Глава 1. Предисловие

# Глава 1. Предисловие

If you are a somewhat experienced Debian user [1], you may have encountered the following situations:

- Желание установить некоторый пакет ПО, который пока отсутствует в архиве Debian.
- Желание обновить пакет Debian до более свежего выпуска из основной ветки разработки.
- Желание исправить ошибки в пакете Debian с помощью заплат.

If you want to create a Debian package to fulfill these needs and share your work with the community, you are the target audience of this guide as a prospective Debian maintainer. [2] Welcome to the Debian community.

Debian has many social and technical rules and conventions to follow, as it is a large volunteer organization with a rich history. Debian has also developed an extensive array of packaging and archive maintenance tools to build consistent sets of binary packages that address many technical objectives:

- packages have clearly specified package dependencies and patches and build correctly from scratch in a clean build environment («Раздел 6.6, «debian/control file»», «Раздел 6.9, «debian/patches/* files»», «Раздел 4.7, «sbuild setup»»)
- packages build across many architectures («Раздел 9.3, «Variables for debian/rules»»)
- builds are reproducible («Раздел 10.7, «Повторяемая сборка»»)
- multiarch is supported («Раздел 10.10, «Multiarch»»)
- bootstrapping new architectures is possible («Раздел 10.5, «Предзагрузка»»)
- builds use specific compiler flags to harden security («Раздел 10.6, «Усиление безопасности компилятора»»)
- packages are split optimally into multiple binary packages («Раздел 10.11, «Split of a Debian binary package»»)
- library names and contents are managed to ensure smooth transitions on upgrades («Раздел 10.18, «Смена библиотек»»)
- installations use interactive prompts correctly (if at all) («Раздел 10.22, «debconf»»)
- continuous integration is used to ensure quality («Раздел 10.4, «Непрерывная интеграция»»)
- …​

These factors can be overwhelming for many new prospective Debian maintainers. This guide aims to provide entry points to help them get started. It covers the following:

- Что следует знать до того, как быть вовлечённым в Debian в качестве будущего сопровождающего.
- Как создать простой пакет Debian.
- Какие существуют виды правил для создания пакета Debian.
- Tips for making the Debian package with minimal effort.
- Examples of making Debian packages in typical scenarios.

The author recognized the limitations of updating the original «New Maintainers' Guide» with the dh-make package and decided to create an alternative tool with accompanying documentation to address modern requirements such as multi-arch. This resulted in the debmake package, initially released as version 4.0 in 2013. The current debmake version is 5.1.4. It comes with this updated «Guide for Debian Maintainers» in the debmake-doc package (version: 1.29-1). (In 2016, dh-make was ported from Perl to Python with updated features.)

Many chores and tips have been integrated into the debmake command allowing this guide to be terse. This guide also offers many packaging examples for you to get started.

| Внимание
На создание и сопровождение пакета Debian хорошего качества уходят многие часы. Для выполнения этой задачи сопровождающий Debian должен быть одновременно и технически компетентным, и усердным.

Some important topics are explained in detail. While some may seem irrelevant to you, please be patient. Certain corner cases are omitted, and some topics are only covered through external references. These are intentional choices to keep this guide simple and maintainable.

[1] You need to know a little about Unix programming, but you don’t need to be an expert. You can learn about basic Debian system handling from the «Debian Reference». It also contains pointers for learning about Unix programming.

[2] If you’re not interested in sharing the Debian package, you can address your local needs by compiling and installing the fixed upstream source package into /usr/local/.

Руководство для сопровождающих Debian |  | Глава 2. Обзор