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XPolyCodeword(a);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xx_1^5+x_1^4+x_1^2+x_1[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  
  [1X3.5 [33X[0;0YFunctions that Change the Display Form of a Codeword[133X[101X
  
  [1X3.5-1 TreatAsVector[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XTreatAsVector[102X( [3Xobj[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XTreatAsVector[110X  adapts  the codewords in [3Xobj[103X to make sure they are printed as
  vectors.  [3Xobj[103X may be a codeword or a list of codewords. Elements of [3Xobj[103X that
  are  not codewords are ignored. After this function is called, the codewords
  will  be  treated as vectors. The vector representation is obtained by using
  the coefficient list of the polynomial.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YNote  that  this  [13Xonly[113X  changes the way a codeword is [13Xprinted[113X. [10XTreatAsVector[110X
  returns  nothing,  it  is  called  only  for  its  side effect. The function
  [10XVectorCodeword[110X converts codewords to vectors (see [2XVectorCodeword[102X ([14X3.4-1[114X)).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XB := BinaryGolayCode();[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xa cyclic [23,12,7]3 binary Golay code over GF(2)[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xc := CodewordNr(B, 4);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xx^22 + x^20 + x^17 + x^14 + x^13 + x^12 + x^11 + x^10[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XTreatAsVector(c);[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xc;[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X3.5-2 TreatAsPoly[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XTreatAsPoly[102X( [3Xobj[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XTreatAsPoly[110X  adapts  the  codewords  in [3Xobj[103X to make sure they are printed as
  polynomials.  [3Xobj[103X  may be a codeword or a list of codewords. Elements of [3Xobj[103X
  that  are  not  codewords  are  ignored.  After this function is called, the
  codewords  will  be  treated  as  polynomials.  The finite field vector that
  defines  the  codeword  is  used  as  a  coefficient  list of the polynomial
  representation,  where the first element of the vector is the coefficient of
  degree zero, the second element is the coefficient of degree one, etc, until
  the last element, which is the coefficient of highest degree.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YNote  that  this  [13Xonly[113X  changes  the  way a codeword is [13Xprinted[113X. [10XTreatAsPoly[110X
  returns  nothing,  it  is  called  only  for  its  side effect. The function
  [10XPolyCodeword[110X converts codewords to polynomials (see [2XPolyCodeword[102X ([14X3.4-2[114X)).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xa := Codeword("00001",GF(2));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 0 0 0 0 1 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XTreatAsPoly(a); a;[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xx^4[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xb := NullWord(6,GF(4));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 0 0 0 0 0 0 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XTreatAsPoly(b); b;[127X[104X
    [4X[28X0[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  
  [1X3.6 [33X[0;0YOther Codeword Functions[133X[101X
  
  [1X3.6-1 NullWord[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNullWord[102X( [3Xn[103X, [3XF[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YOther  uses:  [10XNullWord(  n  )[110X  (default [22XF=GF(2)[122X) and [10XNullWord( C )[110X. [10XNullWord[110X
  returns a codeword of length [3Xn[103X over the field [3XF[103X of only zeros. The integer [3Xn[103X
  must  be  greater  then  zero.  If only a code [3XC[103X is specified, [10XNullWord[110X will
  return a null word with both the word length and the Galois field of [3XC[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNullWord(8);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XCodeword("0000") = NullWord(4);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNullWord(5,GF(16));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 0 0 0 0 0 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNullWord(ExtendedTernaryGolayCode());[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X3.6-2 DistanceCodeword[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XDistanceCodeword[102X( [3Xc1[103X, [3Xc2[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XDistanceCodeword[110X  returns the Hamming distance from [3Xc1[103X to [3Xc2[103X. Both variables
  must  be  codewords  with  equal word length over the same Galois field. The
  Hamming  distance  between  two  words is the number of places in which they
  differ. As a result, [10XDistanceCodeword[110X always returns an integer between zero
  and the word length of the codewords.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xa := Codeword([0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]);; b := NullWord(6, GF(3));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XDistanceCodeword(a, b);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X4[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XDistanceCodeword(b, a);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X4[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XDistanceCodeword(a, a);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X0[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X3.6-3 Support[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XSupport[102X( [3Xc[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XSupport[110X  returns  a set of integers indicating the positions of the non-zero
  entries in a codeword [3Xc[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xa := Codeword("012320023002");; Support(a);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSupport(NullWord(7));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[  ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  support  of a list with codewords can be calculated by taking the union
  of  the  individual supports. The weight of the support is the length of the
  set.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XL := Codeword(["000000", "101010", "222000"], GF(3));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Union(List(L, i -> Support(i)));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 1, 2, 3, 5 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XLength(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X4[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X3.6-4 WeightCodeword[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XWeightCodeword[102X( [3Xc[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XWeightCodeword[110X  returns  the  weight of a codeword [22Xc[122X, the number of non-zero
  entries  in [3Xc[103X. As a result, [10XWeightCodeword[110X always returns an integer between
  zero and the word length of the codeword.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XWeightCodeword(Codeword("22222"));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X5[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XWeightCodeword(NullWord(3));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X0[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XC := HammingCode(3);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xa linear [7,4,3]1 Hamming (3,2) code over GF(2)[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMinimum(List(AsSSortedList(C){[2..Size(C)]}, WeightCodeword ) );[127X[104X
    [4X[28X3[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
