DUPLICITY(1)

NAME
duplicity - Encrypted incremental backup to local or remote storage.

SYNOPSIS
For detailed descriptions for each action see chapter ACTIONS.

duplicity [backup|full|incremental] [options] source_directory target_url

duplicity verify [options] [--compare-data] [--path-to-restore <relpath>] [--time time] source_url target_directory

duplicity collection-status [options] [--file-changed <relpath>] [--show-changes-in-set <index>] [--jsonstat] target_url

duplicity list-current-files [options] [--time time] target_url

duplicity [restore] [options] [--path-to-restore <relpath>] [--time time] source_url target_directory

duplicity remove-older-than <time> [options] [--force] target_url

duplicity remove-all-but-n-full <count> [options] [--force] target_url

duplicity remove-all-inc-of-but-n-full <count> [options] [--force] target_url

duplicity cleanup [options] [--force] target_url

DESCRIPTION
Duplicity incrementally backs up files and folders into tar-format volumes encrypted with GnuPG and places them to a remote (or local) storage backend. See chapter URL FORMAT for a list of all supported backends and how to address them. Because duplicity uses librsync, incremental backups are space efficient and only record the parts of files that have changed since the last backup. Currently duplicity supports deleted files, full Unix permissions, uid/gid, directories, symbolic links, fifos, etc., but not hard links.

If you are backing up the root directory /, remember to --exclude /proc, or else duplicity will probably crash on the weird stuff in there.

EXAMPLES
Here is an example of a backup, using sftp to back up /home/me to some_dir on the other.host machine:

    duplicity /home/me sftp://uid@other.host/some_dir

If the above is run repeatedly, the first will be a full backup, and subsequent ones will be incremental. To force a full backup, use the full action:

    duplicity full /home/me sftp://uid@other.host/some_dir

or enforcing a full every other time via --full-if-older-than <time> , e.g. a full every month:

    duplicity --full-if-older-than 1M /home/me sftp://uid@other.host/some_dir

Now suppose we accidentally delete /home/me and want to restore it the way it was at the time of last backup:

    duplicity sftp://uid@other.host/some_dir /home/me

Duplicity enters restore mode because the URL comes before the local directory. If we wanted to restore just the file "Mail/article" in /home/me as it was three days ago into /home/me/restored_file:

    duplicity -t 3D --path-to-restore Mail/article sftp://uid@other.host/some_dir /home/me/restored_file

The following action compares the latest backup with the current files:

    duplicity verify sftp://uid@other.host/some_dir /home/me

Finally, duplicity recognizes several include/exclude options. For instance, the following will backup the root directory, but exclude /mnt, /tmp, and /proc:

    duplicity --exclude /mnt --exclude /tmp --exclude /proc / file:///usr/local/backup

Note that in this case the destination is the local directory /usr/local/backup. The following will backup only the /home and /etc directories under root:

    duplicity --include /home --include /etc --exclude '**' / file:///usr/local/backup

Duplicity can also access a repository via ftp. If a user name is given, the environment variable BACKEND_PASSWORD is read to determine the password:

    BACKEND_PASSWORD=mypassword duplicity /local/dir ftp://user@other.host/some_dir

ACTIONS
Duplicity uses actions, which can be given in long or in short form and finetuned with options.
The actions 'backup' or 'restore' can be implied from the order local path and remote url are given. Other actions need to be given explicitly. For the rare case that the local path may be a valid duplicity action name you may append a '/' to the local path name so it can no longer be mistaken for an action.

NOTE: The following explanations explain some but not all options that can be used in connection with that action. Consult the OPTIONS section for more detailed descriptions.

backup, bu <folder> <url>
    Perform a backup. Duplicity automatically performs an incremental backup if old signatures can be found. Else a new backup chain is started.

full, fb <folder> <url>
    Perform a full backup. A new backup chain is started even if signatures are available for an incremental backup.

incremental, ib <folder> <url>
    If this is requested an incremental backup will be performed. Duplicity will abort if no old signatures can be found.

verify, vb [--compare-data] [--time <time>] [--path-to-restore <rel_path>] <url> <local_path>
    Verify tests the integrity of the backup archives at the remote location by downloading each file and checking both that it can restore the archive and that the restored file matches the signature of that file stored in the backup, i.e. compares the archived file with its hash value from archival time. Verify does not actually restore and will not overwrite any local files. Duplicity will exit with a non-zero error level if any files do not match the signature stored in the archive for that file. On verbosity level 4 or higher, it will log a message for each file that differs from the stored signature. Files must be downloaded to the local machine in order to compare them. Verify does not compare the backed-up version of the file to the current local copy of the files unless the --compare-data option is used (see below).
    The --path-to-restore option restricts verify to that file or folder. The --time option allows one to select a backup to verify. The --compare-data option enables data comparison (see below).

collection-status, st [--file-changed <relpath>] [--show-changes-in-set <index>] <url>
    Summarize the status of the backup repository by printing the chains and sets found, and the number of volumes in each.
    The --file-changed option summarizes the changes to the file (in the most recent backup chain). The --show-changes-in-set option summarizes all the file changes in the index:th backup set (where index 0 means the latest set, 1 means the next to latest, etc.). --jsonstat prints the changes in json format and statistics from the jsonstat files if the backups were created with --jsonstat. If <index> is set to -1 statistics for the whole backup chain printed

list-current-files, ls [--time <time>] <url>
    Lists the files contained in the most current backup or backup at time. The information will be extracted from the signature files, not the archive data itself. Thus the whole archive does not have to be downloaded, but on the other hand if the archive has been deleted or corrupted, this action will not detect it.

restore, rb [--path-to-restore <relpath>] [--time <time>] <url> <target_folder>
    You can restore the full monty or selected folders/files from a specific time. Use the relative path as it is printed by list-current-files. Usually not needed as duplicity enters restore mode when it detects that the URL comes before the local folder.

remove-older-than, ro <time> [--force] <url>
    Delete all backup sets older than the given time. Old backup sets will not be deleted if backup sets newer than time depend on them. See the TIME FORMATS section for more information. Note, this action cannot be combined with backup or other actions, such as cleanup. Note also that --force will be needed to delete the files instead of just listing them.

remove-all-but-n-full, ra <count> [--force] <url>
    Delete all backups sets that are older than the count:th last full backup (in other words, keep the last count full backups and associated incremental sets). count must be larger than zero. A value of 1 means that only the single most recent backup chain will be kept. Note that --force will be needed to delete the files instead of just listing them.

remove-all-inc-of-but-n-full, ri <count> [--force] <url>
    Delete incremental sets of all backups sets that are older than the count:th last full backup (in other words, keep only old full backups and not their increments). count must be larger than zero. A value of 1 means that only the single most recent backup chain will be kept intact. Note that --force will be needed to delete the files instead of just listing them.

cleanup, cl [--force] <url>
    Delete the extraneous duplicity files on the given backend. Non-duplicity files, or files in complete data sets will not be deleted. This should only be necessary after a duplicity session fails or is aborted prematurely. Note that --force will be needed to delete the files instead of just listing them.

OPTIONS

--allow-source-mismatch
    Do not abort on attempts to use the same archive dir or remote backend to back up different directories. duplicity will tell you if you need this switch.

--archive-dir path
    The archive directory.

    NOTE: This option changed in 0.6.0. The archive directory is now necessary in order to manage persistence for current and future enhancements. As such, this option is now used only to change the location of the archive directory. The archive directory should not be deleted, or duplicity will have to recreate it from the remote repository (which may require decrypting the backup contents).

    When backing up or restoring, this option specifies that the local archive directory is to be created in path. If the archive directory is not specified, the default will be to create the archive directory in ~/.cache/duplicity/.

    The archive directory can be shared between backups to multiple targets, because a subdirectory of the archive dir is used for individual backups (see --name ).

    The combination of archive directory and backup name must be unique in order to separate the data of different backups.

    The interaction between the --archive-dir and the --name options allows for four possible combinations for the location of the archive dir:

    1.  neither specified (default)
         ~/.cache/duplicity/hash-of-url

    2.  --archive-dir=/arch, no --name
         /arch/hash-of-url

    3.  no --archive-dir, --name=foo
         ~/.cache/duplicity/foo

    4.  --archive-dir=/arch, --name=foo
         /arch/foo

--asynchronous-upload
    (DISCONTINUED) This option is discontinued because of instability. `--concurrency` is the new replacement.

--azure-blob-tier
    Standard storage tier used for backup files (Hot|Cool|Archive).

--azure-max-single-put-size
    Specify the number of the largest supported upload size where the Azure library makes only one put call. If the content size is known and below this value the Azure library will only perform one put request to upload one block. The number is expected to be in bytes.

--azure-max-block-size
    Specify the number for the block size used by the Azure library to upload blobs if it is split into multiple blocks. The maximum block size the service supports is 104857600 (100MiB) and the default is 4194304 (4MiB)

--azure-max-connections
    Specify the number of maximum connections to transfer one blob to Azure blob size exceeds 64MB. The default values is 2.

--b2-hide-files
    Causes Duplicity to hide files in B2 instead of deleting them. Useful in combination with B2's lifecycle rules.

--backend-retry-delay number
    Specifies the number of seconds that duplicity waits after an error has occurred before attempting to repeat the operation.

--cf-backend backend
    Allows the explicit selection of a cloudfiles backend. Defaults to pyrax. Alternatively you might choose cloudfiles.

--concurrency number
    Give the number of background process that should be use to run concurrent backend task. This decouples local operations like de/encrption, volume creation, etc., from transferring to/from backends. The intended end-result is a faster backup, because the local CPU and your bandwidth can be more consistently utilized. Use of this option implies additional need for disk space in the temporary storage location; rather than needing to store only one volume at a time, enough storage space is required to store n+1 volumes. Depending on the backend and network parallel operations can speed up things. A good starting point for concurrency is 1-4. Check duplicity statistics for fine tuning. In most cases this should not extend the number of CPUs minus one of your system.

--config-dir path
    Allows selection of duplicity's configuratin dir. Defaults to ~/.config/duplicity.

--copy-blocksize kilos
    Allows selection of blocksize in kilobytes to use in copying. Increasing this may speed copying of large files. Defaults to 128.

--compare-data
    Enable data comparison of regular files on action verify. This conducts a verify as described above to verify the integrity of the backup archives, but additionally compares restored files to those in target_directory. Duplicity will not replace any files in target_directory. Duplicity will exit with a non-zero error level if the files do not correctly verify or if any files from the archive differ from those in target_directory. On verbosity level 4 or higher, it will log a message for each file that differs from its equivalent in target_directory.

--copy-links
    Resolve symlinks during backup. Enabling this will resolve & back up the symlink's file/folder data instead of the symlink itself, potentially increasing the size of the backup.

--dry-run
    Calculate what would be done, but do not perform any backend actions

--encrypt-key key-id
    When backing up, encrypt to the given public key, instead of using symmetric (traditional) encryption. Can be specified multiple times. The key-id can be given in any of the formats supported by GnuPG; see gpg(1), section "HOW TO SPECIFY A USER ID" for details.

--encrypt-secret-keyring filename
    This option can only be used with --encrypt-key, and changes the path to the secret keyring for the encrypt key to filename This keyring is not used when creating a backup. If not specified, the default secret keyring is used which is usually located at .gnupg/secring.gpg

--encrypt-sign-key key-id
    Convenience parameter. Same as --encrypt-key key-id --sign-key key-id.

--exclude shell_pattern
    Exclude the file or files matched by shell_pattern. If a directory is matched, then files under that directory will also be matched. See the FILE SELECTION section for more information.

--exclude-device-files
    Exclude all device files. This can be useful for security/permissions reasons or if duplicity is not handling device files correctly.

--exclude-filelist filename
    Excludes the files listed in filename, with each line of the filelist interpreted according to the same rules as --include and --exclude. See the FILE SELECTION section for more information.

--exclude-if-present filename
    Exclude directories if filename is present. Allows the user to specify folders that they do not wish to backup by adding a specified file (e.g. ".nobackup") instead of maintaining a comprehensive exclude/include list.

--exclude-older-than time
    Exclude any files whose modification date is earlier than the specified time. This can be used to produce a partial backup that contains only recently changed files. See the TIME FORMATS section for more information.

--exclude-other-filesystems
    Exclude files on file systems (identified by device number) other than the file system the root of the source directory is on.

--exclude-regexp regexp
    Exclude files matching the given regexp. Unlike the --exclude option, this option does not match files in a directory it matches. See the FILE SELECTION section for more information.

--files-from filename
    Read a list of files to backup from filename rather than searching the entire backup source directory. Operation is otherwise normal, just on the specified subset of the backup source directory.

    Files must be specified one per line and relative to the backup source directory. Any absolute paths will raise an error. All characters per line are significant and treated as part of the path, including leading and trailing whitespace. Lines are separated by newlines or nulls, depending on whether the --null-separator switch was given.

    It is not necessary to include the parent directory of listed files, their inclusion is implied. However, the content of any explicitly listed directories is not implied. All required files must be listed when this option is used.

--file-prefix prefix
--file-prefix-manifest prefix
--file-prefix-archive prefix
--file-prefix-signature prefix
    Adds a prefix to either all files or only manifest, archive, signature files. The same set of prefixes must be passed in on backup and restore.
    If both global and type-specific prefixes are set, global prefix will go before type-specific prefixes.

    See also A NOTE ON FILENAME PREFIXES

--path-to-restore path
    This option may be given in restore mode, causing only path to be restored instead of the entire contents of the backup archive. path should be given relative to the root of the directory backed up.

--filter-globbing
--filter-ignorecase
--filter-literal
--filter-regexp
--filter-strictcase
    Change the interpretation of patterns passed to the file selection condition option arguments --exclude and --include (and variations thereof, including file lists). These options can appear multiple times to switch between shell globbing (default), literal strings, and regular expressions, case sensitive (default) or not. The specified interpretation applies for all subsequent selection conditions up until the next --filter option.

    See the FILE SELECTION section for more information.

--full-if-older-than time
    Perform a full backup if an incremental backup is requested, but the latest full backup in the collection is older than the given time. See the TIME FORMATS section for more information.

--force
    Proceed even if data loss might result. Duplicity will let the user know when this option is required.

--ftp-passive
    Use passive (PASV) data connections. The default is to use passive, but to fallback to regular if the passive connection fails or times out.

--ftp-regular
    Use regular (PORT) data connections.

--gio
    Use the GIO backend and interpret any URLs as GIO would.

--gpg-binary file_path
    Allows you to force duplicity to use file_path as gpg command line binary. Can be an absolute or relative file path or a file name. Default value is 'gpg'. The binary will be localized via the PATH environment variable.

--gpg-options='options'

    Allows you to pass options to gpg encryption. The options list should be of the form '--opt1 --opt2=val2' where the string is quoted and the only spaces allowed are between options.

    NOTE: This options value should be bound with '=' as in

    --gpg-options='--gpg-option=value'

    See ARGPARSE PROBLEM for more detail.

--hidden-encrypt-key key-id
    Same as --encrypt-key, but it hides user's key id from encrypted file. It uses the gpg's --hidden-recipient command to obfuscate the owner of the backup. On restore, gpg will automatically try all available secret keys in order to decrypt the backup. See gpg(1) for more details.

--ignore-errors
    Try to ignore certain errors if they happen. This option is only intended to allow the restoration of a backup in the face of certain problems that would otherwise cause the backup to fail. It is not ever recommended to use this option unless you have a situation where you are trying to restore from backup and it is failing because of an issue which you want duplicity to ignore. Even then, depending on the issue, this option may not have an effect.

    Please note that while ignored errors will be logged, there will be no summary at the end of the operation to tell you what was ignored, if anything. If this is used for emergency restoration of data, it is recommended that you run the backup in such a way that you can revisit the backup log (look for lines containing the string IGNORED_ERROR).

    If you ever have to use this option for reasons that are not understood or understood but not your own responsibility, please contact duplicity maintainers. The need to use this option under production circumstances would normally be considered a bug.

--imap-full-address email_address
    The full email address of the user name when logging into an imap server. If not supplied just the user name part of the email address is used.

--imap-mailbox option
    Allows you to specify a different mailbox. The default is "INBOX". Other languages may require a different mailbox than the default.

--idr-fakeroot
    idrived uses the concept of a "fakeroot" directory, defined via the --idr-fakeroot=... switch. This can be an existing directory, or the directory is created at runtime on the root of the (host) files system. (caveat: you have to have write access to the root!). Directories created at runtime are auto-removed on exit!
    So, in the above scheme, we could do:
        duplicity --idr-fakeroot=nicepath idrived://DUPLICITY
    our files end-up at
        <MYBUCKET>/DUPLICITY/nicepath

--idr-fakeroot
    idrived uses the concept of a "fakeroot" directory, defined via the --idr-fakeroot=... switch. This can be an existing directory, or the directory is created at runtime on the root of the (host) files system. (caveat: you have to have write access to the root!). Directories created at runtime are auto-removed on exit!
    So, in the above scheme, we could do:
        duplicity --idr-fakeroot=nicepath idrived://DUPLICITY
    our files end-up at
        <MYBUCKET>/DUPLICITY/nicepath

--include shell_pattern
    Similar to --exclude but include matched files instead. Unlike --exclude, this option will also match parent directories of matched files (although not necessarily their contents). See the FILE SELECTION section for more information.

--include-filelist filename
    Like --exclude-filelist, but include the listed files instead. See the FILE SELECTION section for more information.

--include-regexp regexp
    Include files matching the regular expression regexp. Only files explicitly matched by regexp will be included by this option. See the FILE SELECTION section for more information.

--jsonstat
    Record statistic data similar to the default stats printed at the end of a backup job, additionally, it includes some meta data about the backup chain, e.g., when the full backup was created and how many incremental backups were made before. Output format is json. It written to stdout at notice level (as classic stats) and the statistics are kept as a separate file next to the manifest but with "jsonstat" as extension. collection-status --show-changes-in-set <index> --jsonstat adds data collected in the backup job and switch the output format to json. If <index> is set to -1 statistics for the whole backup chain are printed.

--log-fd number
    Write specially-formatted versions of output messages to the specified file descriptor. The format used is designed to be easily consumable by other programs.

--log-file filename
    Write specially-formatted versions of output messages to the specified file. The format used is designed to be easily consumable by other programs.

--log-timestamp
    Write the log with timestamp and log level before the message, similar to syslog.

--max-blocksize number
    limits the maximum size of the blocks examined for changes during the diff process.

    By default the integer square root of file length is used as the librsync block size. Minimum being 512 byte with no maximum unless --max-blocksize is supplied. Block size is rounded up to the nearest 512 byte boundary.

    If you specify a larger max_blocksize, your difftar files will be larger, but your sigtar files will be smaller. If you specify a smaller max_blocksize, the reverse occurs.

    The --max-blocksize option should be in multiples of 512.

    Max blocksize defaults to not supplied.

--mf-purge
    Option for mediafire to purge files on delete instead of sending to trash.

--mp-segment-size megs
    Swift backend segment size in megabytes

--name symbolicname
    Set the symbolic name of the backup being operated on. The intent is to use a separate name for each logically distinct backup. For example, someone may use "home_daily_s3" for the daily backup of a home directory to Amazon S3. The structure of the name is up to the user, it is only important that the names be distinct. The symbolic name is currently only used to affect the expansion of --archive-dir , but may be used for additional features in the future. Users running more than one distinct backup are encouraged to use this option.

    If not specified, the default value is a hash of the backend URL.

--no-check-remote
    Turn off validation of the remote manifest. Checking is the default. No checking will allow you to backup without the private key, but will mean that the remote manifest may exist and be corrupted, leading to the possibility that the backup might not be recoverable.

--no-compression
    Do not use GZip to compress files on remote system.

--no-encryption
    Do not use GnuPG to encrypt files on remote system.

--no-files-changed
    By default duplicity will collect file names and change action in memory (add, del, chg) during backup. This can be quite expensive in memory use, especially with millions of small files. This flag turns off that collection. This means that the --file-changed option for collection-status will return nothing.

--no-print-statistics
    By default duplicity will print statistics about the current session after a successful backup. This switch disables that behavior.

--no-restore-ownership
    Ignores the uid/gid from the archive and keeps the current user's one. Recommended for restoring data to mounted filesystem which do not support Unix ownership or when root privileges are not available.

--null-separator
    Use nulls (\0) instead of newlines (\n) as line separators, which may help when dealing with filenames containing newlines. This affects the expected format of the files specified by the --{include|exclude}-filelist switches and the --{files-from} option, as well as the format of the directory statistics file.

--numeric-owner
    On restore always use the numeric uid/gid from the archive and not the archived user/group names, which is the default behaviour. Recommended for restoring from live cds which might have the users with identical names but different uids/gids.

--num-retries number
    Number of retries to make on errors before giving up.

--par2-options='options'
    Verbatim options to pass to par2.

    NOTE: This options value should be bound with '=' as in

    --par2-options='-a -b'

    See ARGPARSE PROBLEM for more detail.

--par2-redundancy percent
    Adjust the level of redundancy in percent for Par2 recovery files (default 10%).

--par2-volumes number
    Number of Par2 volumes to create (default 1).

--progress
    When selected, duplicity will output the current upload progress and estimated upload time. To annotate changes, it will perform a first dry-run before a full or incremental, and then runs the real operation estimating the real upload progress.

--progress-rate number
    Sets the update rate at which duplicity will output the upload progress messages (requires --progress option). Default is to print the status each 3 seconds.

--rename <original path> <new path>
    Treats the path orig in the backup as if it were the path new. Can be passed multiple times. An example:

    duplicity restore --rename Documents/metal Music/metal sftp://uid@other.host/some_dir /home/me

--rsync-options='options'
    Allows you to pass options to the rsync backend. The options list should be of the form "opt1=parm1 opt2=parm2" where the option string is quoted and the only spaces allowed are between options. The option string will be passed verbatim to rsync, after any internally generated option designating the remote port to use. Here is a possibly useful example:

    duplicity --rsync-options="--partial-dir=.rsync-partial" /home/me rsync://uid@other.host/some_dir

    NOTE: This options value should be bound with '=' as in

    --rsync-options='--partial-dir=.rsync-partial'

    See ARGPARSE PROBLEM for more detail.

--s3-endpoint-url url
    Specifies the endpoint URL of the S3 storage.

--s3-multipart-chunk-size
    Chunk size (in MB, default is 20MB) used for S3 multipart uploads. Adjust this to maximize bandwidth usage. For example, a chunk size of 10MB and a volsize of 100MB would result in 10 chunks per volume upload.

    NOTE: This value should optimally be an even multiple of your --volsize for optimal performance.

    See also A NOTE ON AMAZON S3 below.

--s3-multipart-max-procs
    Maximum number of concurrent uploads when performing a multipart upload. The default is 4. You can adjust this number to maximizing bandwidth and CPU utilization.

    NOTE: Too many concurrent uploads may have diminishing returns.

    See also A NOTE ON AMAZON S3 below.

--s3-region-name
    Specifies the region of the S3 storage. Usually mandatory if the bucket is created in a specific region.

--s3-unencrypted-connection
    Disable SSL for connections to S3. This may be much faster, at some cost to confidentiality.

    With this option set, anyone between your computer and S3 can observe the traffic and will be able to tell: that you are using Duplicity, the name of the bucket, your AWS Access Key ID, the increment dates and the amount of data in each increment.

    This option affects only the connection, not the GPG encryption of the backup increment files. Unless that is disabled, an observer will not be able to see the file names or contents.

    See also A NOTE ON AMAZON S3 below.

--s3-use-deep-archive
    Store volumes using Glacier Deep Archive S3 when uploading to Amazon S3. This storage class has a lower cost of storage but a higher per-request cost along with delays of up to 48 hours from the time of retrieval request. This storage cost is calculated against a 180-day storage minimum. According to Amazon this storage is ideal for data archiving and long-term backup offering 99.999999999% durability. To restore a backup you will have to manually migrate all data stored on AWS Glacier Deep Archive back to Standard S3 and wait for AWS to complete the migration.

    NOTE: Duplicity will store the manifest.gpg and sigtar.gpg files from full and incremental backups on AWS S3 standard storage to allow quick retrieval for later incremental backups, all other data is stored in S3 Glacier Deep Archive.

--s3-use-glacier
    Store volumes using Glacier Flexible Storage when uploading to Amazon S3. This storage class has a lower cost of storage but a higher per-request cost along with delays of up to 12 hours from the time of retrieval request. This storage cost is calculated against a 90-day storage minimum. According to Amazon this storage is ideal for data archiving and long-term backup offering 99.999999999% durability. To restore a backup you will have to manually migrate all data stored on AWS Glacier back to Standard S3 and wait for AWS to complete the migration.

    NOTE: Duplicity will store the manifest.gpg and sigtar.gpg files from full and incremental backups on AWS S3 standard storage to allow quick retrieval for later incremental backups, all other data is stored in S3 Glacier.

--s3-use-glacier-ir
    Store volumes using Glacier Instant Retrieval when uploading to Amazon S3. This storage class is similar to Glacier Flexible Storage but offers instant retrieval at standard speeds.

    NOTE: Duplicity will store the manifest.gpg and sigtar.gpg files from full and incremental backups on AWS S3 standard storage to allow quick retrieval for later incremental backups, all other data is stored in S3 Glacier.

--s3-use-ia
    Store volumes using Standard - Infrequent Access when uploading to Amazon S3. This storage class has a lower storage cost but a higher per-request cost, and the storage cost is calculated against a 30-day storage minimum. According to Amazon, this storage is ideal for long-term file storage, backups, and disaster recovery.

--s3-use-onezone-ia
    Store volumes using One Zone - Infrequent Access when uploading to Amazon S3. This storage is similar to Standard - Infrequent Access, but only stores object data in one Availability Zone.

--s3-use-rrs
    Store volumes using Reduced Redundancy Storage when uploading to Amazon S3. This will lower the cost of storage but also lower the durability of stored volumes to 99.99% instead the 99.999999999% durability offered by Standard Storage on S3.

--s3-use-server-side-kms-encryption
--s3-kms-key-id key_id
--s3-kms-grant grant
    Enable server-side encryption using key management service.

--skip-if-no-change command
    By default an empty incremental backup is created if no files have changed. Setting this option will skip creating a backup if no data has changed. Nothing will be sent to the target nor information be cached.

--scp-command command
    (only ssh pexpect backend with --use-scp enabled)
    The command will be used instead of "scp" to send or receive files. To list and delete existing files, the sftp command is used.
    See also A NOTE ON SSH BACKENDS section SSH pexpect backend.

--sftp-command command
    (only ssh pexpect backend)
    The command will be used instead of "sftp".
    See also A NOTE ON SSH BACKENDS section SSH pexpect backend.

--sign-key key-id
    This option can be used when backing up, restoring or verifying. When backing up, all backup files will be signed with keyid key. When restoring, duplicity will signal an error if any remote file is not signed with the given key-id. The key-id can be given in any of the formats supported by GnuPG; see gpg(1), section "HOW TO SPECIFY A USER ID" for details. Should be specified only once because currently only one signing key is supported. Last entry overrides all other entries.
    See also A NOTE ON SYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION AND SIGNING

--ssh-askpass
    Tells the ssh backend to prompt the user for the remote system password, if it was not defined in target url and no BACKEND_PASSWORD env var is set. This password is also used for passphrase-protected ssh keys.

--ssh-options='options'
    Allows you to pass options to the ssh backend. Can be specified multiple times or as a space separated options list. The options list should be of the form "-oOpt1='parm1' -oOpt2='parm2'" where the option string is quoted and the only spaces allowed are between options. The option string will be passed verbatim to both scp and sftp, whose command line syntax differs slightly hence the options should therefore be given in the long option format described in ssh_config(5).
    example of a list:
        duplicity --ssh-options="-oProtocol=2 -oIdentityFile='/my/backup/id'" /home/me scp://user@host/some_dir
    example with multiple parameters:
        duplicity --ssh-options="-oProtocol=2" --ssh-options="-oIdentityFile='/my/backup/id'" /home/me scp://user@host/some_dir

    NOTE: The ssh paramiko backend currently supports only the -i or -oIdentityFile or -oUserKnownHostsFile or -oGlobalKnownHostsFile settings. If needed provide more host specific options via ssh_config file.

    NOTE2: This options value should be bound with '=' as in

    --ssh-options='-oProtocol=2 -oIdentityFile=/my/backup/id'

    See ARGPARSE PROBLEM for more detail.

--ssl-cacert-file file
    (only webdav & lftp backend) Provide a cacert file for ssl certificate verification.

    See also A NOTE ON SSL CERTIFICATE VERIFICATION.

--ssl-cacert-path path/to/certs/
    (only webdav backend and python 2.7.9+ OR lftp+webdavs and a recent lftp) Provide a path to a folder containing cacert files for ssl certificate verification.

    See also A NOTE ON SSL CERTIFICATE VERIFICATION.

--ssl-no-check-certificate
    (only webdav & lftp backend) Disable ssl certificate verification.

    See also A NOTE ON SSL CERTIFICATE VERIFICATION.

--swift-storage-policy
    Use this storage policy when operating on Swift containers.

    See also A NOTE ON SWIFT (OPENSTACK OBJECT STORAGE) ACCESS.

--metadata-sync-mode mode
    This option defaults to 'partial', but you can set it to 'full'

    Use 'partial' to avoid syncing metadata for backup chains that you are not going to use. This saves time when restoring for the first time, and lets you restore an old backup that was encrypted with a different passphrase by supplying only the target passphrase.

    Use 'full' to sync metadata for all backup chains on the remote.

--tempdir directory
    Use this existing directory for duplicity temporary files instead of the system default, which is usually the /tmp directory. This option supersedes any environment variable.

    See also ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES.

-t time, --time time, --restore-time time
    Specify the time from which to restore or list files.

    See section TIME FORMATS for details.

--time-separator char
    Use char as the time separator in filenames instead of colon (":").

    NOTE: This option only applies to recovery and status style actions. We no longer create or write filenames with time separators, but will read older backups that may need this option.

--timeout seconds
    Use seconds as the socket timeout value if duplicity begins to timeout during network operations. The default is 30 seconds.

--use-agent
    If this option is specified, then --use-agent is passed to the GnuPG encryption process and it will try to connect to gpg-agent before it asks for a passphrase for --encrypt-key or --sign-key if needed.

    NOTE: Contrary to previous versions of duplicity, this option will also be honored by GnuPG 2 and newer versions. If GnuPG 2 is in use, duplicity passes the option --pinentry-mode=loopback to the the gpg process unless --use-agent is specified on the duplicity command line. This has the effect that GnuPG 2 uses the agent only if --use-agent is given, just like GnuPG 1.

--use-gpgsm
    If this option is specified, then GnuPG encryption process uses binary gpgsm instead of gpg. This is part of the GnuPG suite, but using the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) file format (aka PKCS#7, this file format is also compatible with other tools, like openssl smime).

    Encrypted files will have the file extension .p7m instead of .gpg. Any operation which requires decryption (restore, list-current-files, etc.) must also specify --use-gpgsm.

    gpgsm does not support symmetric (password) encryption or hidden recipients.

--verbosity level, -vlevel
    Specify output verbosity level (log level). Named levels and corresponding values are 0 Error, 2 Warning, 4 Notice (default), 8 Info, 9 Debug (noisiest).
    level may also be
        a character: e, w, n, i, d
        a word: error, warning, notice, info, debug

The options -v4, -vn and -vnotice are functionally equivalent, as are the mixed/upper-case versions -vN, -vNotice and -vNOTICE.

--version
    Print duplicity's version and quit.

--volsize number
    Change the volume size to number MB. Default is 200MB.

--webdav-headers csv formatted key,value pairs
    The input format is comma separated list of key,value pairs. Standard CSV encoding may be used.

    For example to set a Cookie use 'Cookie,name=value', or '"Cookie","name=value"'.

    You can set multiple headers, e.g. '"Cookie","name=value","Authorization","xxx"'.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

TMPDIR, TEMP, TMP
    In decreasing order of importance, specifies the directory to use for temporary files (inherited from Python's tempfile module). Eventually the option --tempdir supersedes any of these.

BACKEND_PASSWORD, FTP_PASSWORD (deprecated)
    Supported by most backends which are password capable. More secure than setting it in the backend url (which might be readable in the operating systems process listing to other users on the same machine).

PASSPHRASE
    This passphrase is passed to GnuPG. If this is not set, the user will be prompted for the passphrase. GPG uses the AES encryption method for passphrase encryption.

SIGN_PASSPHRASE
    The passphrase to be used for --sign-key. If omitted and sign key is also one of the keys to encrypt against PASSPHRASE will be reused instead. Otherwise, if passphrase is needed but not set the user will be prompted for it. GPG uses the AES encryption method for passphrase encryption.

    Other environment variables may be used to configure specific backends. See the notes for the particular backend.

URL FORMAT
Duplicity uses the URL format (as standard as possible) to define data locations. Major difference is that the whole host section is optional for some backends.
NOTE: If path starts with an extra '/' it usually denotes an absolute path on the backend.

The generic format for a URL is:

    scheme://[[user[:password]@]host[:port]/][/]path

or

    scheme://[/]path

  Use BACKEND_PASSWORD (How to provide password in a secure way)
It is not recommended to expose the password on the command line e.g. as part of the target url since it can be revealed to anyone with permissions to do process listings. it is possible however.

Consider setting the environment variable BACKEND_PASSWORD or other backend specific environment variables instead which do not suffer the security flaw mentioned above.

  Details and descriptive examples per backend
In protocols that support it, the path may be preceded by a single slash, '/path', to represent a relative path to the target home directory, or preceded by a double slash, '//path', to represent an absolute filesystem path.

NOTE: Scheme (protocol) access may be provided by more than one backend. In case the default backend is buggy or simply not working in a specific case it might be worth trying an alternative implementation. Alternative backends can be selected by prefixing the scheme with the name of the alternative backend e.g. ncftp+ftp:// and are mentioned below the scheme's syntax summary.

Formats for each of the backends follow:

Amazon Drive Backend
    ad://some_dir

    See also A NOTE ON AMAZON DRIVE

Azure
    azure://container-name

    See also A NOTE ON AZURE ACCESS

B2  b2://account_id[:application_key]@bucket_name/[folder/]

Box box:///some_dir[?config=path_to_config]

    See also A NOTE ON BOX ACCESS

Cloud Files (Rackspace)
    cf+http://container_name

    See also A NOTE ON CLOUD FILES ACCESS

Dropbox
    dpbx:///some_dir

    Make sure to read A NOTE ON DROPBOX ACCESS first!

File (local file system)
    file://[relative|/absolute]/local/path

FISH (Files transferred over Shell protocol) over ssh
    fish://user[:pwd]@other.host[:port]/[relative|/absolute]_path

FTP ftp[s]://user[:password]@other.host[:port]/some_dir

    NOTE: use lftp+, ncftp+ prefixes to enforce a specific backend, default is lftp+ftp://...

Google Cloud Storage (GCS via Interoperable Access)
    s3://bucket[/path]

    See A NOTE ON GOOGLE CLOUD STORAGE about needed endpoint option and env vars for authentication.

Google Docs
    gdocs://user[:password]@other.host/some_dir

    NOTE: use pydrive+, gdata+ prefixes to enforce a specific backend, default is pydrive+gdocs://...

Google Drive
    gdrive://<service account' email address>@developer.gserviceaccount.com/some_dir

    See also A NOTE ON GDRIVE BACKEND below.

HSI hsi://user[:password]@other.host/some_dir

hubiC
    cf+hubic://container_name

    See also A NOTE ON HUBIC

IMAP email storage
    imap[s]://user[:password]@host.com[/from_address_prefix]

    See also A NOTE ON IMAP

MediaFire
    mf://user[:password]@mediafire.com/some_dir

    See also A NOTE ON MEDIAFIRE BACKEND below.

MEGA.nz cloud storage (only works for accounts created prior to November 2018, uses "megatools")
    mega://user[:password]@mega.nz/some_dir

    NOTE: if not given in the URL, relies on password being stored within $HOME/.megarc (as used by the "megatools" utilities)

MEGA.nz cloud storage (works for all MEGA accounts, uses "MEGAcmd" tools)
    megav2://user[:password]@mega.nz/some_dir megav3://user[:password]@mega.nz/some_dir[?no_logout=1] (For latest MEGAcmd)

    NOTE: despite "MEGAcmd" no longer uses a configuration file, for convenience storing the user password this backend searches it in the $HOME/.megav2rc file (same syntax as the old $HOME/.megarc)
    [Login]
    Username = MEGA_USERNAME
    Password = MEGA_PASSWORD

multi
    multi:///path/to/config.json

    See also A NOTE ON MULTI BACKEND below.

OneDrive Backend
    onedrive://some_dir See also A NOTE ON ONEDRIVE BACKEND

Par2 Wrapper Backend
    par2+scheme://[user[:password]@]host[:port]/[/]path

    See also A NOTE ON PAR2 WRAPPER BACKEND

Public Cloud Archive (OVH)
    pca://container_name[/prefix]

    See also A NOTE ON PCA ACCESS

pydrive
    pydrive://<service account' email address>@developer.gserviceaccount.com/some_dir

    See also A NOTE ON PYDRIVE BACKEND below.

Rclone Backend
    rclone://remote:/some_dir

    See also A NOTE ON RCLONE BACKEND

Rsync via daemon
    rsync://user[:password]@host.com[:port]::[/]module/some_dir

Rsync over ssh (only key auth)
    rsync://user@host.com[:port]/[relative|/absolute]_path

S3 storage (Amazon)
    s3:///bucket_name[/path]

    See also A NOTE ON AMAZON S3 below.

SCP/SFTP Secure Copy Protocol/SSH File Transfer Protocol
    scp://.. or
    sftp://user[:pwd]@other.host[:port]/[relative|/absolute]_path

    defaults are paramiko+scp:// and paramiko+sftp://
    alternatively try pexpect+scp://, pexpect+sftp://, lftp+sftp://
    See also --ssh-askpass, --ssh-options and A NOTE ON SSH BACKENDS.

slate
    slate://[slate-id]

    See also A NOTE ON SLATE BACKEND

Swift (Openstack)
    swift://container_name[/prefix]

    See also A NOTE ON SWIFT (OPENSTACK OBJECT STORAGE) ACCESS

Tahoe-LAFS
    tahoe://alias/directory

WebDAV
    webdav[s]://user[:password]@other.host[:port]/some_dir

    alternatively try lftp+webdav[s]://

Optical media (ISO9660 CD/DVD/Bluray using xorriso)
    xorriso:///dev/byOpticalDrive[:/path/to/directory/on/iso]
    xorriso:///path/to/image.iso[:/path/to/directory/on/iso]

    See also A NOTE ON THE XORRISO BACKEND

TIME FORMATS
duplicity uses time strings in two places. Firstly, many of the files duplicity creates will have the time in their filenames in the w3 datetime format as described in a w3 note at http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime. Basically they look like "2001-07-15T04:09:38-07:00", which means what it looks like. The "-07:00" section means the time zone is 7 hours behind UTC.
Secondly, the -t, --time, and --restore-time options take a time string, which can be given in any of several formats:
1.  the string "now" (refers to the current time)
2.  a sequences of digits, like "123456890" (indicating the time in seconds after the epoch)
3.  A string like "2002-01-25T07:00:00+02:00" in datetime format
4.  An interval, which is a number followed by one of the characters s, m, h, D, W, M, or Y (indicating seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, or years respectively), or a series of such pairs. In this case the string refers to the time that preceded the current time by the length of the interval. For instance, "1h78m" indicates the time that was one hour and 78 minutes ago. The calendar here is unsophisticated: a month is always 30 days, a year is always 365 days, and a day is always 86400 seconds.
5.  A date format of the form YYYY/MM/DD, YYYY-MM-DD, MM/DD/YYYY, or MM-DD-YYYY, which indicates midnight on the day in question, relative to the current time zone settings. For instance, "2002/3/5", "03-05-2002", and "2002-3-05" all mean March 5th, 2002.

FILE SELECTION
When duplicity is run, it searches through the given source directory and backs up all the files specified by the file selection system, unless --files-from has been specified in which case the passed list of individual files is used instead.

The file selection system comprises a number of file selection conditions, which are set using one of the following command line options:

    --exclude
    --exclude-device-files
    --exclude-if-present
    --exclude-filelist
    --exclude-regexp
    --include
    --include-filelist
    --include-regexp

For each individual file found in the source directory, the file selection conditions are checked in the order they are specified on the command line. Should a selection condition match, the file will be included or excluded accordingly and the file selection system will proceed to the next file without checking the remaining conditions.

Earlier arguments therefore take precedence where multiple conditions match any given file, and are thus usually given in order of decreasing specificity. If no selection conditions match a given file, then the file is implicitly included.

For example,

    duplicity --include /usr --exclude /usr /usr scp://user@host/backup

is exactly the same as

    duplicity /usr scp://user@host/backup

because the --include directive matches all files in the backup source directory, and takes precedence over the contradicting --exclude option as it comes first.

As a more meaningful example,

    duplicity --include /usr/local/bin --exclude /usr/local /usr scp://user@host/backup

would backup the /usr/local/bin directory (and its contents), but not /usr/local/doc. Note that this is not the same as simply specifying /usr/local/bin as the backup source, as other files and folders under /usr will also be (implicitly) included.

The order of the --include and --exclude arguments is important. In the previous example, if the less specific --exclude directive had precedence it would prevent the more specific --include from matching any files.

The patterns passed to the --include, --exclude, --include-filelist, and --exclude-filelist options are interpretted as extended shell globbing patterns by default. This behaviour can be changed with the following filter mode arguments:
    --filter-globbing
    --filter-literal
    --filter-regexp

These arguments change the interpretation of the patterns used in selection conditions, affecting all subsequent file selection options passed on the command line. They may be specified multiple times in order to switch pattern interpretations as needed.

Literal strings differ from globs in that the pattern must match the filename exactly. This can be useful where filenames contain characters which have special meaning in shell globs or regular expressions. If passing dynamically generated file lists to duplicity using the --include-filelist or --exclude-filelist options, then the use of --filter-literal is recommended unless regular expression or globbing is specifically required.

The regular expression language used for selection conditions specified with --include-regexp , --exclude-regexp , or when --filter-regexp is in effect is as implemented by the Python standard library.

Extended shell globbing pattenrs may contain: *, **, ?, and [...] (character ranges). As in a normal shell, * can be expanded to any string of characters not containing "/", ? expands to any single character except "/", and [...] expands to a single character of those characters specified (ranges are acceptable). The pattern ** expands to any string of characters whether or not it contains "/".

In addition to the above filter mode arguments, the following can be used in the same fashion to enable (default) or disable case sensitivity in the evaluation of file selection conditions:
    --filter-ignorecase
    --filter-strictcase

An example of filter mode switching including case insensitivity is

    --filter-ignorecase --include /usr/bin/*.PY --filter-literal --filter-include /usr/bin/special?file*name --filter-strictcase --exclude /usr/bin

which would backup *.py, *.pY, *.Py, and *.PY files under /usr/bin and also the single literally specified file with globbing characters in the name. The use of --filter-strictcase is not technically necessary here, but is included as an example which may (depending on the backup source path) cause unexpected interactions between --include and --exclude options, should the directory portion of the path (/usr/bin) contain any uppercase characters.

If the pattern starts with "ignorecase:" (case insensitive), then this prefix will be removed and any character in the string can be replaced with an upper- or lowercase version of itself. This prefix is a legacy feature supported for shell globbing selection conditions only, but for backward compatibility reasons is otherwise considered part of the pattern itself (use --filter-ignorecase instead).

Remember that you may need to quote patterns when typing them into a shell, so the shell does not interpret the globbing patterns or whitespace characters before duplicity sees them.

Selection patterns should generally be thought of as filesystem paths rather than arbitrary strings. For selection conditions using extended shell globbing patterns, the --exclude pattern option matches a file if:

1.  pattern can be expanded into the file's filename, or
2.  the file is inside a directory matched by the option.

    Conversely, the --include pattern option matches a file if:

1.  pattern can be expanded into the file's filename, or
2.  the file is inside a directory matched by the option, or
3.  the file is a directory which contains a file matched by the option.

    For example,

    --exclude /usr/local

matches e.g. /usr/local, /usr/local/lib, and /usr/local/lib/netscape. It is the same as --exclude /usr/local --exclude '/usr/local/**'.
On the other hand

    --include /usr/local

specifies that /usr, /usr/local, /usr/local/lib, and /usr/local/lib/netscape (but not /usr/doc) all be backed up. Thus you don't have to worry about including parent directories to make sure that included subdirectories have somewhere to go.

Finally,

    --include ignorecase:'/usr/[a-z0-9]foo/*/**.py'

would match a file like /usR/5fOO/hello/there/world.py. If it did match anything, it would also match /usr. If there is no existing file that the given pattern can be expanded into, the option will not match /usr alone.

This treatment of patterns in globbing and literal selection conditions as filesystem paths reduces the number of explicit conditions required. However, it does require that the paths described by all variants of the --include or --include option are fully specified relative to the backup source directory.

For selection conditions using literal strings, the same logic applies except that scenario 1 is for an exact match of the pattern.

For selection conditions using regular expressions the pattern is evaluated as a regular expression rather than a filesystem path. Scenario 3 in the above therefore does not apply, the implications of which are discussed at the end of this section.

The --include-filelist, and --exclude-filelist, options also introduce file selection conditions. They direct duplicity to read in a text file (either ASCII or UTF-8), each line of which is a file specification, and to include or exclude the matching files. Lines are separated by newlines or nulls, depending on whether the --null-separator switch was given.

Each line in the filelist will be interpreted as a selection pattern in the same way --include and --exclude options are interpreted, except that lines starting with "+ " are interpreted as include directives, even if found in a filelist referenced by --exclude-filelist. Similarly, lines starting with "- " exclude files even if they are found within an include filelist.

For example, if file "list.txt" contains the lines:

    /usr/local
    - /usr/local/doc
    /usr/local/bin
    + /var
    - /var

then --include-filelist list.txt would include /usr, /usr/local, and /usr/local/bin. It would exclude /usr/local/doc, /usr/local/doc/python, etc. It would also include /usr/local/man, as this is included within /usr/local. Finally, it is undefined what happens with /var. A single file list should not contain conflicting file specifications.

Each line in the filelist will be interpreted as per the current filter mode in the same way --include and --exclude options are interpreted. For instance, if the file "list.txt" contains the lines:

    dir/foo
    + dir/bar
    - **

Then --include-filelist list.txt would be exactly the same as specifying --include dir/foo --include dir/bar --exclude ** on the command line.

Note that specifying very large numbers numbers of selection rules as filelists can incur a substantial performance penalty as these rules will (potentially) be checked for every file in the backup source directory. If you need to backup arbitrary lists of specific files (i.e. not described by regexp patterns or shell globs) then --files-from is likely to be more performant.

Finally, the --include-regexp and --exclude-regexp options allow files to be included and excluded if their filenames match a regular expression. Regular expression syntax is too complicated to explain here, but is covered in Python's library reference. Unlike the --include and --exclude options, the regular expression options don't match files containing or contained in matched files. So for instance

    --include-regexp '[0-9]{7}(?!foo)'

matches any files whose full pathnames contain 7 consecutive digits which aren't followed by 'foo'. However, it wouldn't match /home even if /home/ben/1234567 existed.

A NOTE ON AMAZON DRIVE
1.  The API Keys used for Amazon Drive have not been granted production limits. Amazon do not say what the development limits are and are not replying to to requests to whitelist duplicity. A related tool, acd_cli, was demoted to development limits, but continues to work fine except for cases of excessive usage. If you experience throttling and similar issues with Amazon Drive using this backend, please report them to the mailing list.
2.  If you previously used the acd+acdcli backend, it is strongly recommended to update to the ad backend instead, since it interfaces directly with Amazon Drive. You will need to setup the OAuth once again, but can otherwise keep your backups and config.

A NOTE ON AMAZON S3
Backing up to Amazon S3 utilizes the boto3 library.

The boto3 backend does not support bucket creation. This deliberate choice simplifies the code, and side steps problems related to region selection. Additionally, it is probably not a good practice to give your backup role bucket creation rights. In most cases the role used for backups should probably be limited to specific buckets.

The boto3 backend only supports newer domain style buckets. Amazon is moving to deprecate the older bucket style, so migration is recommended.

The boto3 backend does not currently support initiating restores from the glacier storage class. When restoring a backup from glacier or glacier deep archive, the backup files must first be restored out of band. There are multiple options when restoring backups from cold storage, which vary in both cost and speed. See Amazon's documentation for details.

The following environment variables are required for authentication:
    AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID (required),
    AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY (required)
    or
    BOTO_CONFIG (required) pointing to a boto config file.
For simplicity's sake we will document the use of the AWS_* vars only. Research boto3 documentation available in the web if you want to use the config file.

boto3 backend example backup command line:

    AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=<key_id> AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=<access_key> duplicity /some/path s3:///<bucket>/<subfolder>

you may add --s3-endpoint-url (to access non Amazon S3 services or regional endpoints) and may need --s3-region-name (for buckets created in specific regions) and other --s3-... options documented above.

A NOTE ON AZURE ACCESS
The Azure backend requires the Microsoft Azure Storage Blobs client library for Python to be installed on the system. See REQUIREMENTS.

It uses the environment variable AZURE_CONNECTION_STRING (required). This string contains all necessary information such as Storage Account name and the key for authentication. You can find it under Access Keys for the storage account.

Duplicity will take care to create the container when performing the backup. Do not create it manually before.

A container name (as given as the backup url) must be a valid DNS name, conforming to the following naming rules:

    1.  Container names must start with a letter or number, and can contain only letters, numbers, and the dash (-) character.
    2.  Every dash (-) character must be immediately preceded and followed by a letter or number; consecutive dashes are not permitted in container names.
    3.  All letters in a container name must be lowercase.
    4.  Container names must be from 3 through 63 characters long.

These rules come from Azure; see https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/rest/api/storageservices/naming-and-referencing-containers--blobs--and-metadata

A NOTE ON BOX ACCESS
The box backend requires boxsdk with jwt support to be installed on the system. See REQUIREMENTS.

It uses the environment variable BOX_CONFIG_PATH (optional). This string contains the path to box custom app's config.json. Either this environment variable or the config query parameter in the url need to be specified, if both are specified, query parameter takes precedence.

  Create a Box custom app
In order to use box backend, user need to create a box custom app in the box developer console (https://app.box.com/developers/console).

After create a new custom app, please make sure it is configured as follow:

    1.  Choose "App Access Only" for "App Access Level"
    2.  Check "Write all files and folders stored in Box"
    3.  Generate a Public/Private Keypair

The user also need to grant the created custom app permission in the admin console (https://app.box.com/master/custom-apps) by clicking the "+" button and enter the client_id which can be found on the custom app's configuration page.

A NOTE ON CLOUD FILES ACCESS
Pyrax is Rackspace's next-generation Cloud management API, including Cloud Files access. The cfpyrax backend requires the pyrax library to be installed on the system. See REQUIREMENTS.

Cloudfiles is Rackspace's now deprecated implementation of OpenStack Object Storage protocol. Users wishing to use Duplicity with Rackspace Cloud Files should migrate to the new Pyrax plugin to ensure support.

The backend requires python-cloudfiles to be installed on the system. See REQUIREMENTS.

It uses three environment variables for authentication: CLOUDFILES_USERNAME (required), CLOUDFILES_APIKEY (required), CLOUDFILES_AUTHURL (optional)

If CLOUDFILES_AUTHURL is unspecified it will default to the value provided by python-cloudfiles, which points to rackspace, hence this value must be set in order to use other cloud files providers.

A NOTE ON DROPBOX ACCESS
1.  First of all Dropbox backend requires valid authentication token. It should be passed via DPBX_ACCESS_TOKEN environment variable.
    To obtain it please create 'Dropbox API' application at: https://www.dropbox.com/developers/apps/create
    Then visit app settings and just use 'Generated access token' under OAuth2 section.
    Alternatively you can let duplicity generate access token itself. In such case temporary export DPBX_APP_KEY , DPBX_APP_SECRET using values from app settings page and run duplicity interactively.
    It will print the URL that you need to open in the browser to obtain OAuth2 token for the application. Just follow on-screen instructions and then put generated token to DPBX_ACCESS_TOKEN variable. Once done, feel free to unset DPBX_APP_KEY and DPBX_APP_SECRET

2.  "some_dir" must already exist in the Dropbox folder. Depending on access token kind it may be:
        Full Dropbox: path is absolute and starts from 'Dropbox' root folder.
        App Folder: path is related to application folder. Dropbox client will show it in ~/Dropbox/Apps/<app-name>

3.  When using Dropbox for storage, be aware that all files, including the ones in the Apps folder, will be synced to all connected computers. You may prefer to use a separate Dropbox account specially for the backups, and not connect any computers to that account. Alternatively you can configure selective sync on all computers to avoid syncing of backup files

A NOTE ON FILENAME PREFIXES

Filename prefixes can be used in multi backend with mirror mode to define affinity rules. They can also be used in conjunction with S3 lifecycle rules to transition archive files to Glacier, while keeping metadata (signature and manifest files) on S3.

Duplicity does not require access to archive files except when restoring from backup.

A NOTE ON GOOGLE CLOUD STORAGE (GCS via Interoperable Access)

  Overview
Duplicity access to GCS currently relies on it's Interoperability API (basically S3 for GCS). This needs to actively be enabled before access is possible. For details read the next section Preparations below.

  Preparations
1.  login on https://console.cloud.google.com/
2.  go to Cloud Storage->Settings->Interoperability
3.  create a Service account (if needed)
4.  create Service account HMAC access key and secret (!!instantly copy!! the secret, it can NOT be recovered later)
5.  go to Cloud Storage->Browser
6.  create a bucket
7.  add permissions for Service account that was used to set up Interoperability access above

Once set up you can use the generated Interoperable Storage Access key and secret and pass them to duplicity as described in the next section.

  Usage
The following examples show accessing GCS via S3 for a collection-status action. The shown env vars, options and url format can be applied for all other actions as well of course.

using boto3 supplying the --s3-endpoint-url manually.

    AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=<keyid> AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=<secret> duplicity collection-status s3:///<bucket>/<folder> --s3-endpoint-url=https://storage.googleapis.com

A NOTE ON GDRIVE BACKEND
GDrive: is a rewritten PyDrive: backend with less dependencies, and a simpler setup - it uses the JSON keys downloaded directly from Google Cloud Console.

Note Google has 2 drive methods, `Shared(previously Team) Drives` and `My Drive`, both can be shared but require different addressing

For a Google Shared Drives folder

Share Drive ID specified as a query parameter, driveID, in the backend URL. Example:
      gdrive://developer.gserviceaccount.com/target-folder/?driveID=<SHARED DRIVE ID>

For a Google My Drive based shared folder

MyDrive folder ID specified as a query parameter, myDriveFolderID, in the backend URL Example
      export GOOGLE_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_URL=<serviceaccount-name>@<serviceaccount-name>.iam.gserviceaccount.com
      gdrive://${GOOGLE_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_URL}/<target-folder-name-in-myDriveFolder>?myDriveFolderID=root

There are also two ways to authenticate to use GDrive: with a regular account or with a "service account". With a service account, a separate account is created, that is only accessible with Google APIs and not a web login. With a regular account, you can store backups in your normal Google Drive.

To use a service account, go to the Google developers console at https://console.developers.google.com. Create a project, and make sure Drive API is enabled for the project. In the "Credentials" section, click "Create credentials", then select Service Account with JSON key.

The GOOGLE_SERVICE_JSON_FILE environment variable needs to contain the path to the JSON file on duplicity invocation.

export GOOGLE_SERVICE_JSON_FILE=<path-to-serviceaccount-credentials.json>

The alternative is to use a regular account. To do this, start as above, but when creating a new Client ID, select "Create OAuth client ID", with application type of "Desktop app". Download the client_secret.json file for the new client, and set the GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET_JSON_FILE environment variable to the path to this file, and GOOGLE_CREDENTIALS_FILE to a path to a file where duplicity will keep the authentication token - this location must be writable.

NOTE: As a sanity check, GDrive checks the host and username from the URL against the JSON key, and refuses to proceed if the addresses do not match. Either the email (for the service accounts) or Client ID (for regular OAuth accounts) must be present in the URL. See URL FORMAT above.

  First run / OAuth 2.0 authorization

During the first run, you will be prompted to visit an URL in your browser to grant access to your Google Drive. A temporary HTTP-service will be started on a local network interface for this purpose (by default on http://localhost:8080/). Ip-address/host and port can be adjusted if need be by providing the environment variables GOOGLE_OAUTH_LOCAL_SERVER_HOST, GOOGLE_OAUTH_LOCAL_SERVER_PORT respectively.

If you are running duplicity in a remote location, you will need to make sure that you will be able to access the above HTTP-service with a browser utilizing e.g. port forwarding or temporary firewall permission.

The access credentials will be saved in the JSON file mentioned above for future use after a successful authorization.

A NOTE ON HUBIC
The hubic backend requires the pyrax library to be installed on the system. See REQUIREMENTS. You will need to set your credentials for hubiC in a file called ~/.hubic_credentials, following this pattern:
    [hubic]
    email = your_email
    password = your_password
    client_id = api_client_id
    client_secret = api_secret_key
    redirect_uri = http://localhost/

A NOTE ON IMAP
An IMAP account can be used as a target for the upload. The userid may be specified and the password will be requested.
The from_address_prefix may be specified (and probably should be). The text will be used as the "From" address in the IMAP server. Then on a restore (or list) action the from_address_prefix will distinguish between different backups.

A NOTE ON MEDIAFIRE BACKEND
This backend requires mediafire python library to be installed on the system. See REQUIREMENTS.

Use URL escaping for username (and password, if provided via command line):

    mf://duplicity%40example.com@mediafire.com/some_folder

The destination folder will be created for you if it does not exist.

A NOTE ON MULTI BACKEND
The multi backend allows duplicity to combine the storage available in more than one backend store (e.g., you can store across a google drive account and a onedrive account to get effectively the combined storage available in both). The URL path specifies a JSON formatted config file containing a list of the backends it will use. The URL may also specify "query" parameters to configure overall behavior. Each element of the list must have a "url" element, and may also contain an optional "description" and an optional "env" list of environment variables used to configure that backend.

  Query Parameters
Query parameters come after the file URL in standard HTTP format for example:
    multi:///path/to/config.json?mode=mirror&onfail=abort
    multi:///path/to/config.json?mode=stripe&onfail=continue
    multi:///path/to/config.json?onfail=abort&mode=stripe
    multi:///path/to/config.json?onfail=abort
Order does not matter, however unrecognized parameters are considered an error.

mode=stripe
    This mode (the default) performs round-robin access to the list of backends. In this mode, all backends must be reliable as a loss of one means a loss of one of the archive files.

mode=mirror
    This mode accesses backends as a RAID1-store, storing every file in every backend and reading files from the first-successful backend. A loss of any backend should result in no failure. Note that backends added later will only get new files and may require a manual sync with one of the other operating ones.

onfail=continue
    This setting (the default) continues all write operations in as best-effort. Any failure results in the next backend tried. Failure is reported only when all backends fail a given operation with the error result from the last failure.

onfail=abort
    This setting considers any backend write failure as a terminating condition and reports the error. Data reading and listing operations are independent of this and will try with the next backend on failure.

  JSON File Example
    [
     {
      "description": "a comment about the backend"
      "url": "abackend://myuser@domain.com/backup",
      "env": [
        {
         "name" : "MYENV",
         "value" : "xyz"
        },
        {
         "name" : "FOO",
         "value" : "bar"
        }
       ],
       "prefixes": ["prefix1_", "prefix2_"]
     },
     {
      "url": "file:///path/to/dir"
     }
    ]

A NOTE ON ONEDRIVE BACKEND
onedrive:// works with both personal and business onedrive as well as sharepoint drives. On first use you be provided with an URL to with a microsoft account. Open it in your web browser.

After authenticating, copy the redirected URL back to duplicity. Duplicity will fetch a token and store it in ~/.duplicity_onedrive_oauthtoken.json. This location can be overridden by setting the DUPLICITY_ONEDRIVE_TOKEN environment variable.

Duplicity uses a default App ID registered with Microsoft Azure AD. It will need to be approved by an administrator of your Office365 Tenant on a business account.

  Register and set your own microsoft app id

1.  visit https://portal.azure.com

2.  Choose "Enterprise Applications", then "Create your own Application"

3.  Input your application name and select "Register an application to integrate with Azure AD".

4.  Continue to the next page and set the redirect uri to "https://login.microsoftonline.com/common/oauth2/nativeclient", choosing "Public client/native" from the dropdown. Click create.

5.  Find the application id in "Enterprise Applications" and set the environment variable DUPLICITY_ONEDRIVE_CLIENT_ID to it.

    More information on Microsoft Apps at: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/quickstart-register-app

  Backup to a sharepoint site instead of onedrive

to use a sharepoint site you need to find and provide the site's tenant and site id.

1.  Login with your Microsoft Account at https://<o365_tenant>.sharepoint.com/

2.  Navigate to https://<o365_tenant>.sharepoint.com/sites/<path_to_site>/_api/site/id

3.  Copy the disyplayed UUID (site_id) and set the DUPLICITY_ONEDRIVE_ROOT environment variable to "sites/<o365_tenant>.sharepoint.com,<site_id>/drive"

A NOTE ON PAR2 WRAPPER BACKEND
Par2 Wrapper Backend can be used in combination with all other backends to create recovery files. Just add par2+ before a regular scheme (e.g. par2+ftp://user@host/dir or par2+s3+http://bucket_name ). This will create par2 recovery files for each archive and upload them all to the wrapped backend.
Before restoring, archives will be verified. Corrupt archives will be repaired on the fly if there are enough recovery blocks available.
Use --par2-redundancy percent to adjust the size (and redundancy) of recovery files in percent.

A NOTE ON PCA ACCESS
PCA is a long-term data archival solution by OVH. It runs a slightly modified version of Openstack Swift introducing latency in the data retrieval process. It is a good pick for a multi backend configuration where receiving volumes while another backend is used to store manifests and signatures.

The backend requires python-switclient to be installed on the system. python-keystoneclient is also needed to interact with OpenStack's Keystone Identity service. See REQUIREMENTS.

It uses following environment variables for authentication: PCA_USERNAME (required), PCA_PASSWORD (required), PCA_AUTHURL (required), PCA_USERID (optional), PCA_TENANTID (optional, but either the tenant name or tenant id must be supplied) PCA_REGIONNAME (optional), PCA_TENANTNAME (optional, but either the tenant name or tenant id must be supplied)

If the user was previously authenticated, the following environment variables can be used instead: PCA_PREAUTHURL (required), PCA_PREAUTHTOKEN (required)

If PCA_AUTHVERSION is unspecified, it will default to version 2.

A NOTE ON PYDRIVE BACKEND
The pydrive backend requires Python PyDrive package to be installed on the system. See REQUIREMENTS.

There are two ways to use PyDrive: with a regular account or with a "service account". With a service account, a separate account is created, that is only accessible with Google APIs and not a web login. With a regular account, you can store backups in your normal Google Drive.

To use a service account, go to the Google developers console at https://console.developers.google.com. Create a project, and make sure Drive API is enabled for the project. Under "APIs and auth", click Create New Client ID, then select Service Account with P12 key.

Download the .p12 key file of the account and convert it to the .pem format:
openssl pkcs12 -in XXX.p12 -nodes -nocerts > pydriveprivatekey.pem

The content of .pem file should be passed to GOOGLE_DRIVE_ACCOUNT_KEY environment variable for authentication.

The email address of the account will be used as part of URL. See URL FORMAT above.

The alternative is to use a regular account. To do this, start as above, but when creating a new Client ID, select "Installed application" of type "Other". Create a file with the following content, and pass its filename in the GOOGLE_DRIVE_SETTINGS environment variable:
    client_config_backend: settings
    client_config:
        client_id: <Client ID from developers' console>
        client_secret: <Client secret from developers' console>
    save_credentials: True
    save_credentials_backend: file
    save_credentials_file: <filename to cache credentials>
    get_refresh_token: True

In this scenario, the username and host parts of the URL play no role; only the path matters. During the first run, you will be prompted to visit an URL in your browser to grant access to your drive. Once granted, you will receive a verification code to paste back into Duplicity. The credentials are then cached in the file references above for future use.

A NOTE ON RCLONE BACKEND
Rclone is a powerful command line program to sync files and directories to and from various cloud storage providers.

  Usage
Once you have configured an rclone remote via

    rclone config

and successfully set up a remote (e.g. gdrive for Google Drive), assuming you can list your remote files with

    rclone ls gdrive:mydocuments

you can start your backup with

    duplicity /mydocuments rclone://gdrive:/mydocuments

Please note the slash after the second colon. Some storage provider will work with or without slash after colon, but some other will not. Since duplicity will complain about malformed URL if a slash is not present, always put it after the colon, and the backend will handle it for you.

  Options
Note that all rclone options can be set by env vars as well. This is properly documented here

    https://rclone.org/docs/

but in a nutshell you need to take the long option name, strip the leading --, change - to _, make upper case and prepend RCLONE_. for example

    the equivalent of '--stats 5s' would be the env var RCLONE_STATS=5s

A NOTE ON SLATE BACKEND
Three environment variables are used with the slate backend:
  1. `SLATE_API_KEY` - Your slate API key
  2. `SLATE_SSL_VERIFY` - either '1'(True) or '0'(False) for ssl verification (optional - True by default)
  3. `PASSPHRASE` - your gpg passhprase for encryption (optional - will be prompted if not set or not used at all if using the `--no-encryption` parameter)

To use the slate backend, use the following scheme:
    slate://[slate-id]

e.g. Full backup of current directory to slate:
    duplicity full . "slate://6920df43-5c3w-2x7i-69aw-2390567uav75"

Here's a demo: https://gitlab.com/Shr1ftyy/duplicity/uploads/675664ef0eb431d14c8e20045e3fafb6/slate_demo.mp4

A NOTE ON SSH BACKENDS
The ssh backends support sftp and scp/ssh transport protocols. This is a known user-confusing issue as these are fundamentally different. If you plan to access your backend via one of those please inform yourself about the requirements for a server to support sftp or scp/ssh access. To make it even more confusing the user can choose between several ssh backends via a scheme prefix: paramiko+ (default), pexpect+, lftp+... .
paramiko & pexpect support --use-scp, --ssh-askpass and --ssh-options. Only the pexpect backend allows one to define --scp-command and --sftp-command.
SSH paramiko backend (default) is a complete reimplementation of ssh protocols natively in python. Advantages are speed and maintainability. Minor disadvantage is that extra packages are needed as listed in REQUIREMENTS. In sftp (default) mode all operations are done via the according sftp commands. In scp mode ( --use-scp ) though scp access is used for put/get operations but listing is done via ssh remote shell.
SSH pexpect backend is the legacy ssh backend using the command line ssh binaries via pexpect. Older versions used scp for get and put operations and sftp for list and delete operations. The current version uses sftp for all four supported operations, unless the --use-scp option is used to revert to old behavior.
SSH lftp backend is simply there because lftp can interact with the ssh cmd line binaries. It is meant as a last resort in case the above options fail for some reason.

  Why use sftp instead of scp?
The change to sftp was made in order to allow the remote system to chroot the backup, thus providing better security and because it does not suffer from shell quoting issues like scp. Scp also does not support any kind of file listing, so sftp or ssh access will always be needed in addition for this backend mode to work properly. Sftp does not have these limitations but needs an sftp service running on the backend server, which is sometimes not an option.

A NOTE ON SSL CERTIFICATE VERIFICATION
Certificate verification as implemented right now [02.2016] only in the webdav and lftp backends. older pythons 2.7.8- and older lftp binaries need a file based database of certification authority certificates (cacert file).
Newer python 2.7.9+ and recent lftp versions however support the system default certificates (usually in /etc/ssl/certs) and also giving an alternative ca cert folder via --ssl-cacert-path.
The cacert file has to be a PEM formatted text file as currently provided by the CURL project. See
    http://curl.haxx.se/docs/caextract.html
After creating/retrieving a valid cacert file you should copy it to either
    ~/.duplicity/cacert.pem
    ~/duplicity_cacert.pem
    /etc/duplicity/cacert.pem
Duplicity searches it there in the same order and will fail if it can't find it. You can however specify the option --ssl-cacert-file <file> to point duplicity to a copy in a different location.
Finally there is the --ssl-no-check-certificate option to disable certificate verification altogether, in case some ssl library is missing or verification is not wanted. Use it with care, as even with self signed servers manually providing the private ca certificate is definitely the safer option.

A NOTE ON SWIFT (OPENSTACK OBJECT STORAGE) ACCESS
Swift is the OpenStack Object Storage service.
The backend requires python-switclient to be installed on the system. python-keystoneclient is also needed to use OpenStack's Keystone Identity service. See REQUIREMENTS.

It uses following environment variables for authentication:

    SWIFT_USERNAME (required),
    SWIFT_PASSWORD (required),
    SWIFT_AUTHURL (required),
    SWIFT_TENANTID or SWIFT_TENANTNAME (required with SWIFT_AUTHVERSION=2, can alternatively be defined in SWIFT_USERNAME like e.g. SWIFT_USERNAME="tenantname:user"),
    SWIFT_PROJECT_ID or SWIFT_PROJECT_NAME (required with SWIFT_AUTHVERSION=3),
    SWIFT_USERID (optional, required only for IBM Bluemix ObjectStorage),
    SWIFT_REGIONNAME (optional).

If the user was previously authenticated, the following environment variables can be used instead: SWIFT_PREAUTHURL (required), SWIFT_PREAUTHTOKEN (required)

If SWIFT_AUTHVERSION is unspecified, it will default to version 1.

A NOTE ON SYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION AND SIGNING
Signing and symmetrically encrypt at the same time with the gpg binary on the command line, as used within duplicity, is a specifically challenging issue. Tests showed that the following combinations proved working.
1. Setup gpg-agent properly. Use the option --use-agent and enter both passphrases (symmetric and sign key) in the gpg-agent's dialog.
2. Use a PASSPHRASE for symmetric encryption of your choice but the signing key has an empty passphrase.
3. The used PASSPHRASE for symmetric encryption and the passphrase of the signing key are identical.

A NOTE ON THE XORRISO BACKEND

This backend uses the xorriso tool to append backups to optical media or ISO9660 images.

Use the following environment variables for more settings:
    XORRISO_PATH, set an alternative path to the xorriso executable
    XORRISO_WRITE_SPEED, specify the speed for writing to the optical disc. One of [min, max]
    XORRISO_ASSERT_VOLID, specify the required volume ID of the ISO. Aborts when the actual volume ID is different.
    XORRISO_ARGS, for expert use only. Pass arbitrary arguments to xorriso. Example: XORRISO_ARGS='-md5 all'

ARGPARSE PROBLEM
Since we converted command line parsing from optparse to argparse one bug has haunted our efforts. Values that look like options are interpreted as options. That means that something like

--gpg-options '--homedir=/home/user'

is not treated as option and corresponding value, but as two different options leading --gpg-options to complain that it misses it's value. To work around this problem, you will need to bind them with '=' like so:

--gpg-options="--homedir=/home/user"

The argparse bug is here:

https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/53580 .

If you feel inclined to go there and add a supporting comment to push for a fix. With enough upvotes the bug may be fixed.

Note that in the bug report itself, the '=' workaround is never mentioned, but we have found this to be the cleanest and most readable of the workarounds we have seen.

KNOWN ISSUES / BUGS
Hard links currently unsupported (they will be treated as non-linked regular files).

Bad signatures will be treated as empty instead of logging appropriate error message.

OPERATION AND DATA FORMATS
This section describes duplicity's basic operation and the format of its data files. It should not be necessary to read this section to use duplicity.

The files used by duplicity to store backup data are tarfiles in GNU tar format. For incremental backups, new files are saved normally in the tarfile. But when a file changes, instead of storing a complete copy of the file, only a diff is stored, as generated by rdiff(1). If a file is deleted, a 0 length file is stored in the tar. It is possible to restore a duplicity archive "manually" by using tar and then cp, rdiff, and rm as necessary. These duplicity archives have the extension difftar.

Both full and incremental backup sets have the same format. In effect, a full backup set is an incremental one generated from an empty signature (see below). The files in full backup sets will start with duplicity-full while the incremental sets start with duplicity-inc. When restoring, duplicity applies patches in order, so deleting, for instance, a full backup set may make related incremental backup sets unusable.

In order to determine which files have been deleted, and to calculate diffs for changed files, duplicity needs to process information about previous sessions. It stores this information in the form of tarfiles where each entry's data contains the signature (as produced by rdiff) of the file instead of the file's contents. These signature sets have the extension sigtar.

Signature files are not required to restore a backup set, but without an up-to-date signature, duplicity cannot append an incremental backup to an existing archive.

To save bandwidth, duplicity generates full signature sets and incremental signature sets. A full signature set is generated for each full backup, and an incremental one for each incremental backup. These start with duplicity-full-signatures and duplicity-new-signatures respectively. These signatures will be stored both locally and remotely. The remote signatures will be encrypted if encryption is enabled. The local signatures will not be encrypted and stored in the archive dir (see --archive-dir).

REQUIREMENTS
Duplicity requires a POSIX-like operating system with a python interpreter version 3.9+ installed. It is best used under GNU/Linux.

Some backends also require additional components (probably available as packages for your specific platform):

Amazon Drive backend
    python-requests - http://python-requests.org
    python-requests-oauthlib - https://github.com/requests/requests-oauthlib

azure backend (Azure Storage Blob Service)
    Microsoft Azure Storage Blobs client library for Python - https://pypi.org/project/azure-storage-blob/

boto3 backend (S3 Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud Storage) (default)
    boto3 version 1.x - https://github.com/boto/boto3

box backend (box.com)
    boxsdk - https://github.com/box/box-python-sdk

cfpyrax backend (Rackspace Cloud) and hubic backend (hubic.com)
    Rackspace CloudFiles Pyrax API - http://docs.rackspace.com/sdks/guide/content/python.html

dpbx backend (Dropbox)
    Dropbox Python SDK - https://www.dropbox.com/developers/reference/sdk

gdocs gdata backend (legacy)
    Google Data APIs Python Client Library - http://code.google.com/p/gdata-python-client/

gdocs pydrive backend(default)
    see pydrive backend

gio backend (Gnome VFS API)
    PyGObject - http://live.gnome.org/PyGObject
    D-Bus (dbus)- http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/dbus

lftp backend (needed for ftp, ftps, fish [over ssh] - also supports sftp, webdav[s])
    LFTP Client - http://lftp.yar.ru/

MEGA backend (only works for accounts created prior to November 2018) (mega.nz)
    megatools client - https://github.com/megous/megatools

MEGA v2 and v3 backend (works for all MEGA accounts) (mega.nz)
    MEGAcmd client - https://mega.nz/cmd

multi backend
    Multi -- store to more than one backend
    (also see A NOTE ON MULTI BACKEND ) below.

ncftp backend (ftp, select via ncftp+ftp://)
    NcFTP - http://www.ncftp.com/

OneDrive backend (Microsoft OneDrive)
    python-requests-oauthlib - https://github.com/requests/requests-oauthlib

Par2 Wrapper Backend
    par2cmdline - http://parchive.sourceforge.net/

pydrive backend
    PyDrive -- a wrapper library of google-api-python-client - https://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyDrive
    (also see A NOTE ON PYDRIVE BACKEND ) below.

rclone backend
    rclone - https://rclone.org/

rsync backend
    rsync client binary - http://rsync.samba.org/

ssh paramiko backend (default)
    paramiko (SSH2 for python) - http://pypi.python.org/pypi/paramiko (downloads); http://github.com/paramiko/paramiko (project page)
    pycrypto (Python Cryptography Toolkit) - http://www.dlitz.net/software/pycrypto/

ssh pexpect backend(legacy)
    sftp/scp client binaries OpenSSH - http://www.openssh.com/
    Python pexpect module - http://pexpect.sourceforge.net/pexpect.html

swift backend (OpenStack Object Storage)
    Python swiftclient module - https://github.com/openstack/python-swiftclient/
    Python keystoneclient module - https://github.com/openstack/python-keystoneclient/

webdav backend
    certificate authority database file for ssl certificate verification of HTTPS connections - http://curl.haxx.se/docs/caextract.html
    (also see A NOTE ON SSL CERTIFICATE VERIFICATION).
    Python kerberos module for kerberos authentication - https://github.com/02strich/pykerberos

MediaFire backend
    MediaFire Python Open SDK - https://pypi.python.org/pypi/mediafire/

xorriso backend
    xorriso - https://www.gnu.org/software/xorriso/

AUTHOR

Original Author - Ben Escoto <bescoto@stanford.edu>

Current Maintainer - Kenneth Loafman <kenneth@loafman.com>

Continuous Contributors
    Edgar Soldin, Mike Terry
Most backends were contributed individually. Information about their authorship may be found in the according file's header.
Also we'd like to thank everybody posting issues to the mailing list or on launchpad, sending in patches or contributing otherwise. Duplicity wouldn't be as stable and useful if it weren't for you.
A special thanks goes to rsync.net, a Cloud Storage provider with explicit support for duplicity, for several monetary donations and for providing a special "duplicity friends" rate for their offsite backup service. Email info@rsync.net for details.

SEE ALSO
python(1), rdiff(1).