# Source code for fontTools.ttLib.tables.otTables

    # coding: utf-8
    """fontTools.ttLib.tables.otTables -- A collection of classes representing the various
    OpenType subtables.

    Most are constructed upon import from data in otData.py, all are populated with
    converter objects from otConverters.py.
    """
    import copy
    from enum import IntEnum
    from functools import reduce
    from math import radians
    import itertools
    from collections import defaultdict, namedtuple
    from fontTools.ttLib import OPTIMIZE_FONT_SPEED
    from fontTools.ttLib.tables.TupleVariation import TupleVariation
    from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otTraverse import dfs_base_table
    from fontTools.misc.arrayTools import quantizeRect
    from fontTools.misc.roundTools import otRound
    from fontTools.misc.transform import Transform, Identity, DecomposedTransform
    from fontTools.misc.textTools import bytesjoin, pad, safeEval
    from fontTools.misc.vector import Vector
    from fontTools.pens.boundsPen import ControlBoundsPen
    from fontTools.pens.transformPen import TransformPen
    from .otBase import (
        BaseTable,
        FormatSwitchingBaseTable,
        ValueRecord,
        CountReference,
        getFormatSwitchingBaseTableClass,
    )
    from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import (
        fixedToFloat as fi2fl,
        floatToFixed as fl2fi,
        floatToFixedToStr as fl2str,
        strToFixedToFloat as str2fl,
    )
    from fontTools.feaLib.lookupDebugInfo import LookupDebugInfo, LOOKUP_DEBUG_INFO_KEY
    import logging
    import struct
    import array
    import sys
    from enum import IntFlag
    from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Iterator, List, Optional, Set

    if TYPE_CHECKING:
        from fontTools.ttLib.ttGlyphSet import _TTGlyphSet

    log = logging.getLogger(__name__)

    class VarComponentFlags(IntFlag):
        RESET_UNSPECIFIED_AXES = 1 << 0

        HAVE_AXES = 1 << 1

        AXIS_VALUES_HAVE_VARIATION = 1 << 2
        TRANSFORM_HAS_VARIATION = 1 << 3

        HAVE_TRANSLATE_X = 1 << 4
        HAVE_TRANSLATE_Y = 1 << 5
        HAVE_ROTATION = 1 << 6

        HAVE_CONDITION = 1 << 7

        HAVE_SCALE_X = 1 << 8
        HAVE_SCALE_Y = 1 << 9
        HAVE_TCENTER_X = 1 << 10
        HAVE_TCENTER_Y = 1 << 11

        GID_IS_24BIT = 1 << 12

        HAVE_SKEW_X = 1 << 13
        HAVE_SKEW_Y = 1 << 14

        RESERVED_MASK = (1 << 32) - (1 << 15)

    VarTransformMappingValues = namedtuple(
        "VarTransformMappingValues",
        ["flag", "fractionalBits", "scale", "defaultValue"],
    )

    VAR_TRANSFORM_MAPPING = {
        "translateX": VarTransformMappingValues(
            VarComponentFlags.HAVE_TRANSLATE_X, 0, 1, 0
        ),
        "translateY": VarTransformMappingValues(
            VarComponentFlags.HAVE_TRANSLATE_Y, 0, 1, 0
        ),
        "rotation": VarTransformMappingValues(VarComponentFlags.HAVE_ROTATION, 12, 180, 0),
        "scaleX": VarTransformMappingValues(VarComponentFlags.HAVE_SCALE_X, 10, 1, 1),
        "scaleY": VarTransformMappingValues(VarComponentFlags.HAVE_SCALE_Y, 10, 1, 1),
        "skewX": VarTransformMappingValues(VarComponentFlags.HAVE_SKEW_X, 12, -180, 0),
        "skewY": VarTransformMappingValues(VarComponentFlags.HAVE_SKEW_Y, 12, 180, 0),
        "tCenterX": VarTransformMappingValues(VarComponentFlags.HAVE_TCENTER_X, 0, 1, 0),
        "tCenterY": VarTransformMappingValues(VarComponentFlags.HAVE_TCENTER_Y, 0, 1, 0),
    }

    # Probably should be somewhere in fontTools.misc
    _packer = {
        1: lambda v: struct.pack(">B", v),
        2: lambda v: struct.pack(">H", v),
        3: lambda v: struct.pack(">L", v)[1:],
        4: lambda v: struct.pack(">L", v),
    }
    _unpacker = {
        1: lambda v: struct.unpack(">B", v)[0],
        2: lambda v: struct.unpack(">H", v)[0],
        3: lambda v: struct.unpack(">L", b"\0" + v)[0],
        4: lambda v: struct.unpack(">L", v)[0],
    }

    def _read_uint32var(data, i):
        """Read a variable-length number from data starting at index i.

        Return the number and the next index.
        """

        b0 = data[i]
        if b0 < 0x80:
            return b0, i + 1
        elif b0 < 0xC0:
            return (b0 - 0x80) << 8 | data[i + 1], i + 2
        elif b0 < 0xE0:
            return (b0 - 0xC0) << 16 | data[i + 1] << 8 | data[i + 2], i + 3
        elif b0 < 0xF0:
            return (b0 - 0xE0) << 24 | data[i + 1] << 16 | data[i + 2] << 8 | data[
                i + 3
            ], i + 4
        else:
            return (b0 - 0xF0) << 32 | data[i + 1] << 24 | data[i + 2] << 16 | data[
                i + 3
            ] << 8 | data[i + 4], i + 5

    def _write_uint32var(v):
        """Write a variable-length number.

        Return the data.
        """
        if v < 0x80:
            return struct.pack(">B", v)
        elif v < 0x4000:
            return struct.pack(">H", (v | 0x8000))
        elif v < 0x200000:
            return struct.pack(">L", (v | 0xC00000))[1:]
        elif v < 0x10000000:
            return struct.pack(">L", (v | 0xE0000000))
        else:
            return struct.pack(">B", 0xF0) + struct.pack(">L", v)

    class VarComponent:
        def __init__(self):
            self.populateDefaults()

        def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
            self.flags = 0
            self.glyphName = None
            self.conditionIndex = None
            self.axisIndicesIndex = None
            self.axisValues = ()
            self.axisValuesVarIndex = NO_VARIATION_INDEX
            self.transformVarIndex = NO_VARIATION_INDEX
            self.transform = DecomposedTransform()

        def decompile(self, data, font, localState):
            i = 0
            self.flags, i = _read_uint32var(data, i)
            flags = self.flags

            gidSize = 3 if flags & VarComponentFlags.GID_IS_24BIT else 2
            glyphID = _unpacker[gidSize](data[i : i + gidSize])
            i += gidSize
            self.glyphName = font.glyphOrder[glyphID]

            if flags & VarComponentFlags.HAVE_CONDITION:
                self.conditionIndex, i = _read_uint32var(data, i)

            if flags & VarComponentFlags.HAVE_AXES:
                self.axisIndicesIndex, i = _read_uint32var(data, i)
            else:
                self.axisIndicesIndex = None

            if self.axisIndicesIndex is None:
                numAxes = 0
            else:
                axisIndices = localState["AxisIndicesList"].Item[self.axisIndicesIndex]
                numAxes = len(axisIndices)

            if flags & VarComponentFlags.HAVE_AXES:
                axisValues, i = TupleVariation.decompileDeltas_(numAxes, data, i)
                self.axisValues = tuple(fi2fl(v, 14) for v in axisValues)
            else:
                self.axisValues = ()
            assert len(self.axisValues) == numAxes

            if flags & VarComponentFlags.AXIS_VALUES_HAVE_VARIATION:
                self.axisValuesVarIndex, i = _read_uint32var(data, i)
            else:
                self.axisValuesVarIndex = NO_VARIATION_INDEX
            if flags & VarComponentFlags.TRANSFORM_HAS_VARIATION:
                self.transformVarIndex, i = _read_uint32var(data, i)
            else:
                self.transformVarIndex = NO_VARIATION_INDEX

            self.transform = DecomposedTransform()

            def read_transform_component(values):
                nonlocal i
                if flags & values.flag:
                    v = (
                        fi2fl(
                            struct.unpack(">h", data[i : i + 2])[0], values.fractionalBits
                        )
                        * values.scale
                    )
                    i += 2
                    return v
                else:
                    return values.defaultValue

            for attr_name, mapping_values in VAR_TRANSFORM_MAPPING.items():
                value = read_transform_component(mapping_values)
                setattr(self.transform, attr_name, value)

            if not (flags & VarComponentFlags.HAVE_SCALE_Y):
                self.transform.scaleY = self.transform.scaleX

            n = flags & VarComponentFlags.RESERVED_MASK
            while n:
                _, i = _read_uint32var(data, i)
                n &= n - 1

            return data[i:]

        def compile(self, font):
            optimizeSpeed = font.cfg[OPTIMIZE_FONT_SPEED]

            data = []

            flags = self.flags

            glyphID = font.getGlyphID(self.glyphName)
            if glyphID > 65535:
                flags |= VarComponentFlags.GID_IS_24BIT
                data.append(_packer[3](glyphID))
            else:
                flags &= ~VarComponentFlags.GID_IS_24BIT
                data.append(_packer[2](glyphID))

            if self.conditionIndex is not None:
                flags |= VarComponentFlags.HAVE_CONDITION
                data.append(_write_uint32var(self.conditionIndex))

            numAxes = len(self.axisValues)

            if numAxes:
                flags |= VarComponentFlags.HAVE_AXES
                data.append(_write_uint32var(self.axisIndicesIndex))
                data.append(
                    TupleVariation.compileDeltaValues_(
                        [fl2fi(v, 14) for v in self.axisValues],
                        optimizeSize=not optimizeSpeed,
                    )
                )
            else:
                flags &= ~VarComponentFlags.HAVE_AXES

            if self.axisValuesVarIndex != NO_VARIATION_INDEX:
                flags |= VarComponentFlags.AXIS_VALUES_HAVE_VARIATION
                data.append(_write_uint32var(self.axisValuesVarIndex))
            else:
                flags &= ~VarComponentFlags.AXIS_VALUES_HAVE_VARIATION
            if self.transformVarIndex != NO_VARIATION_INDEX:
                flags |= VarComponentFlags.TRANSFORM_HAS_VARIATION
                data.append(_write_uint32var(self.transformVarIndex))
            else:
                flags &= ~VarComponentFlags.TRANSFORM_HAS_VARIATION

            def write_transform_component(value, values):
                if flags & values.flag:
                    return struct.pack(
                        ">h", fl2fi(value / values.scale, values.fractionalBits)
                    )
                else:
                    return b""

            for attr_name, mapping_values in VAR_TRANSFORM_MAPPING.items():
                value = getattr(self.transform, attr_name)
                data.append(write_transform_component(value, mapping_values))

            return _write_uint32var(flags) + bytesjoin(data)

        def toXML(self, writer, ttFont, attrs):
            writer.begintag("VarComponent", attrs)
            writer.newline()

            def write(name, value, attrs=()):
                if value is not None:
                    writer.simpletag(name, (("value", value),) + attrs)
                    writer.newline()

            write("glyphName", self.glyphName)

            if self.conditionIndex is not None:
                write("conditionIndex", self.conditionIndex)
            if self.axisIndicesIndex is not None:
                write("axisIndicesIndex", self.axisIndicesIndex)
            if (
                self.axisIndicesIndex is not None
                or self.flags & VarComponentFlags.RESET_UNSPECIFIED_AXES
            ):
                if self.flags & VarComponentFlags.RESET_UNSPECIFIED_AXES:
                    attrs = (("resetUnspecifiedAxes", 1),)
                else:
                    attrs = ()
                write("axisValues", [float(fl2str(v, 14)) for v in self.axisValues], attrs)

            if self.axisValuesVarIndex != NO_VARIATION_INDEX:
                write("axisValuesVarIndex", self.axisValuesVarIndex)
            if self.transformVarIndex != NO_VARIATION_INDEX:
                write("transformVarIndex", self.transformVarIndex)

            # Only write transform components that are specified in the
            # flags, even if they are the default value.
            for attr_name, mapping in VAR_TRANSFORM_MAPPING.items():
                if not (self.flags & mapping.flag):
                    continue
                v = getattr(self.transform, attr_name)
                write(attr_name, fl2str(v, mapping.fractionalBits))

            writer.endtag("VarComponent")
            writer.newline()

        def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, ttFont):
            content = [c for c in content if isinstance(c, tuple)]

            self.populateDefaults()

            for name, attrs, content in content:
                assert not content
                v = attrs["value"]

                if name == "glyphName":
                    self.glyphName = v
                elif name == "conditionIndex":
                    self.conditionIndex = safeEval(v)
                elif name == "axisIndicesIndex":
                    self.axisIndicesIndex = safeEval(v)
                elif name == "axisValues":
                    self.axisValues = tuple(str2fl(v, 14) for v in safeEval(v))
                    if safeEval(attrs.get("resetUnspecifiedAxes", "0")):
                        self.flags |= VarComponentFlags.RESET_UNSPECIFIED_AXES
                elif name == "axisValuesVarIndex":
                    self.axisValuesVarIndex = safeEval(v)
                elif name == "transformVarIndex":
                    self.transformVarIndex = safeEval(v)
                elif name in VAR_TRANSFORM_MAPPING:
                    setattr(
                        self.transform,
                        name,
                        safeEval(v),
                    )
                    self.flags |= VAR_TRANSFORM_MAPPING[name].flag
                else:
                    assert False, name

        def applyTransformDeltas(self, deltas):
            i = 0

            def read_transform_component_delta(values):
                nonlocal i
                if self.flags & values.flag:
                    v = fi2fl(deltas[i], values.fractionalBits) * values.scale
                    i += 1
                    return v
                else:
                    return 0

            for attr_name, mapping_values in VAR_TRANSFORM_MAPPING.items():
                value = read_transform_component_delta(mapping_values)
                setattr(
                    self.transform, attr_name, getattr(self.transform, attr_name) + value
                )

            if not (self.flags & VarComponentFlags.HAVE_SCALE_Y):
                self.transform.scaleY = self.transform.scaleX

            assert i == len(deltas), (i, len(deltas))

        def __eq__(self, other):
            if type(self) != type(other):
                return NotImplemented
            return self.__dict__ == other.__dict__

        def __ne__(self, other):
            result = self.__eq__(other)
            return result if result is NotImplemented else not result

    class VarCompositeGlyph:
        def __init__(self, components=None):
            self.components = components if components is not None else []

        def decompile(self, data, font, localState):
            self.components = []
            while data:
                component = VarComponent()
                data = component.decompile(data, font, localState)
                self.components.append(component)

        def compile(self, font):
            data = []
            for component in self.components:
                data.append(component.compile(font))
            return bytesjoin(data)

        def toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs, name):
            xmlWriter.begintag("VarCompositeGlyph", attrs)
            xmlWriter.newline()
            for i, component in enumerate(self.components):
                component.toXML(xmlWriter, font, [("index", i)])
            xmlWriter.endtag("VarCompositeGlyph")
            xmlWriter.newline()

        def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
            content = [c for c in content if isinstance(c, tuple)]
            for name, attrs, content in content:
                assert name == "VarComponent"
                component = VarComponent()
                component.fromXML(name, attrs, content, font)
                self.components.append(component)

    class AATStateTable(object):
        def __init__(self):
            self.GlyphClasses = {}  # GlyphID --> GlyphClass
            self.States = []  # List of AATState, indexed by state number
            self.PerGlyphLookups = []  # [{GlyphID:GlyphID}, ...]

    class AATState(object):
        def __init__(self):
            self.Transitions = {}  # GlyphClass --> AATAction

    class AATAction(object):
        _FLAGS = None

        @staticmethod
        def compileActions(font, states):
            return (None, None)

        def _writeFlagsToXML(self, xmlWriter):
            flags = [f for f in self._FLAGS if self.__dict__[f]]
            if flags:
                xmlWriter.simpletag("Flags", value=",".join(flags))
                xmlWriter.newline()
            if self.ReservedFlags != 0:
                xmlWriter.simpletag("ReservedFlags", value="0x%04X" % self.ReservedFlags)
                xmlWriter.newline()

        def _setFlag(self, flag):
            assert flag in self._FLAGS, "unsupported flag %s" % flag
            self.__dict__[flag] = True

    class RearrangementMorphAction(AATAction):
        staticSize = 4
        actionHeaderSize = 0
        _FLAGS = ["MarkFirst", "DontAdvance", "MarkLast"]

        _VERBS = {
            0: "no change",
            1: "Ax ⇒ xA",
            2: "xD ⇒ Dx",
            3: "AxD ⇒ DxA",
            4: "ABx ⇒ xAB",
            5: "ABx ⇒ xBA",
            6: "xCD ⇒ CDx",
            7: "xCD ⇒ DCx",
            8: "AxCD ⇒ CDxA",
            9: "AxCD ⇒ DCxA",
            10: "ABxD ⇒ DxAB",
            11: "ABxD ⇒ DxBA",
            12: "ABxCD ⇒ CDxAB",
            13: "ABxCD ⇒ CDxBA",
            14: "ABxCD ⇒ DCxAB",
            15: "ABxCD ⇒ DCxBA",
        }

        def __init__(self):
            self.NewState = 0
            self.Verb = 0
            self.MarkFirst = False
            self.DontAdvance = False
            self.MarkLast = False
            self.ReservedFlags = 0

        def compile(self, writer, font, actionIndex):
            assert actionIndex is None
            writer.writeUShort(self.NewState)
            assert self.Verb >= 0 and self.Verb <= 15, self.Verb
            flags = self.Verb | self.ReservedFlags
            if self.MarkFirst:
                flags |= 0x8000
            if self.DontAdvance:
                flags |= 0x4000
            if self.MarkLast:
                flags |= 0x2000
            writer.writeUShort(flags)

        def decompile(self, reader, font, actionReader):
            assert actionReader is None
            self.NewState = reader.readUShort()
            flags = reader.readUShort()
            self.Verb = flags & 0xF
            self.MarkFirst = bool(flags & 0x8000)
            self.DontAdvance = bool(flags & 0x4000)
            self.MarkLast = bool(flags & 0x2000)
            self.ReservedFlags = flags & 0x1FF0

        def toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs, name):
            xmlWriter.begintag(name, **attrs)
            xmlWriter.newline()
            xmlWriter.simpletag("NewState", value=self.NewState)
            xmlWriter.newline()
            self._writeFlagsToXML(xmlWriter)
            xmlWriter.simpletag("Verb", value=self.Verb)
            verbComment = self._VERBS.get(self.Verb)
            if verbComment is not None:
                xmlWriter.comment(verbComment)
            xmlWriter.newline()
            xmlWriter.endtag(name)
            xmlWriter.newline()

        def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
            self.NewState = self.Verb = self.ReservedFlags = 0
            self.MarkFirst = self.DontAdvance = self.MarkLast = False
            content = [t for t in content if isinstance(t, tuple)]
            for eltName, eltAttrs, eltContent in content:
                if eltName == "NewState":
                    self.NewState = safeEval(eltAttrs["value"])
                elif eltName == "Verb":
                    self.Verb = safeEval(eltAttrs["value"])
                elif eltName == "ReservedFlags":
                    self.ReservedFlags = safeEval(eltAttrs["value"])
                elif eltName == "Flags":
                    for flag in eltAttrs["value"].split(","):
                        self._setFlag(flag.strip())

    class ContextualMorphAction(AATAction):
        staticSize = 8
        actionHeaderSize = 0
        _FLAGS = ["SetMark", "DontAdvance"]

        def __init__(self):
            self.NewState = 0
            self.SetMark, self.DontAdvance = False, False
            self.ReservedFlags = 0
            self.MarkIndex, self.CurrentIndex = 0xFFFF, 0xFFFF

        def compile(self, writer, font, actionIndex):
            assert actionIndex is None
            writer.writeUShort(self.NewState)
            flags = self.ReservedFlags
            if self.SetMark:
                flags |= 0x8000
            if self.DontAdvance:
                flags |= 0x4000
            writer.writeUShort(flags)
            writer.writeUShort(self.MarkIndex)
            writer.writeUShort(self.CurrentIndex)

        def decompile(self, reader, font, actionReader):
            assert actionReader is None
            self.NewState = reader.readUShort()
            flags = reader.readUShort()
            self.SetMark = bool(flags & 0x8000)
            self.DontAdvance = bool(flags & 0x4000)
            self.ReservedFlags = flags & 0x3FFF
            self.MarkIndex = reader.readUShort()
            self.CurrentIndex = reader.readUShort()

        def toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs, name):
            xmlWriter.begintag(name, **attrs)
            xmlWriter.newline()
            xmlWriter.simpletag("NewState", value=self.NewState)
            xmlWriter.newline()
            self._writeFlagsToXML(xmlWriter)
            xmlWriter.simpletag("MarkIndex", value=self.MarkIndex)
            xmlWriter.newline()
            xmlWriter.simpletag("CurrentIndex", value=self.CurrentIndex)
            xmlWriter.newline()
            xmlWriter.endtag(name)
            xmlWriter.newline()

        def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
            self.NewState = self.ReservedFlags = 0
            self.SetMark = self.DontAdvance = False
            self.MarkIndex, self.CurrentIndex = 0xFFFF, 0xFFFF
            content = [t for t in content if isinstance(t, tuple)]
            for eltName, eltAttrs, eltContent in content:
                if eltName == "NewState":
                    self.NewState = safeEval(eltAttrs["value"])
                elif eltName == "Flags":
                    for flag in eltAttrs["value"].split(","):
                        self._setFlag(flag.strip())
                elif eltName == "ReservedFlags":
                    self.ReservedFlags = safeEval(eltAttrs["value"])
                elif eltName == "MarkIndex":
                    self.MarkIndex = safeEval(eltAttrs["value"])
                elif eltName == "CurrentIndex":
                    self.CurrentIndex = safeEval(eltAttrs["value"])

    class LigAction(object):
        def __init__(self):
            self.Store = False
            # GlyphIndexDelta is a (possibly negative) delta that gets
            # added to the glyph ID at the top of the AAT runtime
            # execution stack. It is *not* a byte offset into the
            # morx table. The result of the addition, which is performed
            # at run time by the shaping engine, is an index into
            # the ligature components table. See 'morx' specification.
            # In the AAT specification, this field is called Offset;
            # but its meaning is quite different from other offsets
            # in either AAT or OpenType, so we use a different name.
            self.GlyphIndexDelta = 0

    class LigatureMorphAction(AATAction):
        staticSize = 6

        # 4 bytes for each of {action,ligComponents,ligatures}Offset
        actionHeaderSize = 12

        _FLAGS = ["SetComponent", "DontAdvance"]

        def __init__(self):
            self.NewState = 0
            self.SetComponent, self.DontAdvance = False, False
            self.ReservedFlags = 0
            self.Actions = []

        def compile(self, writer, font, actionIndex):
            assert actionIndex is not None
            writer.writeUShort(self.NewState)
            flags = self.ReservedFlags
            if self.SetComponent:
                flags |= 0x8000
            if self.DontAdvance:
                flags |= 0x4000
            if len(self.Actions) > 0:
                flags |= 0x2000
            writer.writeUShort(flags)
            if len(self.Actions) > 0:
                actions = self.compileLigActions()
                writer.writeUShort(actionIndex[actions])
            else:
                writer.writeUShort(0)

        def decompile(self, reader, font, actionReader):
            assert actionReader is not None
            self.NewState = reader.readUShort()
            flags = reader.readUShort()
            self.SetComponent = bool(flags & 0x8000)
            self.DontAdvance = bool(flags & 0x4000)
            performAction = bool(flags & 0x2000)
            # As of 2017-09-12, the 'morx' specification says that
            # the reserved bitmask in ligature subtables is 0x3FFF.
            # However, the specification also defines a flag 0x2000,
            # so the reserved value should actually be 0x1FFF.
            # TODO: Report this specification bug to Apple.
            self.ReservedFlags = flags & 0x1FFF
            actionIndex = reader.readUShort()
            if performAction:
                self.Actions = self._decompileLigActions(actionReader, actionIndex)
            else:
                self.Actions = []

        @staticmethod
        def compileActions(font, states):
            result, actions, actionIndex = b"", set(), {}
            for state in states:
                for _glyphClass, trans in state.Transitions.items():
                    actions.add(trans.compileLigActions())
            # Sort the compiled actions in decreasing order of
            # length, so that the longer sequence come before the
            # shorter ones.  For each compiled action ABCD, its
            # suffixes BCD, CD, and D do not be encoded separately
            # (in case they occur); instead, we can just store an
            # index that points into the middle of the longer
            # sequence. Every compiled AAT ligature sequence is
            # terminated with an end-of-sequence flag, which can
            # only be set on the last element of the sequence.
            # Therefore, it is sufficient to consider just the
            # suffixes.
            for a in sorted(actions, key=lambda x: (-len(x), x)):
                if a not in actionIndex:
                    for i in range(0, len(a), 4):
                        suffix = a[i:]
                        suffixIndex = (len(result) + i) // 4
                        actionIndex.setdefault(suffix, suffixIndex)
                    result += a
            result = pad(result, 4)
            return (result, actionIndex)

        def compileLigActions(self):
            result = []
            for i, action in enumerate(self.Actions):
                last = i == len(self.Actions) - 1
                value = action.GlyphIndexDelta & 0x3FFFFFFF
                value |= 0x80000000 if last else 0
                value |= 0x40000000 if action.Store else 0
                result.append(struct.pack(">L", value))
            return bytesjoin(result)

        def _decompileLigActions(self, actionReader, actionIndex):
            actions = []
            last = False
            reader = actionReader.getSubReader(actionReader.pos + actionIndex * 4)
            while not last:
                value = reader.readULong()
                last = bool(value & 0x80000000)
                action = LigAction()
                actions.append(action)
                action.Store = bool(value & 0x40000000)
                delta = value & 0x3FFFFFFF
                if delta >= 0x20000000:  # sign-extend 30-bit value
                    delta = -0x40000000 + delta
                action.GlyphIndexDelta = delta
            return actions

        def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
            self.NewState = self.ReservedFlags = 0
            self.SetComponent = self.DontAdvance = False
            self.ReservedFlags = 0
            self.Actions = []
            content = [t for t in content if isinstance(t, tuple)]
            for eltName, eltAttrs, eltContent in content:
                if eltName == "NewState":
                    self.NewState = safeEval(eltAttrs["value"])
                elif eltName == "Flags":
                    for flag in eltAttrs["value"].split(","):
                        self._setFlag(flag.strip())
                elif eltName == "ReservedFlags":
                    self.ReservedFlags = safeEval(eltAttrs["value"])
                elif eltName == "Action":
                    action = LigAction()
                    flags = eltAttrs.get("Flags", "").split(",")
                    flags = [f.strip() for f in flags]
                    action.Store = "Store" in flags
                    action.GlyphIndexDelta = safeEval(eltAttrs["GlyphIndexDelta"])
                    self.Actions.append(action)

        def toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs, name):
            xmlWriter.begintag(name, **attrs)
            xmlWriter.newline()
            xmlWriter.simpletag("NewState", value=self.NewState)
            xmlWriter.newline()
            self._writeFlagsToXML(xmlWriter)
            for action in self.Actions:
                attribs = [("GlyphIndexDelta", action.GlyphIndexDelta)]
                if action.Store:
                    attribs.append(("Flags", "Store"))
                xmlWriter.simpletag("Action", attribs)
                xmlWriter.newline()
            xmlWriter.endtag(name)
            xmlWriter.newline()

    class InsertionMorphAction(AATAction):
        staticSize = 8
        actionHeaderSize = 4  # 4 bytes for actionOffset
        _FLAGS = [
            "SetMark",
            "DontAdvance",
            "CurrentIsKashidaLike",
            "MarkedIsKashidaLike",
            "CurrentInsertBefore",
            "MarkedInsertBefore",
        ]

        def __init__(self):
            self.NewState = 0
            for flag in self._FLAGS:
                setattr(self, flag, False)
            self.ReservedFlags = 0
            self.CurrentInsertionAction, self.MarkedInsertionAction = [], []

        def compile(self, writer, font, actionIndex):
            assert actionIndex is not None
            writer.writeUShort(self.NewState)
            flags = self.ReservedFlags
            if self.SetMark:
                flags |= 0x8000
            if self.DontAdvance:
                flags |= 0x4000
            if self.CurrentIsKashidaLike:
                flags |= 0x2000
            if self.MarkedIsKashidaLike:
                flags |= 0x1000
            if self.CurrentInsertBefore:
                flags |= 0x0800
            if self.MarkedInsertBefore:
                flags |= 0x0400
            flags |= len(self.CurrentInsertionAction) << 5
            flags |= len(self.MarkedInsertionAction)
            writer.writeUShort(flags)
            if len(self.CurrentInsertionAction) > 0:
                currentIndex = actionIndex[tuple(self.CurrentInsertionAction)]
            else:
                currentIndex = 0xFFFF
            writer.writeUShort(currentIndex)
            if len(self.MarkedInsertionAction) > 0:
                markedIndex = actionIndex[tuple(self.MarkedInsertionAction)]
            else:
                markedIndex = 0xFFFF
            writer.writeUShort(markedIndex)

        def decompile(self, reader, font, actionReader):
            assert actionReader is not None
            self.NewState = reader.readUShort()
            flags = reader.readUShort()
            self.SetMark = bool(flags & 0x8000)
            self.DontAdvance = bool(flags & 0x4000)
            self.CurrentIsKashidaLike = bool(flags & 0x2000)
            self.MarkedIsKashidaLike = bool(flags & 0x1000)
            self.CurrentInsertBefore = bool(flags & 0x0800)
            self.MarkedInsertBefore = bool(flags & 0x0400)
            self.CurrentInsertionAction = self._decompileInsertionAction(
                actionReader, font, index=reader.readUShort(), count=((flags & 0x03E0) >> 5)
            )
            self.MarkedInsertionAction = self._decompileInsertionAction(
                actionReader, font, index=reader.readUShort(), count=(flags & 0x001F)
            )

        def _decompileInsertionAction(self, actionReader, font, index, count):
            if index == 0xFFFF or count == 0:
                return []
            reader = actionReader.getSubReader(actionReader.pos + index * 2)
            return font.getGlyphNameMany(reader.readUShortArray(count))

        def toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs, name):
            xmlWriter.begintag(name, **attrs)
            xmlWriter.newline()
            xmlWriter.simpletag("NewState", value=self.NewState)
            xmlWriter.newline()
            self._writeFlagsToXML(xmlWriter)
            for g in self.CurrentInsertionAction:
                xmlWriter.simpletag("CurrentInsertionAction", glyph=g)
                xmlWriter.newline()
            for g in self.MarkedInsertionAction:
                xmlWriter.simpletag("MarkedInsertionAction", glyph=g)
                xmlWriter.newline()
            xmlWriter.endtag(name)
            xmlWriter.newline()

        def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
            self.__init__()
            content = [t for t in content if isinstance(t, tuple)]
            for eltName, eltAttrs, eltContent in content:
                if eltName == "NewState":
                    self.NewState = safeEval(eltAttrs["value"])
                elif eltName == "Flags":
                    for flag in eltAttrs["value"].split(","):
                        self._setFlag(flag.strip())
                elif eltName == "CurrentInsertionAction":
                    self.CurrentInsertionAction.append(eltAttrs["glyph"])
                elif eltName == "MarkedInsertionAction":
                    self.MarkedInsertionAction.append(eltAttrs["glyph"])
                else:
                    assert False, eltName

        @staticmethod
        def compileActions(font, states):
            actions, actionIndex, result = set(), {}, b""
            for state in states:
                for _glyphClass, trans in state.Transitions.items():
                    if trans.CurrentInsertionAction is not None:
                        actions.add(tuple(trans.CurrentInsertionAction))
                    if trans.MarkedInsertionAction is not None:
                        actions.add(tuple(trans.MarkedInsertionAction))
            # Sort the compiled actions in decreasing order of
            # length, so that the longer sequence come before the
            # shorter ones.
            for action in sorted(actions, key=lambda x: (-len(x), x)):
                # We insert all sub-sequences of the action glyph sequence
                # into actionIndex. For example, if one action triggers on
                # glyph sequence [A, B, C, D, E] and another action triggers
                # on [C, D], we return result=[A, B, C, D, E] (as list of
                # encoded glyph IDs), and actionIndex={('A','B','C','D','E'): 0,
                # ('C','D'): 2}.
                if action in actionIndex:
                    continue
                for start in range(0, len(action)):
                    startIndex = (len(result) // 2) + start
                    for limit in range(start, len(action)):
                        glyphs = action[start : limit + 1]
                        actionIndex.setdefault(glyphs, startIndex)
                for glyph in action:
                    glyphID = font.getGlyphID(glyph)
                    result += struct.pack(">H", glyphID)
            return result, actionIndex

    class FeatureParams(BaseTable):

        def compile(self, writer, font):
            assert (
                featureParamTypes.get(writer["FeatureTag"]) == self.__class__
            ), "Wrong FeatureParams type for feature '%s': %s" % (
                writer["FeatureTag"],
                self.__class__.__name__,
            )
            BaseTable.compile(self, writer, font)

        def toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs=None, name=None):
            BaseTable.toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs, name=self.__class__.__name__)

    class FeatureParamsSize(FeatureParams):
        pass

    class FeatureParamsStylisticSet(FeatureParams):
        pass

    class FeatureParamsCharacterVariants(FeatureParams):
        pass

    class Coverage(FormatSwitchingBaseTable):
        # manual implementation to get rid of glyphID dependencies

        def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
            if not hasattr(self, "glyphs"):
                self.glyphs = []

        def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
            if self.Format == 1:
                self.glyphs = rawTable["GlyphArray"]
            elif self.Format == 2:
                glyphs = self.glyphs = []
                ranges = rawTable["RangeRecord"]
                # Some SIL fonts have coverage entries that don't have sorted
                # StartCoverageIndex.  If it is so, fixup and warn.  We undo
                # this when writing font out.
                sorted_ranges = sorted(ranges, key=lambda a: a.StartCoverageIndex)
                if ranges != sorted_ranges:
                    log.warning("GSUB/GPOS Coverage is not sorted by glyph ids.")
                    ranges = sorted_ranges
                del sorted_ranges
                for r in ranges:
                    start = r.Start
                    end = r.End
                    startID = font.getGlyphID(start)
                    endID = font.getGlyphID(end) + 1
                    glyphs.extend(font.getGlyphNameMany(range(startID, endID)))
            else:
                self.glyphs = []
                log.warning("Unknown Coverage format: %s", self.Format)
            del self.Format  # Don't need this anymore

        def preWrite(self, font):
            glyphs = getattr(self, "glyphs", None)
            if glyphs is None:
                glyphs = self.glyphs = []
            format = 1
            rawTable = {"GlyphArray": glyphs}
            if glyphs:
                # find out whether Format 2 is more compact or not
                glyphIDs = font.getGlyphIDMany(glyphs)
                brokenOrder = sorted(glyphIDs) != glyphIDs

                last = glyphIDs[0]
                ranges = [[last]]
                for glyphID in glyphIDs[1:]:
                    if glyphID != last + 1:
                        ranges[-1].append(last)
                        ranges.append([glyphID])
                    last = glyphID
                ranges[-1].append(last)

                if brokenOrder or len(ranges) * 3 < len(glyphs):  # 3 words vs. 1 word
                    # Format 2 is more compact
                    index = 0
                    for i, (start, end) in enumerate(ranges):
                        r = RangeRecord()
                        r.StartID = start
                        r.Start = font.getGlyphName(start)
                        r.End = font.getGlyphName(end)
                        r.StartCoverageIndex = index
                        ranges[i] = r
                        index = index + end - start + 1
                    if brokenOrder:
                        log.warning("GSUB/GPOS Coverage is not sorted by glyph ids.")
                        ranges.sort(key=lambda a: a.StartID)
                    for r in ranges:
                        del r.StartID
                    format = 2
                    rawTable = {"RangeRecord": ranges}
                # else:
                # 	fallthrough; Format 1 is more compact
            self.Format = format
            return rawTable

        def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
            for glyphName in getattr(self, "glyphs", []):
                xmlWriter.simpletag("Glyph", value=glyphName)
                xmlWriter.newline()

        def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
            glyphs = getattr(self, "glyphs", None)
            if glyphs is None:
                glyphs = []
                self.glyphs = glyphs
            glyphs.append(attrs["value"])

    # The special 0xFFFFFFFF delta-set index is used to indicate that there
    # is no variation data in the ItemVariationStore for a given variable field
    NO_VARIATION_INDEX = 0xFFFFFFFF

    class DeltaSetIndexMap(getFormatSwitchingBaseTableClass("uint8")):

        def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
            if not hasattr(self, "mapping"):
                self.mapping = []

        def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
            assert (rawTable["EntryFormat"] & 0xFFC0) == 0
            self.mapping = rawTable["mapping"]

        @staticmethod
        def getEntryFormat(mapping):
            ored = 0
            for idx in mapping:
                ored |= idx

            inner = ored & 0xFFFF
            innerBits = 0
            while inner:
                innerBits += 1
                inner >>= 1
            innerBits = max(innerBits, 1)
            assert innerBits <= 16

            ored = (ored >> (16 - innerBits)) | (ored & ((1 << innerBits) - 1))
            if ored <= 0x000000FF:
                entrySize = 1
            elif ored <= 0x0000FFFF:
                entrySize = 2
            elif ored <= 0x00FFFFFF:
                entrySize = 3
            else:
                entrySize = 4

            return ((entrySize - 1) << 4) | (innerBits - 1)

        def preWrite(self, font):
            mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
            if mapping is None:
                mapping = self.mapping = []
            self.Format = 1 if len(mapping) > 0xFFFF else 0
            rawTable = self.__dict__.copy()
            rawTable["MappingCount"] = len(mapping)
            rawTable["EntryFormat"] = self.getEntryFormat(mapping)
            return rawTable

        def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
            # Make xml dump less verbose, by omitting no-op entries like:
            #   <Map index="..." outer="65535" inner="65535"/>
            xmlWriter.comment("Omitted values default to 0xFFFF/0xFFFF (no variations)")
            xmlWriter.newline()
            for i, value in enumerate(getattr(self, "mapping", [])):
                attrs = [("index", i)]
                if value != NO_VARIATION_INDEX:
                    attrs.extend(
                        [
                            ("outer", value >> 16),
                            ("inner", value & 0xFFFF),
                        ]
                    )
                xmlWriter.simpletag("Map", attrs)
                xmlWriter.newline()

        def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
            mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
            if mapping is None:
                self.mapping = mapping = []
            index = safeEval(attrs["index"])
            outer = safeEval(attrs.get("outer", "0xFFFF"))
            inner = safeEval(attrs.get("inner", "0xFFFF"))
            assert inner <= 0xFFFF
            mapping.insert(index, (outer << 16) | inner)

        def __getitem__(self, i):
            return self.mapping[i] if i < len(self.mapping) else NO_VARIATION_INDEX

    class VarIdxMap(BaseTable):

        def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
            if not hasattr(self, "mapping"):
                self.mapping = {}

        def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
            assert (rawTable["EntryFormat"] & 0xFFC0) == 0
            glyphOrder = font.getGlyphOrder()
            mapList = rawTable["mapping"]
            mapList.extend([mapList[-1]] * (len(glyphOrder) - len(mapList)))
            self.mapping = dict(zip(glyphOrder, mapList))

        def preWrite(self, font):
            mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
            if mapping is None:
                mapping = self.mapping = {}

            glyphOrder = font.getGlyphOrder()
            mapping = [mapping[g] for g in glyphOrder]
            while len(mapping) > 1 and mapping[-2] == mapping[-1]:
                del mapping[-1]

            rawTable = {"mapping": mapping}
            rawTable["MappingCount"] = len(mapping)
            rawTable["EntryFormat"] = DeltaSetIndexMap.getEntryFormat(mapping)
            return rawTable

        def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
            for glyph, value in sorted(getattr(self, "mapping", {}).items()):
                attrs = (
                    ("glyph", glyph),
                    ("outer", value >> 16),
                    ("inner", value & 0xFFFF),
                )
                xmlWriter.simpletag("Map", attrs)
                xmlWriter.newline()

        def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
            mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
            if mapping is None:
                mapping = {}
                self.mapping = mapping
            try:
                glyph = attrs["glyph"]
            except:  # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/commit/21cbab8ce9ded3356fef3745122da64dcaf314e9#commitcomment-27649836
                glyph = font.getGlyphOrder()[attrs["index"]]
            outer = safeEval(attrs["outer"])
            inner = safeEval(attrs["inner"])
            assert inner <= 0xFFFF
            mapping[glyph] = (outer << 16) | inner

        def __getitem__(self, glyphName):
            return self.mapping.get(glyphName, NO_VARIATION_INDEX)

    class VarRegionList(BaseTable):

        def preWrite(self, font):
            # The OT spec says VarStore.VarRegionList.RegionAxisCount should always
            # be equal to the fvar.axisCount, and OTS < v8.0.0 enforces this rule
            # even when the VarRegionList is empty. We can't treat RegionAxisCount
            # like a normal propagated count (== len(Region[i].VarRegionAxis)),
            # otherwise it would default to 0 if VarRegionList is empty.
            # Thus, we force it to always be equal to fvar.axisCount.
            # https://github.com/khaledhosny/ots/pull/192
            fvarTable = font.get("fvar")
            if fvarTable:
                self.RegionAxisCount = len(fvarTable.axes)
            return {
                **self.__dict__,
                "RegionAxisCount": CountReference(self.__dict__, "RegionAxisCount"),
            }

    class SingleSubst(FormatSwitchingBaseTable):

        def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
            if not hasattr(self, "mapping"):
                self.mapping = {}

        def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
            mapping = {}
            input = _getGlyphsFromCoverageTable(rawTable["Coverage"])
            if self.Format == 1:
                delta = rawTable["DeltaGlyphID"]
                inputGIDS = font.getGlyphIDMany(input)
                outGIDS = [(glyphID + delta) % 65536 for glyphID in inputGIDS]
                outNames = font.getGlyphNameMany(outGIDS)
                for inp, out in zip(input, outNames):
                    mapping[inp] = out
            elif self.Format == 2:
                assert (
                    len(input) == rawTable["GlyphCount"]
                ), "invalid SingleSubstFormat2 table"
                subst = rawTable["Substitute"]
                for inp, sub in zip(input, subst):
                    mapping[inp] = sub
            else:
                assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
            self.mapping = mapping
            del self.Format  # Don't need this anymore

        def preWrite(self, font):
            mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
            if mapping is None:
                mapping = self.mapping = {}
            items = list(mapping.items())
            getGlyphID = font.getGlyphID
            gidItems = [(getGlyphID(a), getGlyphID(b)) for a, b in items]
            sortableItems = sorted(zip(gidItems, items))

            # figure out format
            format = 2
            delta = None
            for inID, outID in gidItems:
                if delta is None:
                    delta = (outID - inID) % 65536

                if (inID + delta) % 65536 != outID:
                    break
            else:
                if delta is None:
                    # the mapping is empty, better use format 2
                    format = 2
                else:
                    format = 1

            rawTable = {}
            self.Format = format
            cov = Coverage()
            input = [item[1][0] for item in sortableItems]
            subst = [item[1][1] for item in sortableItems]
            cov.glyphs = input
            rawTable["Coverage"] = cov
            if format == 1:
                assert delta is not None
                rawTable["DeltaGlyphID"] = delta
            else:
                rawTable["Substitute"] = subst
            return rawTable

        def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
            items = sorted(self.mapping.items())
            for inGlyph, outGlyph in items:
                xmlWriter.simpletag("Substitution", [("in", inGlyph), ("out", outGlyph)])
                xmlWriter.newline()

        def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
            mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
            if mapping is None:
                mapping = {}
                self.mapping = mapping
            mapping[attrs["in"]] = attrs["out"]

    class MultipleSubst(FormatSwitchingBaseTable):

        def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
            if not hasattr(self, "mapping"):
                self.mapping = {}

        def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
            mapping = {}
            if self.Format == 1:
                glyphs = _getGlyphsFromCoverageTable(rawTable["Coverage"])
                subst = [s.Substitute for s in rawTable["Sequence"]]
                mapping = dict(zip(glyphs, subst))
            else:
                assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
            self.mapping = mapping
            del self.Format  # Don't need this anymore

        def preWrite(self, font):
            mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
            if mapping is None:
                mapping = self.mapping = {}
            cov = Coverage()
            cov.glyphs = sorted(list(mapping.keys()), key=font.getGlyphID)
            self.Format = 1
            rawTable = {
                "Coverage": cov,
                "Sequence": [self.makeSequence_(mapping[glyph]) for glyph in cov.glyphs],
            }
            return rawTable

        def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
            items = sorted(self.mapping.items())
            for inGlyph, outGlyphs in items:
                out = ",".join(outGlyphs)
                xmlWriter.simpletag("Substitution", [("in", inGlyph), ("out", out)])
                xmlWriter.newline()

        def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
            mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
            if mapping is None:
                mapping = {}
                self.mapping = mapping

            # TTX v3.0 and earlier.
            if name == "Coverage":
                self.old_coverage_ = []
                for element in content:
                    if not isinstance(element, tuple):
                        continue
                    element_name, element_attrs, _ = element
                    if element_name == "Glyph":
                        self.old_coverage_.append(element_attrs["value"])
                return
            if name == "Sequence":
                index = int(attrs.get("index", len(mapping)))
                glyph = self.old_coverage_[index]
                glyph_mapping = mapping[glyph] = []
                for element in content:
                    if not isinstance(element, tuple):
                        continue
                    element_name, element_attrs, _ = element
                    if element_name == "Substitute":
                        glyph_mapping.append(element_attrs["value"])
                return

                # TTX v3.1 and later.
            outGlyphs = attrs["out"].split(",") if attrs["out"] else []
            mapping[attrs["in"]] = [g.strip() for g in outGlyphs]

        @staticmethod
        def makeSequence_(g):
            seq = Sequence()
            seq.Substitute = g
            return seq

    class ClassDef(FormatSwitchingBaseTable):

        def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
            if not hasattr(self, "classDefs"):
                self.classDefs = {}

        def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
            classDefs = {}

            if self.Format == 1:
                start = rawTable["StartGlyph"]
                classList = rawTable["ClassValueArray"]
                startID = font.getGlyphID(start)
                endID = startID + len(classList)
                glyphNames = font.getGlyphNameMany(range(startID, endID))
                for glyphName, cls in zip(glyphNames, classList):
                    if cls:
                        classDefs[glyphName] = cls

            elif self.Format == 2:
                records = rawTable["ClassRangeRecord"]
                for rec in records:
                    cls = rec.Class
                    if not cls:
                        continue
                    start = rec.Start
                    end = rec.End
                    startID = font.getGlyphID(start)
                    endID = font.getGlyphID(end) + 1
                    glyphNames = font.getGlyphNameMany(range(startID, endID))
                    for glyphName in glyphNames:
                        classDefs[glyphName] = cls
            else:
                log.warning("Unknown ClassDef format: %s", self.Format)
            self.classDefs = classDefs
            del self.Format  # Don't need this anymore

        def _getClassRanges(self, font):
            classDefs = getattr(self, "classDefs", None)
            if classDefs is None:
                self.classDefs = {}
                return
            getGlyphID = font.getGlyphID
            items = []
            for glyphName, cls in classDefs.items():
                if not cls:
                    continue
                items.append((getGlyphID(glyphName), glyphName, cls))
            if items:
                items.sort()
                last, lastName, lastCls = items[0]
                ranges = [[lastCls, last, lastName]]
                for glyphID, glyphName, cls in items[1:]:
                    if glyphID != last + 1 or cls != lastCls:
                        ranges[-1].extend([last, lastName])
                        ranges.append([cls, glyphID, glyphName])
                    last = glyphID
                    lastName = glyphName
                    lastCls = cls
                ranges[-1].extend([last, lastName])
                return ranges

        def preWrite(self, font):
            format = 2
            rawTable = {"ClassRangeRecord": []}
            ranges = self._getClassRanges(font)
            if ranges:
                startGlyph = ranges[0][1]
                endGlyph = ranges[-1][3]
                glyphCount = endGlyph - startGlyph + 1
                if len(ranges) * 3 < glyphCount + 1:
                    # Format 2 is more compact
                    for i, (cls, start, startName, end, endName) in enumerate(ranges):
                        rec = ClassRangeRecord()
                        rec.Start = startName
                        rec.End = endName
                        rec.Class = cls
                        ranges[i] = rec
                    format = 2
                    rawTable = {"ClassRangeRecord": ranges}
                else:
                    # Format 1 is more compact
                    startGlyphName = ranges[0][2]
                    classes = [0] * glyphCount
                    for cls, start, startName, end, endName in ranges:
                        for g in range(start - startGlyph, end - startGlyph + 1):
                            classes[g] = cls
                    format = 1
                    rawTable = {"StartGlyph": startGlyphName, "ClassValueArray": classes}
            self.Format = format
            return rawTable

        def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
            items = sorted(self.classDefs.items())
            for glyphName, cls in items:
                xmlWriter.simpletag("ClassDef", [("glyph", glyphName), ("class", cls)])
                xmlWriter.newline()

        def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
            classDefs = getattr(self, "classDefs", None)
            if classDefs is None:
                classDefs = {}
                self.classDefs = classDefs
            classDefs[attrs["glyph"]] = int(attrs["class"])

    class AlternateSubst(FormatSwitchingBaseTable):

        def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
            if not hasattr(self, "alternates"):
                self.alternates = {}

        def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
            alternates = {}
            if self.Format == 1:
                input = _getGlyphsFromCoverageTable(rawTable["Coverage"])
                alts = rawTable["AlternateSet"]
                assert len(input) == len(alts)
                for inp, alt in zip(input, alts):
                    alternates[inp] = alt.Alternate
            else:
                assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
            self.alternates = alternates
            del self.Format  # Don't need this anymore

        def preWrite(self, font):
            self.Format = 1
            alternates = getattr(self, "alternates", None)
            if alternates is None:
                alternates = self.alternates = {}
            items = list(alternates.items())
            for i, (glyphName, set) in enumerate(items):
                items[i] = font.getGlyphID(glyphName), glyphName, set
            items.sort()
            cov = Coverage()
            cov.glyphs = [item[1] for item in items]
            alternates = []
            setList = [item[-1] for item in items]
            for set in setList:
                alts = AlternateSet()
                alts.Alternate = set
                alternates.append(alts)
            # a special case to deal with the fact that several hundred Adobe Japan1-5
            # CJK fonts will overflow an offset if the coverage table isn't pushed to the end.
            # Also useful in that when splitting a sub-table because of an offset overflow
            # I don't need to calculate the change in the subtable offset due to the change in the coverage table size.
            # Allows packing more rules in subtable.
            self.sortCoverageLast = 1
            return {"Coverage": cov, "AlternateSet": alternates}

        def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
            items = sorted(self.alternates.items())
            for glyphName, alternates in items:
                xmlWriter.begintag("AlternateSet", glyph=glyphName)
                xmlWriter.newline()
                for alt in alternates:
                    xmlWriter.simpletag("Alternate", glyph=alt)
                    xmlWriter.newline()
                xmlWriter.endtag("AlternateSet")
                xmlWriter.newline()

        def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
            alternates = getattr(self, "alternates", None)
            if alternates is None:
                alternates = {}
                self.alternates = alternates
            glyphName = attrs["glyph"]
            set = []
            alternates[glyphName] = set
            for element in content:
                if not isinstance(element, tuple):
                    continue
                name, attrs, content = element
                set.append(attrs["glyph"])

    class LigatureSubst(FormatSwitchingBaseTable):

        def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
            if not hasattr(self, "ligatures"):
                self.ligatures = {}

        def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
            ligatures = {}
            if self.Format == 1:
                input = _getGlyphsFromCoverageTable(rawTable["Coverage"])
                ligSets = rawTable["LigatureSet"]
                assert len(input) == len(ligSets)
                for i, inp in enumerate(input):
                    ligatures[inp] = ligSets[i].Ligature
            else:
                assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
            self.ligatures = ligatures
            del self.Format  # Don't need this anymore

        @staticmethod
        def _getLigatureSortKey(components):
            # Computes a key for ordering ligatures in a GSUB Type-4 lookup.

            # When building the OpenType lookup, we need to make sure that
            # the longest sequence of components is listed first, so we
            # use the negative length as the key for sorting.
            # Note, we no longer need to worry about deterministic order because the
            # ligature mapping `dict` remembers the insertion order, and this in
            # turn depends on the order in which the ligatures are written in the FEA.
            # Since python sort algorithm is stable, the ligatures of equal length
            # will keep the relative order in which they appear in the feature file.
            # For example, given the following ligatures (all starting with 'f' and
            # thus belonging to the same LigatureSet):
            #
            #   feature liga {
            #     sub f i by f_i;
            #     sub f f f by f_f_f;
            #     sub f f by f_f;
            #     sub f f i by f_f_i;
            #   } liga;
            #
            # this should sort to: f_f_f, f_f_i, f_i, f_f
            # This is also what fea-rs does, see:
            # https://github.com/adobe-type-tools/afdko/issues/1727
            # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/3428
            # https://github.com/googlefonts/fontc/pull/680
            return -len(components)

        def preWrite(self, font):
            self.Format = 1
            ligatures = getattr(self, "ligatures", None)
            if ligatures is None:
                ligatures = self.ligatures = {}

            if ligatures and isinstance(next(iter(ligatures)), tuple):
                # New high-level API in v3.1 and later.  Note that we just support compiling this
                # for now.  We don't load to this API, and don't do XML with it.

                # ligatures is map from components-sequence to lig-glyph
                newLigatures = dict()
                for comps in sorted(ligatures.keys(), key=self._getLigatureSortKey):
                    ligature = Ligature()
                    ligature.Component = comps[1:]
                    ligature.CompCount = len(comps)
                    ligature.LigGlyph = ligatures[comps]
                    newLigatures.setdefault(comps[0], []).append(ligature)
                ligatures = newLigatures

            items = list(ligatures.items())
            for i, (glyphName, set) in enumerate(items):
                items[i] = font.getGlyphID(glyphName), glyphName, set
            items.sort()
            cov = Coverage()
            cov.glyphs = [item[1] for item in items]

            ligSets = []
            setList = [item[-1] for item in items]
            for set in setList:
                ligSet = LigatureSet()
                ligs = ligSet.Ligature = []
                for lig in set:
                    ligs.append(lig)
                ligSets.append(ligSet)
            # Useful in that when splitting a sub-table because of an offset overflow
            # I don't need to calculate the change in subtabl offset due to the coverage table size.
            # Allows packing more rules in subtable.
            self.sortCoverageLast = 1
            return {"Coverage": cov, "LigatureSet": ligSets}

        def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
            items = sorted(self.ligatures.items())
            for glyphName, ligSets in items:
                xmlWriter.begintag("LigatureSet", glyph=glyphName)
                xmlWriter.newline()
                for lig in ligSets:
                    xmlWriter.simpletag(
                        "Ligature", glyph=lig.LigGlyph, components=",".join(lig.Component)
                    )
                    xmlWriter.newline()
                xmlWriter.endtag("LigatureSet")
                xmlWriter.newline()

        def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
            ligatures = getattr(self, "ligatures", None)
            if ligatures is None:
                ligatures = {}
                self.ligatures = ligatures
            glyphName = attrs["glyph"]
            ligs = []
            ligatures[glyphName] = ligs
            for element in content:
                if not isinstance(element, tuple):
                    continue
                name, attrs, content = element
                lig = Ligature()
                lig.LigGlyph = attrs["glyph"]
                components = attrs["components"]
                lig.Component = components.split(",") if components else []
                lig.CompCount = len(lig.Component)
                ligs.append(lig)

    class COLR(BaseTable):

        def decompile(self, reader, font):
            # COLRv0 is exceptional in that LayerRecordCount appears *after* the
            # LayerRecordArray it counts, but the parser logic expects Count fields
            # to always precede the arrays. Here we work around this by parsing the
            # LayerRecordCount before the rest of the table, and storing it in
            # the reader's local state.
            subReader = reader.getSubReader(offset=0)
            for conv in self.getConverters():
                if conv.name != "LayerRecordCount":
                    subReader.advance(conv.staticSize)
                    continue
                reader[conv.name] = conv.read(subReader, font, tableDict={})
                break
            else:
                raise AssertionError("LayerRecordCount converter not found")
            return BaseTable.decompile(self, reader, font)

        def preWrite(self, font):
            # The writer similarly assumes Count values precede the things counted,
            # thus here we pre-initialize a CountReference; the actual count value
            # will be set to the lenght of the array by the time this is assembled.
            self.LayerRecordCount = None
            return {
                **self.__dict__,
                "LayerRecordCount": CountReference(self.__dict__, "LayerRecordCount"),
            }

        def computeClipBoxes(self, glyphSet: "_TTGlyphSet", quantization: int = 1):
            if self.Version == 0:
                return

            clips = {}
            for rec in self.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord:
                try:
                    clipBox = rec.Paint.computeClipBox(self, glyphSet, quantization)
                except Exception as e:
                    from fontTools.ttLib import TTLibError

                    raise TTLibError(
                        f"Failed to compute COLR ClipBox for {rec.BaseGlyph!r}"
                    ) from e

                if clipBox is not None:
                    clips[rec.BaseGlyph] = clipBox

            hasClipList = hasattr(self, "ClipList") and self.ClipList is not None
            if not clips:
                if hasClipList:
                    self.ClipList = None
            else:
                if not hasClipList:
                    self.ClipList = ClipList()
                    self.ClipList.Format = 1
                self.ClipList.clips = clips

    class LookupList(BaseTable):
        @property
        def table(self):
            for l in self.Lookup:
                for st in l.SubTable:
                    if type(st).__name__.endswith("Subst"):
                        return "GSUB"
                    if type(st).__name__.endswith("Pos"):
                        return "GPOS"
            raise ValueError

        def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
            if (
                not font
                or "Debg" not in font
                or LOOKUP_DEBUG_INFO_KEY not in font["Debg"].data
            ):
                return super().toXML2(xmlWriter, font)
            debugData = font["Debg"].data[LOOKUP_DEBUG_INFO_KEY][self.table]
            for conv in self.getConverters():
                if conv.repeat:
                    value = getattr(self, conv.name, [])
                    for lookupIndex, item in enumerate(value):
                        if str(lookupIndex) in debugData:
                            info = LookupDebugInfo(*debugData[str(lookupIndex)])
                            tag = info.location
                            if info.name:
                                tag = f"{info.name}: {tag}"
                            if info.feature:
                                script, language, feature = info.feature
                                tag = f"{tag} in {feature} ({script}/{language})"
                            xmlWriter.comment(tag)
                            xmlWriter.newline()

                        conv.xmlWrite(
                            xmlWriter, font, item, conv.name, [("index", lookupIndex)]
                        )
                else:
                    if conv.aux and not eval(conv.aux, None, vars(self)):
                        continue
                    value = getattr(
                        self, conv.name, None
                    )  # TODO Handle defaults instead of defaulting to None!
                    conv.xmlWrite(xmlWriter, font, value, conv.name, [])

    class BaseGlyphRecordArray(BaseTable):

        def preWrite(self, font):
            self.BaseGlyphRecord = sorted(
                self.BaseGlyphRecord, key=lambda rec: font.getGlyphID(rec.BaseGlyph)
            )
            return self.__dict__.copy()

    class BaseGlyphList(BaseTable):

        def preWrite(self, font):
            self.BaseGlyphPaintRecord = sorted(
                self.BaseGlyphPaintRecord, key=lambda rec: font.getGlyphID(rec.BaseGlyph)
            )
            return self.__dict__.copy()

    class ClipBoxFormat(IntEnum):
        Static = 1
        Variable = 2

        def is_variable(self):
            return self is self.Variable

        def as_variable(self):
            return self.Variable

    class ClipBox(getFormatSwitchingBaseTableClass("uint8")):
        formatEnum = ClipBoxFormat

        def as_tuple(self):
            return tuple(getattr(self, conv.name) for conv in self.getConverters())

        def __repr__(self):
            return f"{self.__class__.__name__}{self.as_tuple()}"

    class ClipList(getFormatSwitchingBaseTableClass("uint8")):

        def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
            if not hasattr(self, "clips"):
                self.clips = {}

        def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
            clips = {}
            glyphOrder = font.getGlyphOrder()
            for i, rec in enumerate(rawTable["ClipRecord"]):
                if rec.StartGlyphID > rec.EndGlyphID:
                    log.warning(
                        "invalid ClipRecord[%i].StartGlyphID (%i) > "
                        "EndGlyphID (%i); skipped",
                        i,
                        rec.StartGlyphID,
                        rec.EndGlyphID,
                    )
                    continue
                redefinedGlyphs = []
                missingGlyphs = []
                for glyphID in range(rec.StartGlyphID, rec.EndGlyphID + 1):
                    try:
                        glyph = glyphOrder[glyphID]
                    except IndexError:
                        missingGlyphs.append(glyphID)
                        continue
                    if glyph not in clips:
                        clips[glyph] = copy.copy(rec.ClipBox)
                    else:
                        redefinedGlyphs.append(glyphID)
                if redefinedGlyphs:
                    log.warning(
                        "ClipRecord[%i] overlaps previous records; "
                        "ignoring redefined clip boxes for the "
                        "following glyph ID range: [%i-%i]",
                        i,
                        min(redefinedGlyphs),
                        max(redefinedGlyphs),
                    )
                if missingGlyphs:
                    log.warning(
                        "ClipRecord[%i] range references missing " "glyph IDs: [%i-%i]",
                        i,
                        min(missingGlyphs),
                        max(missingGlyphs),
                    )
            self.clips = clips

        def groups(self):
            glyphsByClip = defaultdict(list)
            uniqueClips = {}
            for glyphName, clipBox in self.clips.items():
                key = clipBox.as_tuple()
                glyphsByClip[key].append(glyphName)
                if key not in uniqueClips:
                    uniqueClips[key] = clipBox
            return {
                frozenset(glyphs): uniqueClips[key] for key, glyphs in glyphsByClip.items()
            }

        def preWrite(self, font):
            if not hasattr(self, "clips"):
                self.clips = {}
            clipBoxRanges = {}
            glyphMap = font.getReverseGlyphMap()
            for glyphs, clipBox in self.groups().items():
                glyphIDs = sorted(
                    glyphMap[glyphName] for glyphName in glyphs if glyphName in glyphMap
                )
                if not glyphIDs:
                    continue
                last = glyphIDs[0]
                ranges = [[last]]
                for glyphID in glyphIDs[1:]:
                    if glyphID != last + 1:
                        ranges[-1].append(last)
                        ranges.append([glyphID])
                    last = glyphID
                ranges[-1].append(last)
                for start, end in ranges:
                    assert (start, end) not in clipBoxRanges
                    clipBoxRanges[(start, end)] = clipBox

            clipRecords = []
            for (start, end), clipBox in sorted(clipBoxRanges.items()):
                record = ClipRecord()
                record.StartGlyphID = start
                record.EndGlyphID = end
                record.ClipBox = clipBox
                clipRecords.append(record)
            rawTable = {
                "ClipCount": len(clipRecords),
                "ClipRecord": clipRecords,
            }
            return rawTable

        def toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs=None, name=None):
            tableName = name if name else self.__class__.__name__
            if attrs is None:
                attrs = []
            if hasattr(self, "Format"):
                attrs.append(("Format", self.Format))
            xmlWriter.begintag(tableName, attrs)
            xmlWriter.newline()
            # sort clips alphabetically to ensure deterministic XML dump
            for glyphs, clipBox in sorted(
                self.groups().items(), key=lambda item: min(item[0])
            ):
                xmlWriter.begintag("Clip")
                xmlWriter.newline()
                for glyphName in sorted(glyphs):
                    xmlWriter.simpletag("Glyph", value=glyphName)
                    xmlWriter.newline()
                xmlWriter.begintag("ClipBox", [("Format", clipBox.Format)])
                xmlWriter.newline()
                clipBox.toXML2(xmlWriter, font)
                xmlWriter.endtag("ClipBox")
                xmlWriter.newline()
                xmlWriter.endtag("Clip")
                xmlWriter.newline()
            xmlWriter.endtag(tableName)
            xmlWriter.newline()

        def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
            clips = getattr(self, "clips", None)
            if clips is None:
                self.clips = clips = {}
            assert name == "Clip"
            glyphs = []
            clipBox = None
            for elem in content:
                if not isinstance(elem, tuple):
                    continue
                name, attrs, content = elem
                if name == "Glyph":
                    glyphs.append(attrs["value"])
                elif name == "ClipBox":
                    clipBox = ClipBox()
                    clipBox.Format = safeEval(attrs["Format"])
                    for elem in content:
                        if not isinstance(elem, tuple):
                            continue
                        name, attrs, content = elem
                        clipBox.fromXML(name, attrs, content, font)
            if clipBox:
                for glyphName in glyphs:
                    clips[glyphName] = clipBox

    class ExtendMode(IntEnum):
        PAD = 0
        REPEAT = 1
        REFLECT = 2

    # Porter-Duff modes for COLRv1 PaintComposite:
    # https://github.com/googlefonts/colr-gradients-spec/tree/off_sub_1#compositemode-enumeration

    class CompositeMode(IntEnum):
        CLEAR = 0
        SRC = 1
        DEST = 2
        SRC_OVER = 3
        DEST_OVER = 4
        SRC_IN = 5
        DEST_IN = 6
        SRC_OUT = 7
        DEST_OUT = 8
        SRC_ATOP = 9
        DEST_ATOP = 10
        XOR = 11
        PLUS = 12
        SCREEN = 13
        OVERLAY = 14
        DARKEN = 15
        LIGHTEN = 16
        COLOR_DODGE = 17
        COLOR_BURN = 18
        HARD_LIGHT = 19
        SOFT_LIGHT = 20
        DIFFERENCE = 21
        EXCLUSION = 22
        MULTIPLY = 23
        HSL_HUE = 24
        HSL_SATURATION = 25
        HSL_COLOR = 26
        HSL_LUMINOSITY = 27

    class PaintFormat(IntEnum):
        PaintColrLayers = 1
        PaintSolid = 2
        PaintVarSolid = 3
        PaintLinearGradient = 4
        PaintVarLinearGradient = 5
        PaintRadialGradient = 6
        PaintVarRadialGradient = 7
        PaintSweepGradient = 8
        PaintVarSweepGradient = 9
        PaintGlyph = 10
        PaintColrGlyph = 11
        PaintTransform = 12
        PaintVarTransform = 13
        PaintTranslate = 14
        PaintVarTranslate = 15
        PaintScale = 16
        PaintVarScale = 17
        PaintScaleAroundCenter = 18
        PaintVarScaleAroundCenter = 19
        PaintScaleUniform = 20
        PaintVarScaleUniform = 21
        PaintScaleUniformAroundCenter = 22
        PaintVarScaleUniformAroundCenter = 23
        PaintRotate = 24
        PaintVarRotate = 25
        PaintRotateAroundCenter = 26
        PaintVarRotateAroundCenter = 27
        PaintSkew = 28
        PaintVarSkew = 29
        PaintSkewAroundCenter = 30
        PaintVarSkewAroundCenter = 31
        PaintComposite = 32

        def is_variable(self):
            return self.name.startswith("PaintVar")

        def as_variable(self):
            if self.is_variable():
                return self
            try:
                return PaintFormat.__members__[f"PaintVar{self.name[5:]}"]
            except KeyError:
                return None

    class Paint(getFormatSwitchingBaseTableClass("uint8")):
        formatEnum = PaintFormat

        def getFormatName(self):
            try:
                return self.formatEnum(self.Format).name
            except ValueError:
                raise NotImplementedError(f"Unknown Paint format: {self.Format}")

        def toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs=None, name=None):
            tableName = name if name else self.__class__.__name__
            if attrs is None:
                attrs = []
            attrs.append(("Format", self.Format))
            xmlWriter.begintag(tableName, attrs)
            xmlWriter.comment(self.getFormatName())
            xmlWriter.newline()
            self.toXML2(xmlWriter, font)
            xmlWriter.endtag(tableName)
            xmlWriter.newline()

        def iterPaintSubTables(self, colr: COLR) -> Iterator[BaseTable.SubTableEntry]:
            if self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers:
                # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/2438: don't die when no LayerList exists
                layers = []
                if colr.LayerList is not None:
                    layers = colr.LayerList.Paint
                yield from (
                    BaseTable.SubTableEntry(name="Layers", value=v, index=i)
                    for i, v in enumerate(
                        layers[self.FirstLayerIndex : self.FirstLayerIndex + self.NumLayers]
                    )
                )
                return

            if self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintColrGlyph:
                for record in colr.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord:
                    if record.BaseGlyph == self.Glyph:
                        yield BaseTable.SubTableEntry(name="BaseGlyph", value=record.Paint)
                        return
                else:
                    raise KeyError(f"{self.Glyph!r} not in colr.BaseGlyphList")

            for conv in self.getConverters():
                if conv.tableClass is not None and issubclass(conv.tableClass, type(self)):
                    value = getattr(self, conv.name)
                    yield BaseTable.SubTableEntry(name=conv.name, value=value)

        def getChildren(self, colr) -> List["Paint"]:
            # this is kept for backward compatibility (e.g. it's used by the subsetter)
            return [p.value for p in self.iterPaintSubTables(colr)]

        def traverse(self, colr: COLR, callback):
            """Depth-first traversal of graph rooted at self, callback on each node."""
            if not callable(callback):
                raise TypeError("callback must be callable")

            for path in dfs_base_table(
                self, iter_subtables_fn=lambda paint: paint.iterPaintSubTables(colr)
            ):
                paint = path[-1].value
                callback(paint)

        def getTransform(self) -> Transform:
            if self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintTransform:
                t = self.Transform
                return Transform(t.xx, t.yx, t.xy, t.yy, t.dx, t.dy)
            elif self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintTranslate:
                return Identity.translate(self.dx, self.dy)
            elif self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintScale:
                return Identity.scale(self.scaleX, self.scaleY)
            elif self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintScaleAroundCenter:
                return (
                    Identity.translate(self.centerX, self.centerY)
                    .scale(self.scaleX, self.scaleY)
                    .translate(-self.centerX, -self.centerY)
                )
            elif self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintScaleUniform:
                return Identity.scale(self.scale)
            elif self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintScaleUniformAroundCenter:
                return (
                    Identity.translate(self.centerX, self.centerY)
                    .scale(self.scale)
                    .translate(-self.centerX, -self.centerY)
                )
            elif self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintRotate:
                return Identity.rotate(radians(self.angle))
            elif self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintRotateAroundCenter:
                return (
                    Identity.translate(self.centerX, self.centerY)
                    .rotate(radians(self.angle))
                    .translate(-self.centerX, -self.centerY)
                )
            elif self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintSkew:
                return Identity.skew(radians(-self.xSkewAngle), radians(self.ySkewAngle))
            elif self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintSkewAroundCenter:
                return (
                    Identity.translate(self.centerX, self.centerY)
                    .skew(radians(-self.xSkewAngle), radians(self.ySkewAngle))
                    .translate(-self.centerX, -self.centerY)
                )
            if PaintFormat(self.Format).is_variable():
                raise NotImplementedError(f"Variable Paints not supported: {self.Format}")

            return Identity

        def computeClipBox(
            self, colr: COLR, glyphSet: "_TTGlyphSet", quantization: int = 1
        ) -> Optional[ClipBox]:
            pen = ControlBoundsPen(glyphSet)
            for path in dfs_base_table(
                self, iter_subtables_fn=lambda paint: paint.iterPaintSubTables(colr)
            ):
                paint = path[-1].value
                if paint.Format == PaintFormat.PaintGlyph:
                    transformation = reduce(
                        Transform.transform,
                        (st.value.getTransform() for st in path),
                        Identity,
                    )
                    glyphSet[paint.Glyph].draw(TransformPen(pen, transformation))

            if pen.bounds is None:
                return None

            cb = ClipBox()
            cb.Format = int(ClipBoxFormat.Static)
            cb.xMin, cb.yMin, cb.xMax, cb.yMax = quantizeRect(pen.bounds, quantization)
            return cb

    # For each subtable format there is a class. However, we don't really distinguish
    # between "field name" and "format name": often these are the same. Yet there's
    # a whole bunch of fields with different names. The following dict is a mapping
    # from "format name" to "field name". _buildClasses() uses this to create a
    # subclass for each alternate field name.
    #
    _equivalents = {
        "MarkArray": ("Mark1Array",),
        "LangSys": ("DefaultLangSys",),
        "Coverage": (
            "MarkCoverage",
            "BaseCoverage",
            "LigatureCoverage",
            "Mark1Coverage",
            "Mark2Coverage",
            "BacktrackCoverage",
            "InputCoverage",
            "LookAheadCoverage",
            "VertGlyphCoverage",
            "HorizGlyphCoverage",
            "TopAccentCoverage",
            "ExtendedShapeCoverage",
            "MathKernCoverage",
        ),
        "ClassDef": (
            "ClassDef1",
            "ClassDef2",
            "BacktrackClassDef",
            "InputClassDef",
            "LookAheadClassDef",
            "GlyphClassDef",
            "MarkAttachClassDef",
        ),
        "Anchor": (
            "EntryAnchor",
            "ExitAnchor",
            "BaseAnchor",
            "LigatureAnchor",
            "Mark2Anchor",
            "MarkAnchor",
        ),
        "Device": (
            "XPlaDevice",
            "YPlaDevice",
            "XAdvDevice",
            "YAdvDevice",
            "XDeviceTable",
            "YDeviceTable",
            "DeviceTable",
        ),
        "Axis": (
            "HorizAxis",
            "VertAxis",
        ),
        "MinMax": ("DefaultMinMax",),
        "BaseCoord": (
            "MinCoord",
            "MaxCoord",
        ),
        "JstfLangSys": ("DefJstfLangSys",),
        "JstfGSUBModList": (
            "ShrinkageEnableGSUB",
            "ShrinkageDisableGSUB",
            "ExtensionEnableGSUB",
            "ExtensionDisableGSUB",
        ),
        "JstfGPOSModList": (
            "ShrinkageEnableGPOS",
            "ShrinkageDisableGPOS",
            "ExtensionEnableGPOS",
            "ExtensionDisableGPOS",
        ),
        "JstfMax": (
            "ShrinkageJstfMax",
            "ExtensionJstfMax",
        ),
        "MathKern": (
            "TopRightMathKern",
            "TopLeftMathKern",
            "BottomRightMathKern",
            "BottomLeftMathKern",
        ),
        "MathGlyphConstruction": ("VertGlyphConstruction", "HorizGlyphConstruction"),
    }

    #
    # OverFlow logic, to automatically create ExtensionLookups
    # XXX This should probably move to otBase.py
    #

    def fixLookupOverFlows(ttf, overflowRecord):
        """Either the offset from the LookupList to a lookup overflowed, or
        an offset from a lookup to a subtable overflowed.

        The table layout is::

          GPSO/GUSB
                  Script List
                  Feature List
                  LookUpList
                          Lookup[0] and contents
                                  SubTable offset list
                                          SubTable[0] and contents
                                          ...
                                          SubTable[n] and contents
                          ...
                          Lookup[n] and contents
                                  SubTable offset list
                                          SubTable[0] and contents
                                          ...
                                          SubTable[n] and contents

        If the offset to a lookup overflowed (SubTableIndex is None)
                we must promote the *previous* lookup to an Extension type.

        If the offset from a lookup to subtable overflowed, then we must promote it
                to an Extension Lookup type.
        """
        ok = 0
        lookupIndex = overflowRecord.LookupListIndex
        if overflowRecord.SubTableIndex is None:
            lookupIndex = lookupIndex - 1
        if lookupIndex < 0:
            return ok
        if overflowRecord.tableType == "GSUB":
            extType = 7
        elif overflowRecord.tableType == "GPOS":
            extType = 9

        lookups = ttf[overflowRecord.tableType].table.LookupList.Lookup
        lookup = lookups[lookupIndex]
        # If the previous lookup is an extType, look further back. Very unlikely, but possible.
        while lookup.SubTable[0].__class__.LookupType == extType:
            lookupIndex = lookupIndex - 1
            if lookupIndex < 0:
                return ok
            lookup = lookups[lookupIndex]

        for lookupIndex in range(lookupIndex, len(lookups)):
            lookup = lookups[lookupIndex]
            if lookup.LookupType != extType:
                lookup.LookupType = extType
                for si, subTable in enumerate(lookup.SubTable):
                    extSubTableClass = lookupTypes[overflowRecord.tableType][extType]
                    extSubTable = extSubTableClass()
                    extSubTable.Format = 1
                    extSubTable.ExtSubTable = subTable
                    lookup.SubTable[si] = extSubTable
        ok = 1
        return ok

    def splitMultipleSubst(oldSubTable, newSubTable, overflowRecord):
        ok = 1
        oldMapping = sorted(oldSubTable.mapping.items())
        oldLen = len(oldMapping)

        if overflowRecord.itemName in ["Coverage", "RangeRecord"]:
            # Coverage table is written last. Overflow is to or within the
            # the coverage table. We will just cut the subtable in half.
            newLen = oldLen // 2

        elif overflowRecord.itemName == "Sequence":
            # We just need to back up by two items from the overflowed
            # Sequence index to make sure the offset to the Coverage table
            # doesn't overflow.
            newLen = overflowRecord.itemIndex - 1

        newSubTable.mapping = {}
        for i in range(newLen, oldLen):
            item = oldMapping[i]
            key = item[0]
            newSubTable.mapping[key] = item[1]
            del oldSubTable.mapping[key]

        return ok

    def splitAlternateSubst(oldSubTable, newSubTable, overflowRecord):
        ok = 1
        if hasattr(oldSubTable, "sortCoverageLast"):
            newSubTable.sortCoverageLast = oldSubTable.sortCoverageLast

        oldAlts = sorted(oldSubTable.alternates.items())
        oldLen = len(oldAlts)

        if overflowRecord.itemName in ["Coverage", "RangeRecord"]:
            # Coverage table is written last. overflow is to or within the
            # the coverage table. We will just cut the subtable in half.
            newLen = oldLen // 2

        elif overflowRecord.itemName == "AlternateSet":
            # We just need to back up by two items
            # from the overflowed AlternateSet index to make sure the offset
            # to the Coverage table doesn't overflow.
            newLen = overflowRecord.itemIndex - 1

        newSubTable.alternates = {}
        for i in range(newLen, oldLen):
            item = oldAlts[i]
            key = item[0]
            newSubTable.alternates[key] = item[1]
            del oldSubTable.alternates[key]

        return ok

    def splitLigatureSubst(oldSubTable, newSubTable, overflowRecord):
        ok = 1
        oldLigs = sorted(oldSubTable.ligatures.items())
        oldLen = len(oldLigs)

        if overflowRecord.itemName in ["Coverage", "RangeRecord"]:
            # Coverage table is written last. overflow is to or within the
            # the coverage table. We will just cut the subtable in half.
            newLen = oldLen // 2

        elif overflowRecord.itemName == "LigatureSet":
            # We just need to back up by two items
            # from the overflowed AlternateSet index to make sure the offset
            # to the Coverage table doesn't overflow.
            newLen = overflowRecord.itemIndex - 1

        newSubTable.ligatures = {}
        for i in range(newLen, oldLen):
            item = oldLigs[i]
            key = item[0]
            newSubTable.ligatures[key] = item[1]
            del oldSubTable.ligatures[key]

        return ok

    def splitPairPos(oldSubTable, newSubTable, overflowRecord):
        st = oldSubTable
        ok = False
        newSubTable.Format = oldSubTable.Format
        if oldSubTable.Format == 1 and len(oldSubTable.PairSet) > 1:
            for name in "ValueFormat1", "ValueFormat2":
                setattr(newSubTable, name, getattr(oldSubTable, name))

            # Move top half of coverage to new subtable

            newSubTable.Coverage = oldSubTable.Coverage.__class__()

            coverage = oldSubTable.Coverage.glyphs
            records = oldSubTable.PairSet

            oldCount = len(oldSubTable.PairSet) // 2

            oldSubTable.Coverage.glyphs = coverage[:oldCount]
            oldSubTable.PairSet = records[:oldCount]

            newSubTable.Coverage.glyphs = coverage[oldCount:]
            newSubTable.PairSet = records[oldCount:]

            oldSubTable.PairSetCount = len(oldSubTable.PairSet)
            newSubTable.PairSetCount = len(newSubTable.PairSet)

            ok = True

        elif oldSubTable.Format == 2 and len(oldSubTable.Class1Record) > 1:
            if not hasattr(oldSubTable, "Class2Count"):
                oldSubTable.Class2Count = len(oldSubTable.Class1Record[0].Class2Record)
            for name in "Class2Count", "ClassDef2", "ValueFormat1", "ValueFormat2":
                setattr(newSubTable, name, getattr(oldSubTable, name))

            # The two subtables will still have the same ClassDef2 and the table
            # sharing will still cause the sharing to overflow.  As such, disable
            # sharing on the one that is serialized second (that's oldSubTable).
            oldSubTable.DontShare = True

            # Move top half of class numbers to new subtable

            newSubTable.Coverage = oldSubTable.Coverage.__class__()
            newSubTable.ClassDef1 = oldSubTable.ClassDef1.__class__()

            coverage = oldSubTable.Coverage.glyphs
            classDefs = oldSubTable.ClassDef1.classDefs
            records = oldSubTable.Class1Record

            oldCount = len(oldSubTable.Class1Record) // 2
            newGlyphs = set(k for k, v in classDefs.items() if v >= oldCount)

            oldSubTable.Coverage.glyphs = [g for g in coverage if g not in newGlyphs]
            oldSubTable.ClassDef1.classDefs = {
                k: v for k, v in classDefs.items() if v < oldCount
            }
            oldSubTable.Class1Record = records[:oldCount]

            newSubTable.Coverage.glyphs = [g for g in coverage if g in newGlyphs]
            newSubTable.ClassDef1.classDefs = {
                k: (v - oldCount) for k, v in classDefs.items() if v > oldCount
            }
            newSubTable.Class1Record = records[oldCount:]

            oldSubTable.Class1Count = len(oldSubTable.Class1Record)
            newSubTable.Class1Count = len(newSubTable.Class1Record)

            ok = True

        return ok

    def splitMarkBasePos(oldSubTable, newSubTable, overflowRecord):
        # split half of the mark classes to the new subtable
        classCount = oldSubTable.ClassCount
        if classCount < 2:
            # oh well, not much left to split...
            return False

        oldClassCount = classCount // 2
        newClassCount = classCount - oldClassCount

        oldMarkCoverage, oldMarkRecords = [], []
        newMarkCoverage, newMarkRecords = [], []
        for glyphName, markRecord in zip(
            oldSubTable.MarkCoverage.glyphs, oldSubTable.MarkArray.MarkRecord
        ):
            if markRecord.Class < oldClassCount:
                oldMarkCoverage.append(glyphName)
                oldMarkRecords.append(markRecord)
            else:
                markRecord.Class -= oldClassCount
                newMarkCoverage.append(glyphName)
                newMarkRecords.append(markRecord)

        oldBaseRecords, newBaseRecords = [], []
        for rec in oldSubTable.BaseArray.BaseRecord:
            oldBaseRecord, newBaseRecord = rec.__class__(), rec.__class__()
            oldBaseRecord.BaseAnchor = rec.BaseAnchor[:oldClassCount]
            newBaseRecord.BaseAnchor = rec.BaseAnchor[oldClassCount:]
            oldBaseRecords.append(oldBaseRecord)
            newBaseRecords.append(newBaseRecord)

        newSubTable.Format = oldSubTable.Format

        oldSubTable.MarkCoverage.glyphs = oldMarkCoverage
        newSubTable.MarkCoverage = oldSubTable.MarkCoverage.__class__()
        newSubTable.MarkCoverage.glyphs = newMarkCoverage

        # share the same BaseCoverage in both halves
        newSubTable.BaseCoverage = oldSubTable.BaseCoverage

        oldSubTable.ClassCount = oldClassCount
        newSubTable.ClassCount = newClassCount

        oldSubTable.MarkArray.MarkRecord = oldMarkRecords
        newSubTable.MarkArray = oldSubTable.MarkArray.__class__()
        newSubTable.MarkArray.MarkRecord = newMarkRecords

        oldSubTable.MarkArray.MarkCount = len(oldMarkRecords)
        newSubTable.MarkArray.MarkCount = len(newMarkRecords)

        oldSubTable.BaseArray.BaseRecord = oldBaseRecords
        newSubTable.BaseArray = oldSubTable.BaseArray.__class__()
        newSubTable.BaseArray.BaseRecord = newBaseRecords

        oldSubTable.BaseArray.BaseCount = len(oldBaseRecords)
        newSubTable.BaseArray.BaseCount = len(newBaseRecords)

        return True

    splitTable = {
        "GSUB": {
            # 					1: splitSingleSubst,
            2: splitMultipleSubst,
            3: splitAlternateSubst,
            4: splitLigatureSubst,
            # 					5: splitContextSubst,
            # 					6: splitChainContextSubst,
            # 					7: splitExtensionSubst,
            # 					8: splitReverseChainSingleSubst,
        },
        "GPOS": {
            # 					1: splitSinglePos,
            2: splitPairPos,
            # 					3: splitCursivePos,
            4: splitMarkBasePos,
            # 					5: splitMarkLigPos,
            # 					6: splitMarkMarkPos,
            # 					7: splitContextPos,
            # 					8: splitChainContextPos,
            # 					9: splitExtensionPos,
        },
    }

    def fixSubTableOverFlows(ttf, overflowRecord):
        """
        An offset has overflowed within a sub-table. We need to divide this subtable into smaller parts.
        """
        table = ttf[overflowRecord.tableType].table
        lookup = table.LookupList.Lookup[overflowRecord.LookupListIndex]
        subIndex = overflowRecord.SubTableIndex
        subtable = lookup.SubTable[subIndex]

        # First, try not sharing anything for this subtable...
        if not hasattr(subtable, "DontShare"):
            subtable.DontShare = True
            return True

        if hasattr(subtable, "ExtSubTable"):
            # We split the subtable of the Extension table, and add a new Extension table
            # to contain the new subtable.

            subTableType = subtable.ExtSubTable.__class__.LookupType
            extSubTable = subtable
            subtable = extSubTable.ExtSubTable
            newExtSubTableClass = lookupTypes[overflowRecord.tableType][
                extSubTable.__class__.LookupType
            ]
            newExtSubTable = newExtSubTableClass()
            newExtSubTable.Format = extSubTable.Format
            toInsert = newExtSubTable

            newSubTableClass = lookupTypes[overflowRecord.tableType][subTableType]
            newSubTable = newSubTableClass()
            newExtSubTable.ExtSubTable = newSubTable
        else:
            subTableType = subtable.__class__.LookupType
            newSubTableClass = lookupTypes[overflowRecord.tableType][subTableType]
            newSubTable = newSubTableClass()
            toInsert = newSubTable

        if hasattr(lookup, "SubTableCount"):  # may not be defined yet.
            lookup.SubTableCount = lookup.SubTableCount + 1

        try:
            splitFunc = splitTable[overflowRecord.tableType][subTableType]
        except KeyError:
            log.error(
                "Don't know how to split %s lookup type %s",
                overflowRecord.tableType,
                subTableType,
            )
            return False

        ok = splitFunc(subtable, newSubTable, overflowRecord)
        if ok:
            lookup.SubTable.insert(subIndex + 1, toInsert)
        return ok

    # End of OverFlow logic

    def _buildClasses():
        import re
        from .otData import otData

        formatPat = re.compile(r"([A-Za-z0-9]+)Format(\d+)$")
        namespace = globals()

        # populate module with classes
        for name, table in otData:
            baseClass = BaseTable
            m = formatPat.match(name)
            if m:
                # XxxFormatN subtable, we only add the "base" table
                name = m.group(1)
                # the first row of a format-switching otData table describes the Format;
                # the first column defines the type of the Format field.
                # Currently this can be either 'uint16' or 'uint8'.
                formatType = table[0][0]
                baseClass = getFormatSwitchingBaseTableClass(formatType)
            if name not in namespace:
                # the class doesn't exist yet, so the base implementation is used.
                cls = type(name, (baseClass,), {})
                if name in ("GSUB", "GPOS"):
                    cls.DontShare = True
                namespace[name] = cls

        # link Var{Table} <-> {Table} (e.g. ColorStop <-> VarColorStop, etc.)
        for name, _ in otData:
            if name.startswith("Var") and len(name) > 3 and name[3:] in namespace:
                varType = namespace[name]
                noVarType = namespace[name[3:]]
                varType.NoVarType = noVarType
                noVarType.VarType = varType

        for base, alts in _equivalents.items():
            base = namespace[base]
            for alt in alts:
                namespace[alt] = base

        global lookupTypes
        lookupTypes = {
            "GSUB": {
                1: SingleSubst,
                2: MultipleSubst,
                3: AlternateSubst,
                4: LigatureSubst,
                5: ContextSubst,
                6: ChainContextSubst,
                7: ExtensionSubst,
                8: ReverseChainSingleSubst,
            },
            "GPOS": {
                1: SinglePos,
                2: PairPos,
                3: CursivePos,
                4: MarkBasePos,
                5: MarkLigPos,
                6: MarkMarkPos,
                7: ContextPos,
                8: ChainContextPos,
                9: ExtensionPos,
            },
            "mort": {
                4: NoncontextualMorph,
            },
            "morx": {
                0: RearrangementMorph,
                1: ContextualMorph,
                2: LigatureMorph,
                # 3: Reserved,
                4: NoncontextualMorph,
                5: InsertionMorph,
            },
        }
        lookupTypes["JSTF"] = lookupTypes["GPOS"]  # JSTF contains GPOS
        for lookupEnum in lookupTypes.values():
            for enum, cls in lookupEnum.items():
                cls.LookupType = enum

        global featureParamTypes
        featureParamTypes = {
            "size": FeatureParamsSize,
        }
        for i in range(1, 20 + 1):
            featureParamTypes["ss%02d" % i] = FeatureParamsStylisticSet
        for i in range(1, 99 + 1):
            featureParamTypes["cv%02d" % i] = FeatureParamsCharacterVariants

        # add converters to classes
        from .otConverters import buildConverters

        for name, table in otData:
            m = formatPat.match(name)
            if m:
                # XxxFormatN subtable, add converter to "base" table
                name, format = m.groups()
                format = int(format)
                cls = namespace[name]
                if not hasattr(cls, "converters"):
                    cls.converters = {}
                    cls.convertersByName = {}
                converters, convertersByName = buildConverters(table[1:], namespace)
                cls.converters[format] = converters
                cls.convertersByName[format] = convertersByName
                # XXX Add staticSize?
            else:
                cls = namespace[name]
                cls.converters, cls.convertersByName = buildConverters(table, namespace)
                # XXX Add staticSize?

    _buildClasses()

    def _getGlyphsFromCoverageTable(coverage):
        if coverage is None:
            # empty coverage table
            return []
        else:
            return coverage.glyphs