# Introduction to command line interfaces

This tutorial provides a basic introduction to DIPY’s [1] command line interfaces.

Using a terminal, let’s download a dataset. This is multi-shell dataset, which was kindly provided by Hansen and Jespersen (more details about the data are provided in their paper [2]). For this tutorial we will use a Linux terminal, please adapt accordingly if you are using Mac or Windows.

First let’s create a folder:

    mkdir data_folder

Download the data in the data_folder:

    dipy_fetch cfin_multib --out_dir data_folder

Move to the folder with the data:

    cd data_folder/cfin_multib
    ls

    __DTI_AX_ep2d_2_5_iso_33d_20141015095334_4.bval
    __DTI_AX_ep2d_2_5_iso_33d_20141015095334_4.bvec
    __DTI_AX_ep2d_2_5_iso_33d_20141015095334_4.nii
    T1.nii

Let’s rename the long filenames to something that is easier to read:

    mv __DTI_AX_ep2d_2_5_iso_33d_20141015095334_4.bval dwi.bval
    mv __DTI_AX_ep2d_2_5_iso_33d_20141015095334_4.bvec dwi.bvec
    mv __DTI_AX_ep2d_2_5_iso_33d_20141015095334_4.nii dwi.nii

We can use `dipy_info` to check the bval and nii files

    dipy_info *.bval *.nii

    INFO:-----------------
    INFO:Looking at T1.nii
    INFO:-----------------
    INFO:Data size (256, 256, 176)
    INFO:Data type uint16
    INFO:Data min 0 max 888 avg 62.940581408413976
    INFO:2nd percentile 0.0 98th percentile 377.0
    INFO:Native coordinate system PSR
    INFO:Affine Native to RAS matrix
    [[   0.       0.01     1.     -89.569]
    [  -1.       0.       0.     138.451]
    [   0.       1.      -0.01  -131.289]
    [   0.       0.       0.       1.   ]]
    INFO:Voxel size [1. 1. 1.]
    INFO:---------------------------------------------------------
    INFO:Looking at __DTI_AX_ep2d_2_5_iso_33d_20141015095334_4.nii
    INFO:---------------------------------------------------------
    INFO:Data size (96, 96, 19, 496)
    INFO:Data type int16
    INFO:Data min 0 max 1257 avg 58.62918037280702 of vol 0
    INFO:2nd percentile 0.0 98th percentile 234.0 of vol 0
    INFO:Native coordinate system LAS
    INFO:Affine Native to RAS matrix
    [[  -2.498    0.084    0.067  113.641]
    [   0.069    2.451   -0.488 -104.142]
    [   0.082    0.486    2.451  -31.504]
    [   0.       0.       0.       1.   ]]
    INFO:Voxel size [2.5 2.5 2.5]

    (base) C:\Users\elef\Data\examples\data_folder\cfin_multib>dipy_info *.bval *.nii
    INFO:----------------------------------------------------------
    INFO:Looking at __DTI_AX_ep2d_2_5_iso_33d_20141015095334_4.bval
    INFO:----------------------------------------------------------
    INFO:b-values
    [   0.  200.  200.  200.  200.  200.  200.  200.  200.  200.  200.  200.
    200.  200.  200.  200.  200.  200.  200.  200.  200.  200.  200.  200.
    200.  200.  200.  200.  200.  200.  200.  200.  200.  200.  400.  400.
    400.  400.  400.  400.  400.  400.  400.  400.  400.  400.  400.  400.
    400.  400.  400.  400.  400.  400.  400.  400.  400.  400.  400.  400.
    400.  400.  400.  400.  400.  400.  400.  600.  600.  600.  600.  600.
    600.  600.  600.  600.  600.  600.  600.  600.  600.  600.  600.  600.
    600.  600.  600.  600.  600.  600.  600.  600.  600.  600.  600.  600.
    600.  600.  600.  600.  800.  800.  800.  800.  800.  800.  800.  800.
    800.  800.  800.  800.  800.  800.  800.  800.  800.  800.  800.  800.
    800.  800.  800.  800.  800.  800.  800.  800.  800.  800.  800.  800.
    800. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000.
    1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000.
    1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1000. 1200. 1200.
    1200. 1200. 1200. 1200. 1200. 1200. 1200. 1200. 1200. 1200. 1200. 1200.
    1200. 1200. 1200. 1200. 1200. 1200. 1200. 1200. 1200. 1200. 1200. 1200.
    1200. 1200. 1200. 1200. 1200. 1200. 1200. 1400. 1400. 1400. 1400. 1400.
    1400. 1400. 1400. 1400. 1400. 1400. 1400. 1400. 1400. 1400. 1400. 1400.
    1400. 1400. 1400. 1400. 1400. 1400. 1400. 1400. 1400. 1400. 1400. 1400.
    1400. 1400. 1400. 1400. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600.
    1600. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600.
    1600. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600. 1600.
    1600. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800.
    1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800.
    1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 1800. 2000. 2000.
    2000. 2000. 2000. 2000. 2000. 2000. 2000. 2000. 2000. 2000. 2000. 2000.
    2000. 2000. 2000. 2000. 2000. 2000. 2000. 2000. 2000. 2000. 2000. 2000.
    2000. 2000. 2000. 2000. 2000. 2000. 2000. 2200. 2200. 2200. 2200. 2200.
    2200. 2200. 2200. 2200. 2200. 2200. 2200. 2200. 2200. 2200. 2200. 2200.
    2200. 2200. 2200. 2200. 2200. 2200. 2200. 2200. 2200. 2200. 2200. 2200.
    2200. 2200. 2200. 2200. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400.
    2400. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400.
    2400. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400. 2400.
    2400. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600.
    2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600.
    2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2600. 2800. 2800.
    2800. 2800. 2800. 2800. 2800. 2800. 2800. 2800. 2800. 2800. 2800. 2800.
    2800. 2800. 2800. 2800. 2800. 2800. 2800. 2800. 2800. 2800. 2800. 2800.
    2800. 2800. 2800. 2800. 2800. 2800. 2800. 3000. 3000. 3000. 3000. 3000.
    3000. 3000. 3000. 3000. 3000. 3000. 3000. 3000. 3000. 3000. 3000. 3000.
    3000. 3000. 3000. 3000. 3000. 3000. 3000. 3000. 3000. 3000. 3000. 3000.
    3000. 3000. 3000. 3000.]
    INFO:Total number of b-values 496
    INFO:Number of gradient shells 15
    INFO:Number of b0s 1 (b0_thr 50)

    INFO:-----------------
    INFO:Looking at T1.nii
    INFO:-----------------
    INFO:Data size (256, 256, 176)
    INFO:Data type uint16
    INFO:Data min 0 max 888 avg 62.940581408413976
    INFO:2nd percentile 0.0 98th percentile 377.0
    INFO:Native coordinate system PSR
    INFO:Affine Native to RAS matrix
    [[   0.       0.01     1.     -89.569]
    [  -1.       0.       0.     138.451]
    [   0.       1.      -0.01  -131.289]
    [   0.       0.       0.       1.   ]]
    INFO:Voxel size [1. 1. 1.]
    INFO:---------------------------------------------------------
    INFO:Looking at __DTI_AX_ep2d_2_5_iso_33d_20141015095334_4.nii
    INFO:---------------------------------------------------------
    INFO:Data size (96, 96, 19, 496)
    INFO:Data type int16
    INFO:Data min 0 max 1257 avg 58.62918037280702 of vol 0
    INFO:2nd percentile 0.0 98th percentile 234.0 of vol 0
    INFO:Native coordinate system LAS
    INFO:Affine Native to RAS matrix
    [[  -2.498    0.084    0.067  113.641]
    [   0.069    2.451   -0.488 -104.142]
    [   0.082    0.486    2.451  -31.504]
    [   0.       0.       0.       1.   ]]
    INFO:Voxel size [2.5 2.5 2.5]

We can visualize the data using `dipy_horizon`

    dipy_horizon dwi.nii

Visualization of a slice from the first volume of the diffusion data

We can use `dipy_median_otsu` to build a brain mask for the diffusion data:

    dipy_median_otsu dwi.nii --median_radius 2 --numpass 1 --vol_idx 10-50 --out_dir out_work

Visualize the mask using `dipy_horizon`:

    dipy_horizon out_work/brain_mask.nii.gz

Visualization of a slice from the generated brain mask

Perform DTI using `dipy_fit_dti`. The input of this function is the DWI data, b-values and b-vector files and the brain mask that we calculated in the previous step:

    dipy_fit_dti dwi.nii dwi.bval dwi.bvec out_work/brain_mask.nii.gz --out_dir out_work/

The default options of the script generate the following files ad.nii.gz, evecs.nii.gz, md.nii.gz, rgb.nii.gz, fa.nii.gz, mode.nii.gz, tensors.nii.gz, evals.nii.gz, ga.nii.gz and rd.nii.gz.

Visualize DEC map:

    dipy_horizon out_work/rgb.nii.gz --rgb

Visualization of a slice from the first volume of DEC image

We can now move to more advanced reconstruction models. One of the fastest we can use is Constant Solid Angle (CSA) [3]

    dipy_fit_csa dwi.nii dwi.bval dwi.bvec out_work/brain_mask.nii.gz --out_dir out_work/

Now, to move into doing some tracking we will need some seeds. We can generate seeds in the following way

    dipy_mask out_work/fa.nii.gz 0.4 --out_dir out_work/ --out_mask seed_mask.nii.gz

Build tractography with the `peaks.pam5` file as input using the fast EuDX algorithm [4]

    dipy_track out_work/peaks.pam5 out_work/fa.nii.gz out_work/seed_mask.nii.gz --out_dir out_work/ --out_tractogram tracks_from_peaks.trk --tracking_method eudx

We can visualize the result using `dipy_horizon`:

    dipy_horizon out_work/tracks_from_peaks.trk

Showing tracks from the specific dataset. This dataset contains only a few slices.

For more information about each command line, try calling the `-h` flag for example

    dipy_horizon -h

should provide the available options

    usage: dipy_horizon [-h] [--cluster] [--cluster_thr float] [--random_colors]
                        [--length_gt float] [--length_lt float]
                        [--clusters_gt int] [--clusters_lt int] [--native_coords]
                        [--stealth] [--emergency_header str]
                        [--bg_color [float [float ...]]]
                        [--disable_order_transparency] [--out_dir str]
                        [--out_stealth_png str] [--force] [--version]
                        [--out_strat string] [--mix_names] [--log_level string]
                        [--log_file string]
                        input_files [input_files ...]

Otherwise please see Command Line Utilities Reference.

The commands shown in this tutorial are not by any stretch of imagination what we propose as a complete solution to tracking but a mere introduction to DIPY’s command interfaces. Medical imaging requires a number of steps that depend on the goal of the analysis strategy.

Nonetheless, if you are using these commands do cite the relevant papers to support the DIPY developers so that they can continue maintaining and extending these tools.

## References

[1]

Eleftherios Garyfallidis, Matthew Brett, Bagrat Amirbekian, Ariel Rokem, Stefan Van Der Walt, Maxime Descoteaux, Ian Nimmo-Smith, and Dipy Contributors. Dipy, a library for the analysis of diffusion MRI data. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics, February 2014. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2014.00008, doi:10.3389/fninf.2014.00008.

[2]

Brian Hansen and Sune Nørhøj Jespersen. Data for evaluation of fast kurtosis strategies, b-value optimization and exploration of diffusion MRI contrast. Scientific Data, 3(1):160072, August 2016. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.72, doi:10.1038/sdata.2016.72.

[3]

Iman Aganj, Christophe Lenglet, Guillermo Sapiro, Essa Yacoub, Kamil Ugurbil, and Noam Harel. Reconstruction of the orientation distribution function in single- and multiple-shell q-ball imaging within constant solid angle. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 64(2):554–566, 2010. URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mrm.22365, doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.22365.

[4]

Eleftherios Garyfallidis. Towards an accurate brain tractography. PhD thesis, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2012. URL:, doi:.