章 14. 更多範例

# 章 14. 更多範例

There is an old Latin saying: “fabricando fit faber” (“practice makes perfect”).

強烈建議使用簡單的包來練習和試驗 Debian 打包的所有步驟。本章為您的練習提供了許多上游案例。

This should also serve as introductory examples for many programming topics.

- Programming in the POSIX shell, Python3, and C.
- 使用圖示圖形建立桌面 GUI 程式啟動器的方法。
- Conversion of a command from CLI to GUI.
- Conversion of a program to use gettext for internationalization and localization: POSIX shell and C sources.
- Overview of many build systems: Makefile, Python, Autotools, and CMake.

請注意，Debian 對以下事項非常注意：

- 自由軟體
- 作業系統的穩定性與安全性

- 通過以下方式以實現通用作業系統：

  - 上游原始碼的自由選擇，
  - CPU架構的自由選擇，以及
  - 使用者介面語言的自由選擇。

在 “章 5, Simple packaging” 中介紹的典型打包範例是本章節的先決條件。

在以下數小節中，有些細節被刻意模糊。請嘗試閱讀相關檔案，並且嘗試自行釐清它們。

| 提示
The best source of a packaging example is the current Debian archive itself. Please use the “Debian Code Search” service to find pertinent examples.

## 14.1. 挑選最好的模板

Here is an example of creating a simple Debian package from a zero-content source in an empty directory.

This is a good way to obtain all the template files without cluttering the upstream source tree you are working on.

讓我們假設這個空目錄為 debhello-0.1。

    [base_dir] $ mkdir debhello-0.1
    [base_dir] $ tree
    .
    └── debhello-0.1

    2 directories, 0 files

Let’s generate the maximum amount of template files.

Let’s also use the “-p debhello -t -x3 -u 0.1 -r 1” options to create the missing upstream tarball with optional -x3, and -t options.

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-0.1
    [debhello-0.1] $ debmake -p debhello -x3 -t -T -u 0.1 -r 1
    I: debmake (version: 5.1.4)
     ...

我們來檢查一下自動產生的模板檔案。

    [debhello-0.1] $ cd ..
    [base_dir] $ tree
    .
    ├── debhello-0.1
    │   └── debian
    │       ├── README.Debian
    │       ├── README.source
    │       ├── bug-control.ex
    │       ├── bug-presubj.ex
    │       ├── bug-script.ex
    │       ├── changelog
    │       ├── clean
    │       ├── conffiles.ex
    │       ├── control
    │       ├── copyright
    │       ├── cron.d.ex
    │       ├── cron.daily.ex
    │       ├── cron.hourly.ex
    │       ├── cron.monthly.ex
    │       ├── cron.weekly.ex
    │       ├── default.ex
    │       ├── dirs
    │       ├── doc-base.ex
    │       ├── docs
    │       ├── emacsen-install.ex
    │       ├── emacsen-remove.ex
    │       ├── emacsen-startup.ex
    │       ├── examples
    │       ├── gbp.conf
    │       ├── info.ex
    │       ├── install
    │       ├── links
    │       ├── lintian-overrides.ex
    │       ├── maintscript.ex
    │       ├── manpage.1.ex
    │       ├── manpage.asciidoc.ex
    │       ├── manpage.md.ex
    │       ├── manpage.sgml.ex
    │       ├── manpage.xml.ex
    │       ├── manpages
    │       ├── patches
    │       │   └── series
    │       ├── postinst.ex
    │       ├── postrm.ex
    │       ├── preinst.ex
    │       ├── prerm.ex
    │       ├── rules
    │       ├── salsa-ci.yml
    │       ├── service.ex
    │       ├── source
    │       │   ├── format
    │       │   ├── lintian-overrides.ex
    │       │   ├── options.ex
    │       │   └── patch-header.ex
    │       ├── tests
    │       │   └── control
    │       ├── tmpfile.ex
    │       ├── upstream
    │       │   └── metadata
    │       └── watch
    ├── debhello-0.1.tar.xz
    └── debhello_0.1.orig.tar.xz -> debhello-0.1.tar.xz

    7 directories, 53 files

現在，您可以複製 debhello-0.1/debian/ 目錄下所有生成的模板檔案到您的套件中。

## 14.2. 無 Makefile（shell，命令列介面）

此處是一個從 POSIX shell 命令列介面程式建立簡單的 Debian 套件的範例，我們假設它沒有使用任何構建系統。

Let’s assume this upstream tarball to be debhello-0.2.tar.xz.

此類原始碼不具有自動化方法，所以必須手動安裝檔案。

For example:

    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -xmf debhello-0.2.tar.xz
    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-0.2
    [debhello-0.2] $ sudo cp scripts/hello /bin/hello
     ...

Let’s get this source as tar file from a remote site and make it the Debian package.

Download debhello-0.2.tar.xz.

    [base_dir] $ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-0.2.tar.xz
     ...
    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -xmf debhello-0.2.tar.xz
    [base_dir] $ tree
    .
    ├── debhello-0.2
    │   ├── README.md
    │   ├── data
    │   │   ├── hello.desktop
    │   │   └── hello.png
    │   ├── man
    │   │   └── hello.1
    │   └── scripts
    │       └── hello
    └── debhello-0.2.tar.xz

    5 directories, 6 files

這裡的 POSIX shell 指令碼 hello 非常的簡單。

hello（v=0.2）.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-0.2/scripts/hello
    #!/bin/sh -e
    echo "Hello from the shell!"
    echo ""
    echo -n "Type Enter to exit this program: "
    read X

此處的 hello.desktop 支援 “桌面項（Desktop Entry）規範”。

hello.desktop（v=0.2）.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-0.2/data/hello.desktop
    [Desktop Entry]
    Name=Hello
    Name[fr]=Bonjour
    Comment=Greetings
    Comment[fr]=Salutations
    Type=Application
    Keywords=hello
    Exec=hello
    Terminal=true
    Icon=hello.png
    Categories=Utility;

此處的 hello.png 是圖示的影象檔案。

讓我們使用 debmake 命令來打包。這裡使用 -b':sh' 選項來指明生成的二進位制包是一個 shell 指令碼。

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-0.2
    [debhello-0.2] $ debmake -b':sh' -x1
    I: debmake (version: 5.1.4)
    I: Copyright © 2014-2026 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    I: [debhello-0.2] $ cd ..
    I: Non-native Debian package pkg="debhello", ver="0.2", rev="1" method="dir_d...
    I: already in the package-version form: "debhello-0.2"
    I: [base_dir] $ ln -sf debhello-0.2.tar.xz debhello_0.2.orig.tar.xz
    I: [base_dir] $ cd debhello-0.2
    I: parsing option -b ":sh"
    I: binary package=debhello Type=script / Arch=all M-A=foreign
    I: build_type = Unknown
    I: ext_type = 1                       1 files
    I: ext_type = desktop                 1 files
    I: ext_type = md                      1 files
    I: creating debian/* files with "-x 1" option
    I: [debhello-0.2] $ licensecheck --recursive --copyright --deb-machine  . > d...
    I: creating debian/copyright by licensecheck.
    I: creating debian/control from control.py
    I: creating debian/control by control.py
    I: creating debian/changelog from extra0_changelog
    I: creating debian/rules from extra0_rules
    I: creating debian/source/format from extra0source_format
     ...

讓我們來檢查一下自動產生的模板檔案。

執行基本的 debmake 命令後的原始碼樹。（v=0.2）.

    [debhello-0.2] $ cd ..
    [base_dir] $ tree
    .
    ├── debhello-0.2
    │   ├── README.md
    │   ├── data
    │   │   ├── hello.desktop
    │   │   └── hello.png
    │   ├── debian
    │   │   ├── README.Debian
    │   │   ├── README.source
    │   │   ├── changelog
    │   │   ├── clean
    │   │   ├── control
    │   │   ├── copyright
    │   │   ├── dirs
    │   │   ├── docs
    │   │   ├── examples
    │   │   ├── gbp.conf
    │   │   ├── install
    │   │   ├── links
    │   │   ├── manpages
    │   │   ├── patches
    │   │   │   └── series
    │   │   ├── rules
    │   │   ├── salsa-ci.yml
    │   │   ├── source
    │   │   │   └── format
    │   │   ├── tests
    │   │   │   └── control
    │   │   ├── upstream
    │   │   │   └── metadata
    │   │   └── watch
    │   ├── man
    │   │   └── hello.1
    │   └── scripts
    │       └── hello
    ├── debhello-0.2.tar.xz
    └── debhello_0.2.orig.tar.xz -> debhello-0.2.tar.xz

    10 directories, 27 files

debian/rules（模板檔案，v=0.2）：.

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-0.2
    [debhello-0.2] $ cat debian/rules
    #!/usr/bin/make -f
    # You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
    # See debhelper(7) (un-comment to enable)
    # This is an autogenerated template for debian/rules.
    #
    # Output every command that modifies files on the build system.
    #export DH_VERBOSE = 1
    #
    # Copy some variable definitions from pkg-info.mk and vendor.mk
    # under /usr/share/dpkg/ to here if they are useful.
    #
    # These are rarely used code. (START)
    #
    # The following include for *.mk magically sets miscellaneous
    # variables while honoring existing values of pertinent
    # environment variables:
    #
    # Architecture-related variables such as DEB_TARGET_MULTIARCH:
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/architecture.mk
    # Vendor-related variables such as DEB_VENDOR:
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/vendor.mk
    # Package-related variables such as DEB_DISTRIBUTION
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/pkg-info.mk
    #
    # You may alternatively set them susing a simple script such as:
    # DEB_VENDOR ?= $(shell dpkg-vendor --query  Vendor)
    #
    # These are rarely used code. (END)
    #

    ### main packaging script based on post dh7 syntax
    %:
            dh $@

    # debmake generated override targets

這基本上是帶有 dh 命令的標準 debian/rules 檔案。因為這是個指令碼套件，所以這個 debian/rules 模板檔案沒有與構建標記（build flag）相關的內容。

debian/control（模板檔案，v=0.2）：.

    [debhello-0.2] $ cat debian/control
    Source: debhello
    Section: unknown
    Priority: optional
    Maintainer: "Osamu Aoki" <osamu@debian.org>
    Build-Depends:
     debhelper-compat (= 13),
    Standards-Version: 4.7.3
    Homepage: <insert the upstream URL, if relevant>
    Rules-Requires-Root: no
    #Vcs-Git: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debhello.git
    #Vcs-Browser: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/<project_site>

    Package: debhello
    Section: unknown
    Architecture: all
    Multi-Arch: foreign
    Depends:
     ${misc:Depends},
    Description: auto-generated package by debmake
     This Debian binary package was auto-generated by the
     debmake(1) command provided by the debmake package.
     .
     ===== This comes from the unmodified template file =====
     .
     Please edit this template file (debian/control) and other package files
     (debian/*) to make them meet all the requirements of the Debian Policy
     before uploading this package to the Debian archive.
     .
     See
      * https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/best-pkging-pract...
      * https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debmake-doc/ch05.en.html#control
     .
     The synopsis description at the top should be about 60 characters and
     written as a phrase.  No extra capital letters or a final period.  No
     articles — "a", "an", or "the".
     .
     The package description for general-purpose applications should be
     written for a less technical user.  This means that we should avoid
     jargon.  GNOME or KDE is fine but GTK+ is probably not.
     .
     Use the canonical forms of words:
      * Use X Window System, X11, or X; not X Windows, X-Windows, or X Window.
      * Use GTK+, not GTK or gtk.
      * Use GNOME, not Gnome.
      * Use PostScript, not Postscript or postscript.

Since this is the shell script package, the debmake command sets “Architecture: all” and “Multi-Arch: foreign”. Also, it sets required substvar parameters as “Depends: ${misc:Depends}”. These are explained in “章 6, Basics for packaging”.

因為這個上游原始碼缺少上游的 Makefile，所以這個功能需要由維護者提供。這個上游原始碼僅包含指令碼檔案和資料檔案，沒有 C 的源碼檔案，因此 構建（build） 的過程可以被跳過，但是需要實現 安裝（install） 的過程。對於這種情況，通過新增 debian/install 和 debian/manpages 檔案可以很好地實現這一功能，且不會使 debian/rules 檔案變得複雜。

作為維護者，我們要把這個 Debian 套件做得更好。

debian/rules（維護者版本，v=0.2）：.

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-0.2
    [debhello-0.2] $ vim debian/rules
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-0.2] $ cat debian/rules
    #!/usr/bin/make -f
    export DH_VERBOSE = 1

    %:
            dh $@

debian/control（維護者版本，v=0.2）：.

    [debhello-0.2] $ vim debian/control
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-0.2] $ cat debian/control
    Source: debhello
    Section: devel
    Priority: optional
    Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    Build-Depends:
     debhelper-compat (= 13),
    Standards-Version: 4.7.3
    Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
    Rules-Requires-Root: no

    Package: debhello
    Architecture: all
    Multi-Arch: foreign
    Depends:
     ${misc:Depends},
    Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
     This Debian binary package is an example package.
     (This is an example only)

| 警告
If you leave “Section: unknown” in the template debian/control file unchanged, the lintian error may cause a build failure.

debian/install（維護者版本，v=0.2）：.

    [debhello-0.2] $ vim debian/install
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-0.2] $ cat debian/install
    data/hello.desktop usr/share/applications
    data/hello.png usr/share/pixmaps
    scripts/hello usr/bin

debian/manpages（維護者版本，v=0.2）：.

     $ vim debian/manpages
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-0.2] $ cat debian/manpages
    man/hello.1

在 debian/ 目錄下還有一些其它的模板文件。它們也需要進行更新。

debian/ 目錄下的模板檔案。（v=0.2）：.

    [debhello-0.2] $ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/links
    [debhello-0.2] $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex
    [debhello-0.2] $ rm -rf debian/patches
    [debhello-0.2] $ tree -F debian
    debian/
    ├── README.Debian
    ├── changelog
    ├── control
    ├── copyright
    ├── docs
    ├── examples
    ├── gbp.conf
    ├── install
    ├── manpages
    ├── rules*
    ├── salsa-ci.yml
    ├── source/
    │   └── format
    ├── tests/
    │   └── control
    ├── upstream/
    │   └── metadata
    └── watch

    4 directories, 15 files

您可以在此原始碼樹中使用 debuild 命令（或其等效命令）建立非原生的 Debian 套件。如下所示，該命令的輸出非常詳細，並且解釋了它所做的事。

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-0.2
    [debhello-0.2] $ debuild
     dpkg-buildpackage -us -uc -ui -i
    dpkg-buildpackage: info: source package debhello
    dpkg-buildpackage: info: source version 0.2-1
    dpkg-buildpackage: info: source distribution unstable
    dpkg-buildpackage: info: source changed by Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
     dpkg-source -i --before-build .
    dpkg-buildpackage: info: host architecture amd64
     debian/rules clean
    dh clean
       dh_clean
            rm -f debian/debhelper-build-stamp
     ...
     debian/rules binary
    dh binary
       dh_update_autotools_config
       dh_autoreconf
       create-stamp debian/debhelper-build-stamp
       dh_prep
            rm -f -- debian/debhello.substvars
            rm -fr -- debian/.debhelper/generated/debhello/ debian/debhello/ debi...
       dh_auto_install --destdir=debian/debhello/
     ...
    Finished running lintian.

現在我們來看看成果如何。

通過 debuild 生成的第 0.2 版的 debhello 檔案：.

    [debhello-0.2] $ cd ..
    [base_dir] $ tree -FL 1
    ./
    ├── debhello-0.2/
    ├── debhello-0.2.tar.xz
    ├── debhello_0.2-1.debian.tar.xz
    ├── debhello_0.2-1.dsc
    ├── debhello_0.2-1_all.deb
    ├── debhello_0.2-1_amd64.build
    ├── debhello_0.2-1_amd64.buildinfo
    ├── debhello_0.2-1_amd64.changes
    └── debhello_0.2.orig.tar.xz -> debhello-0.2.tar.xz

    2 directories, 8 files

您可以看見生成的全部檔案。

- The debhello_0.2.orig.tar.xz file is a symlink to the upstream tarball.
- debhello_0.2-1.debian.tar.xz 包含了維護者生成的內容。
- debhello_0.2-1.dsc 是 Debian 原始碼套件的元資料檔案。
- The debhello_0.2-1_all.deb 是 Debian 二進位制套件。
- debhello_0.2-1_amd64.build 是 Debian 二進位制套件。
- debhello_0.2-1_amd64.buildinfo 檔案是由 dpkg-genbuildinfo(1) 自動生成的元檔案。
- debhello_0.2-1_amd64.changes 是 Debian 二進位制套件的元資料檔案。

debhello_0.2-1.debian.tar.xz 包含了 Debian 對上游原始碼的修改，具體如下所示。

壓縮過的歸檔檔案 debhello_0.2-1.debian.tar.xz 中的內容物：.

    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -tf debhello-0.2.tar.xz
    debhello-0.2/
    debhello-0.2/data/
    debhello-0.2/data/hello.desktop
    debhello-0.2/data/hello.png
    debhello-0.2/man/
    debhello-0.2/man/hello.1
    debhello-0.2/scripts/
    debhello-0.2/scripts/hello
    debhello-0.2/README.md
    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -tf debhello_0.2-1.debian.tar.xz
    debian/
    debian/README.Debian
    debian/changelog
    debian/control
    debian/copyright
    debian/docs
    debian/examples
    debian/gbp.conf
    debian/install
    debian/manpages
    debian/rules
    debian/salsa-ci.yml
    debian/source/
    debian/source/format
    debian/tests/
    debian/tests/control
    debian/upstream/
    debian/upstream/metadata
    debian/watch

debhello_0.2-1_amd64.deb 包含了將要安裝至系統中的檔案，如下所示。

debhello_0.2-1_all.deb 二進位制套件中的內容：.

    [base_dir] $ dpkg -c debhello_0.2-1_all.deb
    drwxr-xr-x root/root ...  ./
    drwxr-xr-x root/root ...  ./usr/
    drwxr-xr-x root/root ...  ./usr/bin/
    -rwxr-xr-x root/root ...  ./usr/bin/hello
    drwxr-xr-x root/root ...  ./usr/share/
    drwxr-xr-x root/root ...  ./usr/share/applications/
    -rw-r--r-- root/root ...  ./usr/share/applications/hello.desktop
    drwxr-xr-x root/root ...  ./usr/share/doc/
    drwxr-xr-x root/root ...  ./usr/share/doc/debhello/
    -rw-r--r-- root/root ...  ./usr/share/doc/debhello/README.Debian
    -rw-r--r-- root/root ...  ./usr/share/doc/debhello/changelog.Debian.gz
    -rw-r--r-- root/root ...  ./usr/share/doc/debhello/copyright
    drwxr-xr-x root/root ...  ./usr/share/man/
    drwxr-xr-x root/root ...  ./usr/share/man/man1/
    -rw-r--r-- root/root ...  ./usr/share/man/man1/hello.1.gz
    drwxr-xr-x root/root ...  ./usr/share/pixmaps/
    -rw-r--r-- root/root ...  ./usr/share/pixmaps/hello.png

此處是生成的 debhello_0.2-1_all.deb 的依賴項列表。

debhello_0.2-1_all.deb 的依賴項列表：.

    [debhello-0.2] $ dpkg -f debhello_0.2-1_all.deb pre-depends \
                depends recommends conflicts breaks

(No extra dependency packages required since this is a POSIX shell program.)

| 注意
If you wish to replace upstream provided PNG file data/hello.png with maintainer provided one debian/hello.png, editing debian/install isn’t enough. When you add debian/hello.png, you need to add a line “include-binaries” to debian/source/options since PNG is a binary file. See dpkg-source(1).

/tep200.slog/ vim:set filetype=asciidoc:

## 14.3. Makefile（shell，命令列介面）

下面是從 POSIX shell 命令列介面程式建立簡單的 Debian 套件的範例，我們假設它使用 Makefile 作為構建系統。

Let’s assume its upstream tarball to be debhello-1.0.tar.xz.

這一類原始碼設計可以用這樣的方式安裝成為非系統檔案：

    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -xmf debhello-1.0.tar.xz
    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.0
    [debhello-1.0] $ make install

Debian packaging requires changing this “make install” process to install files to the target system image location instead of the normal location under /usr/local.

讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。

Download debhello-1.0.tar.xz.

    [base_dir] $ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.0.tar.xz
     ...
    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -xmf debhello-1.0.tar.xz
    [base_dir] $ tree
    .
    ├── debhello-1.0
    │   ├── Makefile
    │   ├── README.md
    │   ├── data
    │   │   ├── hello.desktop
    │   │   └── hello.png
    │   ├── man
    │   │   └── hello.1
    │   └── scripts
    │       └── hello
    └── debhello-1.0.tar.xz

    5 directories, 7 files

這裡的 Makefile 正確使用 $(DESTDIR) 和 $(prefix)。其他的所有檔案都和 “節 14.2, “無 Makefile（shell，命令列介面）”” 中的一樣，並且大多數的打包工作也都一樣。

Makefile（v=1.0）.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.0/Makefile
    prefix = /usr/local

    all:
            : # do nothing

    install:
            install -D scripts/hello \
                    $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello
            install -m 644 -D data/hello.desktop \
                    $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop
            install -m 644 -D data/hello.png \
                    $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png
            install -m 644 -D man/hello.1 \
                    $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1

    clean:
            : # do nothing

    distclean: clean

    uninstall:
            -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello
            -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop
            -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png
            -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1

    .PHONY: all install clean distclean uninstall

讓我們使用 debmake 命令來打包。這裡使用 -b':sh' 選項來指明生成的二進位制包是一個 shell 指令碼。

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.0
    [debhello-1.0] $ debmake -b':sh' -x1
    I: debmake (version: 5.1.4)
    I: Copyright © 2014-2026 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    I: [debhello-1.0] $ cd ..
    I: Non-native Debian package pkg="debhello", ver="1.0", rev="1" method="dir_d...
    I: already in the package-version form: "debhello-1.0"
    I: [base_dir] $ ln -sf debhello-1.0.tar.xz debhello_1.0.orig.tar.xz
    I: [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.0
    I: parsing option -b ":sh"
    I: binary package=debhello Type=script / Arch=all M-A=foreign
    I: build_type = make
    I: ext_type = 1                       1 files
    I: ext_type = desktop                 1 files
    I: ext_type = md                      1 files
    I: creating debian/* files with "-x 1" option
    I: [debhello-1.0] $ licensecheck --recursive --copyright --deb-machine  . > d...
    I: creating debian/copyright by licensecheck.
    I: creating debian/control from control.py
    I: creating debian/control by control.py
    I: creating debian/changelog from extra0_changelog
    I: creating debian/rules from extra0_rules
    I: creating debian/source/format from extra0source_format
     ...

讓我們來檢查一下自動產生的模板檔案。

debian/rules（模板檔案，v=1.0）：.

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.0
    [debhello-1.0] $ cat debian/rules
    #!/usr/bin/make -f
    # You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
    # See debhelper(7) (un-comment to enable)
    # This is an autogenerated template for debian/rules.
    #
    # Output every command that modifies files on the build system.
    #export DH_VERBOSE = 1
    #
    # Copy some variable definitions from pkg-info.mk and vendor.mk
    # under /usr/share/dpkg/ to here if they are useful.
    #
    # These are rarely used code. (START)
    #
    # The following include for *.mk magically sets miscellaneous
    # variables while honoring existing values of pertinent
    # environment variables:
    #
    # Architecture-related variables such as DEB_TARGET_MULTIARCH:
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/architecture.mk
    # Vendor-related variables such as DEB_VENDOR:
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/vendor.mk
    # Package-related variables such as DEB_DISTRIBUTION
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/pkg-info.mk
    #
    # You may alternatively set them susing a simple script such as:
    # DEB_VENDOR ?= $(shell dpkg-vendor --query  Vendor)
    #
    # These are rarely used code. (END)
    #

    ### main packaging script based on post dh7 syntax
    %:
            dh $@

    # debmake generated override targets
    # Use "make prefix=/usr" (override prefix=/usr/local in Makefile)
    #override_dh_auto_install:
    #       dh_auto_install -- prefix=/usr

    # Do not install python .pyc .pyo if they exist
    #override_dh_install:
    #       dh_install --list-missing -X.pyc -X.pyo

作為維護者，我們要把這個 Debian 套件做得更好。

debian/rules（維護者版本，v=1.0）：.

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.0
    [debhello-1.0] $ vim debian/rules
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-1.0] $ cat debian/rules
    #!/usr/bin/make -f
    export DH_VERBOSE = 1

    %:
            dh $@

    override_dh_auto_install:
            dh_auto_install -- prefix=/usr

因為上游原始碼含有正確的上游 Makefile 文件，所以沒有必要再去建立 debian/install 和 debian/manpages 檔案。

debian/control 檔案和 “節 14.2, “無 Makefile（shell，命令列介面）”” 中的完全一致。

在 debian/ 目錄下還有一些其它的模板文件。它們也需要進行更新。

debian/ 目錄下的模板檔案。（v=1.0）：.

    [debhello-1.0] $ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/install debian/links
    [debhello-1.0] $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex
    [debhello-1.0] $ rm -rf debian/patches
    [debhello-1.0] $ tree -F debian
    debian/
    ├── README.Debian
    ├── changelog
    ├── control
    ├── copyright
    ├── docs
    ├── examples
    ├── gbp.conf
    ├── manpages
    ├── rules*
    ├── salsa-ci.yml
    ├── source/
    │   └── format
    ├── tests/
    │   └── control
    ├── upstream/
    │   └── metadata
    └── watch

    4 directories, 14 files

其餘的打包操作基本上和 “節 14.2, “無 Makefile（shell，命令列介面）”” 中的相同。

## 14.4. pyproject.toml (Python3, CLI)

Here is an example of creating a simple Debian package from a Python3 CLI program using pyproject.toml.

讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。

Download debhello-1.1.tar.xz.

    [base_dir] $ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.1.tar.xz
     ...
    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -xmf debhello-1.1.tar.xz
    [base_dir] $ tree
    .
    ├── debhello-1.1
    │   ├── LICENSE
    │   ├── MANIFEST.in
    │   ├── README.md
    │   ├── data
    │   │   ├── hello.desktop
    │   │   └── hello.png
    │   ├── manpages
    │   │   └── hello.1
    │   ├── pyproject.toml
    │   └── src
    │       └── debhello
    │           ├── __init__.py
    │           └── main.py
    └── debhello-1.1.tar.xz

    6 directories, 10 files

Here, the content of this debhello source tree as follows.

pyproject.toml (v=1.1) —PEP 517 configuration.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.1/pyproject.toml
    [build-system]
    requires = ["setuptools >= 61.0"]  # REQUIRED if [build-system] table is used...
    build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"  # If not defined, then legacy behavi...

    [project]
    name = "debhello"
    version = "1.1.0"
    description = "Hello Python (CLI)"
    readme = {file = "README.md", content-type = "text/markdown"}
    requires-python = ">=3.12"
    license = "MIT"
    keywords = ["debhello"]
    authors = [
      {name = "Osamu Aoki", email = "osamu@debian.org" },
    ]
    maintainers = [
      {name = "Osamu Aoki", email = "osamu@debian.org" },
    ]
    classifiers = [
      "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
      "Intended Audience :: Developers",
            "Topic :: System :: Archiving :: Packaging",
      "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
      "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
      "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
      # Others
      "Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux",
      "Natural Language :: English",
    ]
    [project.urls]
    "Homepage" = "https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake"
    "Bug Reports" = "https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake/issues"
    "Source" = "https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake"
    [project.scripts]
    hello = "debhello.main:main"
    [tool.setuptools]
    package-dir = {"" = "src"}
    packages = ["debhello"]
    include-package-data = true

MANIFEST.in (v=1.1) — for tar-ball.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.1/MANIFEST.in
    include data/*
    include manpages/*

src/debhello/__init__.py (v=1.1).

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.1/src/debhello/__init__.py
    """
    debhello program (CLI)
    """

src/debhello/main.py (v=1.1) — command entry point.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.1/src/debhello/main.py
    """
    debhello program
    """

    import sys

    __version__ = '1.1.0'

    def main():  # needed for console script
        print(' ========== Hello Python3 ==========')
        print('argv = {}'.format(sys.argv))
        print('version = {}'.format(debhello.__version__))
        return

    if __name__ == "__main__":
        sys.exit(main())

讓我們使用 debmake 命令來打包。這裡使用 -b':py3' 選項來指明生成的二進位制包包含 Python3 指令碼和模組檔案。

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.1
    [debhello-1.1] $ debmake -b':py3' -x1
    I: debmake (version: 5.1.4)
    I: Copyright © 2014-2026 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    I: [debhello-1.1] $ cd ..
    I: Non-native Debian package pkg="debhello", ver="1.1", rev="1" method="dir_d...
    I: already in the package-version form: "debhello-1.1"
    I: [base_dir] $ ln -sf debhello-1.1.tar.xz debhello_1.1.orig.tar.xz
    I: [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.1
    I: parsing option -b ":py3"
    I: binary package=debhello Type=python3 / Arch=all M-A=foreign
    W: setuptools build system.
    I: build_type = Python (pyproject.toml: PEP-518, PEP-621, PEP-660)
    I: ext_type = python3                 2 files
    I: ext_type = 1                       1 files
    I: ext_type = desktop                 1 files
    I: creating debian/* files with "-x 1" option
    I: [debhello-1.1] $ licensecheck --recursive --copyright --deb-machine  . > d...
    I: creating debian/copyright by licensecheck.
    I: creating debian/control from control.py
    I: creating debian/control by control.py
    I: creating debian/changelog from extra0_changelog
    I: creating debian/rules from extra0_rules
     ...

讓我們來檢查一下自動產生的模板檔案。

debian/rules（模板檔案，v=1.1）：.

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.1
    [debhello-1.1] $ cat debian/rules
    #!/usr/bin/make -f
    # You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
    # See debhelper(7) (un-comment to enable)
    # This is an autogenerated template for debian/rules.
    #
    # Output every command that modifies files on the build system.
    #export DH_VERBOSE = 1
    #
    # Copy some variable definitions from pkg-info.mk and vendor.mk
    # under /usr/share/dpkg/ to here if they are useful.
    #
    # These are rarely used code. (START)
    #
    # The following include for *.mk magically sets miscellaneous
    # variables while honoring existing values of pertinent
    # environment variables:
    #
    # Architecture-related variables such as DEB_TARGET_MULTIARCH:
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/architecture.mk
    # Vendor-related variables such as DEB_VENDOR:
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/vendor.mk
    # Package-related variables such as DEB_DISTRIBUTION
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/pkg-info.mk
    #
    # You may alternatively set them susing a simple script such as:
    # DEB_VENDOR ?= $(shell dpkg-vendor --query  Vendor)
    #
    # These are rarely used code. (END)
    #

    ### main packaging script based on post dh7 syntax
    %:
            dh $@ --with python3 --buildsystem=pybuild

    # debmake generated override targets
    # Too complicated to provide examples here.
    #
    # Check situation of Python on Debian
    #     https://wiki.debian.org/Python
    #
    #     https://wiki.debian.org/Python/TransitionToDHPython2
    #     https://wiki.debian.org/Python/Pybuild
    #     https://wiki.debian.org/Python/LibraryStyleGuide
    #
    # If a module package doesn't use distutils or setuptools but uses flit
    # you need flit plugin.  See pybuild(1).
    #
    # Pure PEP-517 based build with "python3 -m build ..." is supported.
    #
    # To update the upstream source to support python3, see
    #     https://wiki.python.org/moin/Python2orPython3
    #     https://wiki.python.org/moin/PortingToPy3k/BilingualQuickRef

這基本上是帶有 dh 命令的標準 debian/rules 檔案。

The use of the “--with python3” option invokes dh_python3 to calculate Python dependencies, add maintainer scripts to byte compiled files, etc. See dh_python3(1).

The use of the “--buildsystem=pybuild” option invokes various build systems for requested Python versions in order to build modules and extensions. See pybuild(1).

debian/control（模板檔案，v=1.1）：.

    [debhello-1.1] $ cat debian/control
    Source: debhello
    Section: unknown
    Priority: optional
    Maintainer: "Osamu Aoki" <osamu@debian.org>
    Build-Depends:
     debhelper-compat (= 13),
     dh-python,
     pybuild-plugin-pyproject,
     python3-all,
     python3-setuptools,
    Standards-Version: 4.7.3
    Homepage: <insert the upstream URL, if relevant>
    Rules-Requires-Root: no
    #Vcs-Git: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debhello.git
    #Vcs-Browser: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/<project_site>

    Package: debhello
    Section: unknown
    Architecture: all
    Multi-Arch: foreign
    Depends:
     ${misc:Depends},
     ${python3:Depends},
    Description: auto-generated package by debmake
     This Debian binary package was auto-generated by the
     debmake(1) command provided by the debmake package.
     .
     ===== This comes from the unmodified template file =====
     .
     Please edit this template file (debian/control) and other package files
     (debian/*) to make them meet all the requirements of the Debian Policy
     before uploading this package to the Debian archive.
     .
     See
      * https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/best-pkging-pract...
      * https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debmake-doc/ch05.en.html#control
     .
     The synopsis description at the top should be about 60 characters and
     written as a phrase.  No extra capital letters or a final period.  No
     articles — "a", "an", or "the".
     .
     The package description for general-purpose applications should be
     written for a less technical user.  This means that we should avoid
     jargon.  GNOME or KDE is fine but GTK+ is probably not.
     .
     Use the canonical forms of words:
      * Use X Window System, X11, or X; not X Windows, X-Windows, or X Window.
      * Use GTK+, not GTK or gtk.
      * Use GNOME, not Gnome.
      * Use PostScript, not Postscript or postscript.

Since this is the Python3 package, the debmake command sets “Architecture: all” and “Multi-Arch: foreign”. Also, it sets required substvar parameters as “Depends: ${python3:Depends}, ${misc:Depends}”. These are explained in “章 6, Basics for packaging”.

作為維護者，我們要把這個 Debian 套件做得更好。

debian/rules（維護者版本，v=1.1）：.

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.1
    [debhello-1.1] $ vim debian/rules
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-1.1] $ cat debian/rules
    #!/usr/bin/make -f
    export PYBUILD_NAME=debhello
    export PYBUILD_VERBOSE=1
    export DH_VERBOSE=1

    %:
            dh $@ --with python3 --buildsystem=pybuild

debian/control（維護者版本，v=1.1）：.

    [debhello-1.1] $ vim debian/control
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-1.1] $ cat debian/control
    Source: debhello
    Section: devel
    Priority: optional
    Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    Build-Depends:
     debhelper-compat (= 13),
     pybuild-plugin-pyproject,
     python3-all,
    Standards-Version: 4.7.3
    Rules-Requires-Root: no
    Vcs-Browser: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
    Vcs-Git: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc.git
    Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc

    Package: debhello
    Architecture: all
    Depends:
     ${misc:Depends},
     ${python3:Depends},
    Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
     This is an example package to demonstrate Debian packaging using
     the debmake command.
     .
     The generated Debian package uses the dh command offered by the
     debhelper package and the dpkg source format `3.0 (quilt)'.

在 debian/ 目錄下還有一些其它的模板文件。它們也需要進行更新。

This debhello command comes with the upstream-provided manpage and desktop file but the upstream pyproject.toml doesn’t install them. So you need to update debian/install and debian/manpages as follows:

debian/install (maintainer version, v=1.1):

    [debhello-1.1] $ vim debian/copyright
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-1.1] $ cat debian/copyright
    Format: https://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/copyright-format/1.0/
    Upstream-Name: debhello
    Upstream-Contact: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    Source: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc

    Files:     *
    Copyright: 2015-2024 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    License:   Expat
     Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
     copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
     to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
     the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
     and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
     Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
     .
     The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
     in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
     .
     THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
     OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
     MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
     IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
     CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
     TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
     SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

debian/manpages (maintainer version, v=1.1):

    [debhello-1.1] $ vim debian/install
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-1.1] $ cat debian/install
    data/hello.desktop usr/share/applications
    data/hello.png usr/share/pixmaps

其餘的打包工作與 “節 14.3, “Makefile（shell，命令列介面）”” 中的幾乎一致。

debian/ 目錄下的模板檔案。（v=1.1）：.

    [debhello-1.1] $ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/links
    [debhello-1.1] $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex
    [debhello-1.1] $ rm -rf debian/patches
    [debhello-1.1] $ tree -F debian
    debian/
    ├── README.Debian
    ├── changelog
    ├── control
    ├── copyright
    ├── docs
    ├── examples
    ├── gbp.conf
    ├── install
    ├── manpages
    ├── rules*
    ├── salsa-ci.yml
    ├── source/
    │   └── format
    ├── tests/
    │   └── control
    ├── upstream/
    │   └── metadata
    └── watch

    4 directories, 15 files

此處是生成的 debhello_1.1-1_all.deb 包的依賴項列表。

debhello_1.1-1_all.deb 的依賴項列表：.

    [debhello-1.1] $ dpkg -f debhello_1.1-1_all.deb pre-depends \
                depends recommends conflicts breaks
    Depends: python3:any

## 14.5. Makefile（shell，圖形介面）

此處是一個從 POSIX shell 圖形介面程式構建簡單的 Debian 套件的範例，我們假設程式使用 Makefile 作為構建系統。

上游是基於 “節 14.3, “Makefile（shell，命令列介面）”” 中的原始碼，並帶有增強的圖形介面支持。

Let’s assume its upstream tarball to be debhello-1.2.tar.xz.

讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。

Download debhello-1.2.tar.xz.

    [base_dir] $ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.2.tar.xz
     ...
    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -xmf debhello-1.2.tar.xz
    [base_dir] $ tree
    .
    ├── debhello-1.2
    │   ├── Makefile
    │   ├── README.md
    │   ├── data
    │   │   ├── hello.desktop
    │   │   └── hello.png
    │   ├── man
    │   │   └── hello.1
    │   └── scripts
    │       └── hello
    └── debhello-1.2.tar.xz

    5 directories, 7 files

此處的 hello 已經被重寫以便使用 zenity 命令來使其成為 GTK+ 圖形介面程序。

hello（v=1.2）.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.2/scripts/hello
    #!/bin/sh -e
    zenity --info --title "hello" --text "Hello from the shell!"

這裡，作為圖形介面程式，桌面檔案被更新為 Terminal=false。

hello.desktop（v=1.2）.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.2/data/hello.desktop
    [Desktop Entry]
    Name=Hello
    Name[fr]=Bonjour
    Comment=Greetings
    Comment[fr]=Salutations
    Type=Application
    Keywords=hello
    Exec=hello
    Terminal=false
    Icon=hello.png
    Categories=Utility;

其餘的所有檔案都與 “節 14.3, “Makefile（shell，命令列介面）”” 中的一致。

Let’s package this with the debmake command. Here, the “-b':sh'” option is used to specify that the generated binary package is a shell script.

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.2
    [debhello-1.2] $ debmake -b':sh' -x1
    I: debmake (version: 5.1.4)
    I: Copyright © 2014-2026 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    I: [debhello-1.2] $ cd ..
    I: Non-native Debian package pkg="debhello", ver="1.2", rev="1" method="dir_d...
    I: already in the package-version form: "debhello-1.2"
    I: [base_dir] $ ln -sf debhello-1.2.tar.xz debhello_1.2.orig.tar.xz
    I: [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.2
    I: parsing option -b ":sh"
    I: binary package=debhello Type=script / Arch=all M-A=foreign
    I: build_type = make
    I: ext_type = 1                       1 files
    I: ext_type = desktop                 1 files
    I: ext_type = md                      1 files
    I: creating debian/* files with "-x 1" option
    I: [debhello-1.2] $ licensecheck --recursive --copyright --deb-machine  . > d...
    I: creating debian/copyright by licensecheck.
    I: creating debian/control from control.py
    I: creating debian/control by control.py
    I: creating debian/changelog from extra0_changelog
    I: creating debian/rules from extra0_rules
    I: creating debian/source/format from extra0source_format
     ...

讓我們來檢查一下自動產生的模板檔案。

debian/control（模板檔案，v=1.2）：.

    [debhello-1.2] $ cat debian/control
    Source: debhello
    Section: unknown
    Priority: optional
    Maintainer: "Osamu Aoki" <osamu@debian.org>
    Build-Depends:
     debhelper-compat (= 13),
    Standards-Version: 4.7.3
    Homepage: <insert the upstream URL, if relevant>
    Rules-Requires-Root: no
    #Vcs-Git: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debhello.git
    #Vcs-Browser: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/<project_site>

    Package: debhello
    Section: unknown
    Architecture: all
    Multi-Arch: foreign
    Depends:
     ${misc:Depends},
    Description: auto-generated package by debmake
     This Debian binary package was auto-generated by the
     debmake(1) command provided by the debmake package.
     .
     ===== This comes from the unmodified template file =====
     .
     Please edit this template file (debian/control) and other package files
     (debian/*) to make them meet all the requirements of the Debian Policy
     before uploading this package to the Debian archive.
     .
     See
      * https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/best-pkging-pract...
      * https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debmake-doc/ch05.en.html#control
     .
     The synopsis description at the top should be about 60 characters and
     written as a phrase.  No extra capital letters or a final period.  No
     articles — "a", "an", or "the".
     .
     The package description for general-purpose applications should be
     written for a less technical user.  This means that we should avoid
     jargon.  GNOME or KDE is fine but GTK+ is probably not.
     .
     Use the canonical forms of words:
      * Use X Window System, X11, or X; not X Windows, X-Windows, or X Window.
      * Use GTK+, not GTK or gtk.
      * Use GNOME, not Gnome.
      * Use PostScript, not Postscript or postscript.

作為維護者，我們要把這個 Debian 套件做得更好。

debian/control（維護者版本，v=1.2）：.

    [debhello-1.2] $ vim debian/control
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-1.2] $ cat debian/control
    Source: debhello
    Section: devel
    Priority: optional
    Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    Build-Depends:
     debhelper-compat (= 13),
    Standards-Version: 4.7.3
    Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
    Rules-Requires-Root: no

    Package: debhello
    Architecture: all
    Multi-Arch: foreign
    Depends:
     zenity,
     ${misc:Depends},
    Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
     This Debian binary package is an example package.
     (This is an example only)

請注意，這裡需要手動新增 zenity 依賴。

debian/rules 檔案與 “節 14.3, “Makefile（shell，命令列介面）”” 中的完全一致。

在 debian/ 目錄下還有一些其它的模板文件。它們也需要進行更新。

debian/ 目錄下的模板檔案。（v=1.2）：.

    [debhello-1.2] $ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/install debian/links
    [debhello-1.2] $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex
    [debhello-1.2] $ rm -rf debian/patches
    [debhello-1.2] $ tree -F debian
    debian/
    ├── README.Debian
    ├── changelog
    ├── control
    ├── copyright
    ├── docs
    ├── examples
    ├── gbp.conf
    ├── manpages
    ├── rules*
    ├── salsa-ci.yml
    ├── source/
    │   └── format
    ├── tests/
    │   └── control
    ├── upstream/
    │   └── metadata
    └── watch

    4 directories, 14 files

其餘的打包工作與 “節 14.3, “Makefile（shell，命令列介面）”” 中的幾乎一致。

此處是 debhello_1.2-1_all.deb 的依賴項列表。

debhello_1.2-1_all.deb 的依賴項列表：.

    [debhello-1.2] $ dpkg -f debhello_1.2-1_all.deb pre-depends \
                depends recommends conflicts breaks
    Depends: zenity

## 14.6. pyproject.toml (Python3, GUI)

Here is an example of creating a simple Debian package from a Python3 GUI program using pyproject.toml.

Let’s assume this upstream tarball to be debhello-1.3.tar.xz.

讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。

Download debhello-1.3.tar.xz.

    [base_dir] $ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.3.tar.xz
     ...
    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -xmf debhello-1.3.tar.xz
    [base_dir] $ tree
    .
    ├── debhello-1.3
    │   ├── LICENSE
    │   ├── MANIFEST.in
    │   ├── README.md
    │   ├── data
    │   │   ├── hello.desktop
    │   │   └── hello.png
    │   ├── manpages
    │   │   └── hello.1
    │   ├── pyproject.toml
    │   └── src
    │       └── debhello
    │           ├── __init__.py
    │           └── main.py
    └── debhello-1.3.tar.xz

    6 directories, 10 files

Here, the content of this debhello source tree as follows.

pyproject.toml (v=1.3) —PEP 517 configuration.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.3/pyproject.toml
    [build-system]
    requires = ["setuptools >= 61.0"]  # REQUIRED if [build-system] table is used...
    build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"  # If not defined, then legacy behavi...

    [project]
    name = "debhello"
    version = "1.3.0"
    description = "Hello Python (GUI)"
    readme = {file = "README.md", content-type = "text/markdown"}
    requires-python = ">=3.12"
    license = "MIT"
    keywords = ["debhello"]
    authors = [
      {name = "Osamu Aoki", email = "osamu@debian.org" },
    ]
    maintainers = [
      {name = "Osamu Aoki", email = "osamu@debian.org" },
    ]
    classifiers = [
      "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
      "Intended Audience :: Developers",
            "Topic :: System :: Archiving :: Packaging",
      "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
      "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
      "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
      # Others
      "Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux",
      "Natural Language :: English",
    ]
    [project.urls]
    "Homepage" = "https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake"
    "Bug Reports" = "https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake/issues"
    "Source" = "https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake"
    [project.scripts]
    hello = "debhello.main:main"
    [tool.setuptools]
    package-dir = {"" = "src"}
    packages = ["debhello"]
    include-package-data = true

MANIFEST.in (v=1.3) — for tar-ball.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.3/MANIFEST.in
    include data/*
    include manpages/*

src/debhello/__init__.py (v=1.3).

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.3/src/debhello/__init__.py
    """
    debhello program (GUI)
    """

src/debhello/main.py (v=1.3) — command entry point.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.3/src/debhello/main.py
    #!/usr/bin/python3
    from gi.repository import Gtk

    __version__ = '1.3.0'

    class TopWindow(Gtk.Window):

        def __init__(self):
            Gtk.Window.__init__(self)
            self.title = "Hello World!"
            self.counter = 0
            self.border_width = 10
            self.set_default_size(400, 100)
            self.set_position(Gtk.WindowPosition.CENTER)
            self.button = Gtk.Button(label="Click me!")
            self.button.connect("clicked", self.on_button_clicked)
            self.add(self.button)
            self.connect("delete-event", self.on_window_destroy)

        def on_window_destroy(self, *args):
            Gtk.main_quit(*args)

        def on_button_clicked(self, widget):
            self.counter += 1
            widget.set_label("Hello, World!\nClick count = %i" % self.counter)

    def main():
        window = TopWindow()
        window.show_all()
        Gtk.main()

    if __name__ == '__main__':
        main()

讓我們使用 debmake 命令來打包。這裡使用 -b':py3' 選項來指明生成的二進位制包包含 Python3 指令碼和模組檔案。

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.3
    [debhello-1.3] $ debmake -b':py3' -x1
    I: debmake (version: 5.1.4)
    I: Copyright © 2014-2026 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    I: [debhello-1.3] $ cd ..
    I: Non-native Debian package pkg="debhello", ver="1.3", rev="1" method="dir_d...
    I: already in the package-version form: "debhello-1.3"
    I: [base_dir] $ ln -sf debhello-1.3.tar.xz debhello_1.3.orig.tar.xz
    I: [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.3
    I: parsing option -b ":py3"
    I: binary package=debhello Type=python3 / Arch=all M-A=foreign
    W: setuptools build system.
    I: build_type = Python (pyproject.toml: PEP-518, PEP-621, PEP-660)
    I: ext_type = python3                 2 files
    I: ext_type = 1                       1 files
    I: ext_type = desktop                 1 files
    I: creating debian/* files with "-x 1" option
    I: [debhello-1.3] $ licensecheck --recursive --copyright --deb-machine  . > d...
    I: creating debian/copyright by licensecheck.
    I: creating debian/control from control.py
    I: creating debian/control by control.py
    I: creating debian/changelog from extra0_changelog
    I: creating debian/rules from extra0_rules
     ...

The result is practically the same as in “節 14.4, “pyproject.toml (Python3, CLI)””.

作為維護者，我們要把這個 Debian 套件做得更好。

debian/rules（維護者版本，v=1.3）：.

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.3
    [debhello-1.3] $ vim debian/rules
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-1.3] $ cat debian/rules
    #!/usr/bin/make -f
    export PYBUILD_NAME=debhello
    export PYBUILD_VERBOSE=1
    export DH_VERBOSE=1

    %:
            dh $@ --with python3 --buildsystem=pybuild

debian/control（維護者版本，v=1.3）：.

    [debhello-1.3] $ vim debian/control
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-1.3] $ cat debian/control
    Source: debhello
    Section: devel
    Priority: optional
    Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    Build-Depends:
     debhelper-compat (= 13),
     pybuild-plugin-pyproject,
     python3-all,
    Standards-Version: 4.7.3
    Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
    Rules-Requires-Root: no

    Package: debhello
    Architecture: all
    Multi-Arch: foreign
    Depends:
     gir1.2-gtk-3.0,
     python3-gi,
     ${misc:Depends},
     ${python3:Depends},
    Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
     This Debian binary package is an example package.
     (This is an example only)

請注意，此處需要手動新增 python3-gi 和 gir1.2-gtk-3.0 依賴。

The rest of the packaging activities are practically the same as in <pyproject>>.

此處是 debhello_1.3-1_all.deb 的依賴項列表。

debhello_1.3-1_all.deb 的依賴項列表：.

    [debhello-1.3] $ dpkg -f debhello_1.3-1_all.deb pre-depends \
                depends recommends conflicts breaks
    Depends: gir1.2-gtk-3.0, python3-gi, python3:any

## 14.7. Makefile（單個二進位制套件）

這裡給出了從簡單的 C 語言原始碼建立簡單的 Debian 套件的例子，並假設上游使用了 Makefile 作為構建系統。

此處的上游原始碼是 “章 5, Simple packaging” 中的原始碼的增強版本。它帶有手冊頁、桌面檔案和桌面圖示。並且為了更加貼合實際，它還有一個外部程式庫檔案 libm。

Let’s assume this upstream tarball to be debhello-1.4.tar.xz.

這一類原始碼設計可以用這樣的方式安裝成為非系統檔案：

    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -xmf debhello-1.4.tar.xz
    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.4
    [debhello-1.4] $ make
    [debhello-1.4] $ make install

Debian packaging requires changing this “make install” process to install files into the target system image location instead of the normal location under /usr/local.

讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。

Download debhello-1.4.tar.xz.

    [base_dir] $ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.4.tar.xz
     ...
    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -xmf debhello-1.4.tar.xz
    [base_dir] $ tree
    .
    ├── debhello-1.4
    │   ├── LICENSE
    │   ├── Makefile
    │   ├── README.md
    │   ├── data
    │   │   ├── hello.desktop
    │   │   └── hello.png
    │   ├── man
    │   │   └── hello.1
    │   └── src
    │       ├── config.h
    │       └── hello.c
    └── debhello-1.4.tar.xz

    5 directories, 9 files

此處的原始碼如下所示。

src/hello.c（v=1.4）：.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.4/src/hello.c
    #include "config.h"
    #include <math.h>
    #include <stdio.h>
    int
    main()
    {
            printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n");
            printf("4.0 * atan(1.0) = %10f8\n", 4.0*atan(1.0));
            return 0;
    }

src/config.h（v=1.4）：.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.4/Makefile
    prefix = /usr/local

    all: src/hello

    src/hello: src/hello.c
            $(CC) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $^ -lm

    install: src/hello
            install -D src/hello \
                    $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello
            install -m 644 -D data/hello.desktop \
                    $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop
            install -m 644 -D data/hello.png \
                    $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png
            install -m 644 -D man/hello.1 \
                    $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1

    clean:
            -rm -f src/hello

    distclean: clean

    uninstall:
            -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello
            -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop
            -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png
            -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1

    .PHONY: all install clean distclean uninstall

Makefile（v=1.4）：.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.4/src/config.h
    #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR "Osamu Aoki"

請注意，此 Makefile 含有正確的手冊頁、桌面檔案、桌面圖示的 install 物件。

讓我們使用 debmake 命令打包。

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.4
    [debhello-1.4] $ debmake -x1
    I: debmake (version: 5.1.4)
    I: Copyright © 2014-2026 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    I: [debhello-1.4] $ cd ..
    I: Non-native Debian package pkg="debhello", ver="1.4", rev="1" method="dir_d...
    I: already in the package-version form: "debhello-1.4"
    I: [base_dir] $ ln -sf debhello-1.4.tar.xz debhello_1.4.orig.tar.xz
    I: [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.4
    I: parsing option -b ""
    I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign
    I: build_type = make
    I: ext_type = c                       2 files
    I: ext_type = 1                       1 files
    I: ext_type = desktop                 1 files
    I: creating debian/* files with "-x 1" option
    I: [debhello-1.4] $ licensecheck --recursive --copyright --deb-machine  . > d...
    I: creating debian/copyright by licensecheck.
    I: creating debian/control from control.py
    I: creating debian/control by control.py
    I: creating debian/changelog from extra0_changelog
    I: creating debian/rules from extra0_rules
    I: creating debian/source/format from extra0source_format
     ...

其餘的工作與 “節 5.6, “Step 2: Generate template files with debmake”” 中的幾乎一致。

像 “節 5.7, “第三步：編輯模板檔案”” 中所寫的一樣，讓我們這些維護者來把這個 Debian 套件做的更好。

If the DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS environment variable is not exported in debian/rules, lintian warns “W: debhello: hardening-no-relro usr/bin/hello” for the linking of libm.

debian/control 檔案與 “節 5.7, “第三步：編輯模板檔案”” 中的完全一致，因為 libm 程式庫是 libc6 程式庫的一部分，所以它總是可獲得的（優先順序：必需 / Priority: required）。

在 debian/ 目錄下還有一些其它的模板文件。它們也需要進行更新。

debian/ 目錄下的模板檔案。（v=1.4）：.

    [debhello-1.4] $ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/links
    [debhello-1.4] $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex
    [debhello-1.4] $ rm -rf debian/patches
    [debhello-1.4] $ tree -F debian
    debian/
    ├── README.Debian
    ├── changelog
    ├── control
    ├── copyright
    ├── docs
    ├── examples
    ├── gbp.conf
    ├── install
    ├── manpages
    ├── rules*
    ├── salsa-ci.yml
    ├── source/
    │   └── format
    ├── tests/
    │   └── control
    ├── upstream/
    │   └── metadata
    └── watch

    4 directories, 15 files

其餘的打包步驟與 “節 5.8, “Step 4: Building package with debuild”” 中的基本一致。

此處是生成的二進位制包的依賴項列表。

生成的二進位制包的依賴項列表（v=1.4）：.

    [debhello-1.4] $ dpkg -f debhello-dbgsym_1.4-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
                depends recommends conflicts breaks
    Depends: debhello (= 1.4-1)
    [debhello-1.4] $ dpkg -f debhello_1.4-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
                depends recommends conflicts breaks
    Depends: libc6 (>= 2.34)

## 14.8. Makefile.in + configure（單個二進位制套件）

這裡給出了從簡單的 C 語言原始碼建立簡單的 Debian 套件的例子，並假設上游使用了 Makefile.in 和 configure 作為構建系統。

此處的原始碼範例是 “節 14.7, “Makefile（單個二進位制套件）”” 中的原始碼的增強版本。它也有一個外部連結程式庫 libm，並且它的原始碼可以使用 configure 指令碼進行配置，然後生成相應的 Makefile、src/config.h 檔案。

Let’s assume this upstream tarball to be debhello-1.5.tar.xz.

此型別的原始碼旨在作為非系統檔案安裝，例如：

    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -xmf debhello-1.5.tar.xz
    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.5
    [debhello-1.5] $ ./configure --with-math
    [debhello-1.5] $ make
    [debhello-1.5] $ make install

讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。

Download debhello-1.5.tar.xz.

    [base_dir] $ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.5.tar.xz
     ...
    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -xmf debhello-1.5.tar.xz
    [base_dir] $ tree
    .
    ├── debhello-1.5
    │   ├── LICENSE
    │   ├── Makefile.in
    │   ├── README.md
    │   ├── configure
    │   ├── data
    │   │   ├── hello.desktop
    │   │   └── hello.png
    │   ├── man
    │   │   └── hello.1
    │   └── src
    │       └── hello.c
    └── debhello-1.5.tar.xz

    5 directories, 9 files

此處的原始碼如下所示。

src/hello.c（v=1.5）：.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.5/src/hello.c
    #include "config.h"
    #ifdef WITH_MATH
    #  include <math.h>
    #endif
    #include <stdio.h>
    int
    main()
    {
            printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n");
    #ifdef WITH_MATH
            printf("4.0 * atan(1.0) = %10f8\n", 4.0*atan(1.0));
    #else
            printf("I can't do MATH!\n");
    #endif
            return 0;
    }

Makefile.in（v=1.5）：.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.5/Makefile.in
    prefix = @prefix@

    all: src/hello

    src/hello: src/hello.c
            $(CC) @VERBOSE@ \
                    $(CPPFLAGS) \
                    $(CFLAGS) \
                    $(LDFLAGS) \
                    -o $@ $^ \
                    @LINKLIB@

    install: src/hello
            install -D src/hello \
                    $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello
            install -m 644 -D data/hello.desktop \
                    $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop
            install -m 644 -D data/hello.png \
                    $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png
            install -m 644 -D man/hello.1 \
                    $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1

    clean:
            -rm -f src/hello

    distclean: clean

    uninstall:
            -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello
            -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop
            -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png
            -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1

    .PHONY: all install clean distclean uninstall

configure（v=1.5）：.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.5/configure
    #!/bin/sh -e
    # default values
    PREFIX="/usr/local"
    VERBOSE=""
    WITH_MATH="0"
    LINKLIB=""
    PACKAGE_AUTHOR="John Doe"

    # parse arguments
    while [ "${1}" != "" ]; do
      VAR="${1%=*}" # Drop suffix =*
      VAL="${1#*=}" # Drop prefix *=
      case "${VAR}" in
      --prefix)
        PREFIX="${VAL}"
        ;;
      --verbose|-v)
        VERBOSE="-v"
        ;;
      --with-math)
        WITH_MATH="1"
        LINKLIB="-lm"
        ;;
      --author)
        PACKAGE_AUTHOR="${VAL}"
        ;;
      *)
        echo "W: Unknown argument: ${1}"
      esac
      shift
    done

    # setup configured Makefile and src/config.h
    sed -e "s,@prefix@,${PREFIX}," \
        -e "s,@VERBOSE@,${VERBOSE}," \
        -e "s,@LINKLIB@,${LINKLIB}," \
        <Makefile.in >Makefile
    if [ "${WITH_MATH}" = 1 ]; then
    echo "#define WITH_MATH" >src/config.h
    else
    echo "/* not defined: WITH_MATH */" >src/config.h
    fi
    echo "#define PACKAGE_AUTHOR \"${PACKAGE_AUTHOR}\"" >>src/config.h

Please note that the configure command replaces strings with @…​@ in Makefile.in to produce Makefile and creates src/config.h.

讓我們使用 debmake 命令打包。

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.5
    [debhello-1.5] $ debmake -x1
    I: debmake (version: 5.1.4)
    I: Copyright © 2014-2026 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    I: [debhello-1.5] $ cd ..
    I: Non-native Debian package pkg="debhello", ver="1.5", rev="1" method="dir_d...
    I: already in the package-version form: "debhello-1.5"
    I: [base_dir] $ ln -sf debhello-1.5.tar.xz debhello_1.5.orig.tar.xz
    I: [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.5
    I: parsing option -b ""
    I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign
    I: build_type = configure
    I: ext_type = c                       1 files
    I: ext_type = 1                       1 files
    I: ext_type = desktop                 1 files
    I: creating debian/* files with "-x 1" option
    I: [debhello-1.5] $ licensecheck --recursive --copyright --deb-machine  . > d...
    I: creating debian/copyright by licensecheck.
    I: creating debian/control from control.py
    I: creating debian/control by control.py
    I: creating debian/changelog from extra0_changelog
    I: creating debian/rules from extra0_rules
    I: creating debian/source/format from extra0source_format
     ...

結果與 “節 5.6, “Step 2: Generate template files with debmake”” 中的相似，但是並不完全一致。

讓我們來檢查一下自動產生的模板檔案。

debian/rules（模板檔案，v=1.5）：.

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.5
    [debhello-1.5] $ cat debian/rules
    #!/usr/bin/make -f
    # You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
    # See debhelper(7) (un-comment to enable)
    # This is an autogenerated template for debian/rules.
    #
    # Output every command that modifies files on the build system.
    #export DH_VERBOSE = 1
    #
    # Copy some variable definitions from pkg-info.mk and vendor.mk
    # under /usr/share/dpkg/ to here if they are useful.
    #
    # See FEATURE AREAS/ENVIRONMENT in dpkg-buildflags(1)
    # Apply all hardening options
    #export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
    # Package maintainers to append CFLAGS
    #export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND  = -Wall -pedantic
    # Package maintainers to append LDFLAGS
    #export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,-O1
    #
    # With debhelper version 9 or newer, the dh command exports
    # all buildflags.  So there is no need to include the
    # /usr/share/dpkg/buildflags.mk file here if compat is 9 or newer.
    #
    # These are rarely used code. (START)
    #
    # The following include for *.mk magically sets miscellaneous
    # variables while honoring existing values of pertinent
    # environment variables:
    #
    # Architecture-related variables such as DEB_TARGET_MULTIARCH:
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/architecture.mk
    # Vendor-related variables such as DEB_VENDOR:
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/vendor.mk
    # Package-related variables such as DEB_DISTRIBUTION
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/pkg-info.mk
    #
    # You may alternatively set them susing a simple script such as:
    # DEB_VENDOR ?= $(shell dpkg-vendor --query  Vendor)
    #
    # These are rarely used code. (END)
    #

    ### main packaging script based on post dh7 syntax
    %:
            dh $@

    # debmake generated override targets
    # Multiarch package requires library files to be installed to
    # /usr/lib/<triplet>/ .  If the build system does not support
    # $(DEB_HOST_MULTIARCH), you may need to override some targets such as
    # dh_auto_configure or dh_auto_install to use $(DEB_HOST_MULTIARCH) .

作為維護者，我們要把這個 Debian 套件做得更好。

debian/rules（維護者版本，v=1.5）：.

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.5
    [debhello-1.5] $ vim debian/rules
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-1.5] $ cat debian/rules
    #!/usr/bin/make -f
    export DH_VERBOSE = 1
    export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
    export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND  = -Wall -pedantic
    export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed

    %:
            dh $@

    override_dh_auto_configure:
            dh_auto_configure -- \
                    --with-math \
                    --author="Osamu Aoki"

在 debian/ 目錄下還有一些其它的模板文件。它們也需要進行更新。

其餘的打包步驟與 “節 5.8, “Step 4: Building package with debuild”” 中的基本一致。

## 14.9. Autotools（單個二進位制檔案）

Here is an example of creating a simple Debian package from a simple C source program using Autotools = Autoconf and Automake (Makefile.am and configure.ac) as its build system.

此種原始碼通常也帶有上游自動生成的 Makefile.in 和 configure 檔案。在 autotools-dev 套件的幫助下，我們可以按 “節 14.8, “Makefile.in + configure（單個二進位制套件）”” 中所介紹的，使用這些檔案進行打包。

The better alternative is to regenerate these files using the latest Autoconf and Automake packages if the upstream provided Makefile.am and configure.ac are compatible with the latest version. This is advantageous for porting to new CPU architectures, etc. This can be automated by using the “--with autoreconf” option for the dh command.

Let’s assume this upstream tarball to be debhello-1.6.tar.xz.

此型別的原始碼旨在作為非系統檔案安裝，例如：

    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -xmf debhello-1.6.tar.xz
    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.6
    [debhello-1.6] $ autoreconf -ivf # optional
    [debhello-1.6] $ ./configure --with-math
    [debhello-1.6] $ make
    [debhello-1.6] $ make install

讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。

Download debhello-1.6.tar.xz.

    [base_dir] $ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.6.tar.xz
     ...
    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -xmf debhello-1.6.tar.xz
    [base_dir] $ tree
    .
    ├── debhello-1.6
    │   ├── LICENSE
    │   ├── Makefile.am
    │   ├── README.md
    │   ├── configure.ac
    │   ├── data
    │   │   ├── hello.desktop
    │   │   └── hello.png
    │   ├── man
    │   │   ├── Makefile.am
    │   │   └── hello.1
    │   └── src
    │       ├── Makefile.am
    │       └── hello.c
    └── debhello-1.6.tar.xz

    5 directories, 11 files

此處的原始碼如下所示。

src/hello.c（v=1.6）：.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.6/src/hello.c
    #include "config.h"
    #ifdef WITH_MATH
    #  include <math.h>
    #endif
    #include <stdio.h>
    int
    main()
    {
            printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n");
    #ifdef WITH_MATH
            printf("4.0 * atan(1.0) = %10f8\n", 4.0*atan(1.0));
    #else
            printf("I can't do MATH!\n");
    #endif
            return 0;
    }

Makefile.am（v=1.6）：.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.6/Makefile.am
    SUBDIRS = src man
    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.6/man/Makefile.am
    dist_man_MANS = hello.1
    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.6/src/Makefile.am
    bin_PROGRAMS = hello
    hello_SOURCES = hello.c

configure.ac（v=1.6）：.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.6/configure.ac
    #                                               -*- Autoconf -*-
    # Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.
    AC_PREREQ([2.69])
    AC_INIT([debhello],[2.1],[foo@example.org])
    AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([src/hello.c])
    AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])
    echo "Standard customization chores"
    AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([build-aux])
    AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([foreign])
    # Add #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR ... in config.h with a comment
    AC_DEFINE(PACKAGE_AUTHOR, ["Osamu Aoki"], [Define PACKAGE_AUTHOR])
    echo "Add --with-math option functionality to ./configure"
    AC_ARG_WITH([math],
      [AS_HELP_STRING([--with-math],
        [compile with math library  @<:@default=yes@:>@])],
      [],
      [with_math="yes"]
      )
    echo "==== withval   := \"$withval\""
    echo "==== with_math := \"$with_math\""
    # m4sh if-else construct
    AS_IF([test "x$with_math" != "xno"],[
      echo "==== Check include: math.h"
      AC_CHECK_HEADER(math.h,[],[
        AC_MSG_ERROR([Couldn't find math.h.] )
      ])
      echo "==== Check library: libm"
      AC_SEARCH_LIBS(atan, [m])
      #AC_CHECK_LIB(m, atan)
      echo "==== Build with LIBS := \"$LIBS\""
      AC_DEFINE(WITH_MATH, [1], [Build with the math library])
    ],[
      echo "==== Skip building with math.h."
      AH_TEMPLATE(WITH_MATH, [Build without the math library])
    ])
    # Checks for programs.
    AC_PROG_CC
    AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile
                     man/Makefile
                     src/Makefile])
    AC_OUTPUT

| 提示
Without “foreign” strictness level specified in AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE() as above, automake defaults to “gnu” strictness level requiring several files in the top-level directory. See “3.2 Strictness” in the automake document.

讓我們使用 debmake 命令打包。

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.6
    [debhello-1.6] $ debmake -x1
    I: debmake (version: 5.1.4)
    I: Copyright © 2014-2026 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    I: [debhello-1.6] $ cd ..
    I: Non-native Debian package pkg="debhello", ver="1.6", rev="1" method="dir_d...
    I: already in the package-version form: "debhello-1.6"
    I: [base_dir] $ ln -sf debhello-1.6.tar.xz debhello_1.6.orig.tar.xz
    I: [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.6
    I: parsing option -b ""
    I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign
    I: build_type = Autotools with autoreconf
    I: ext_type = am                      3 files
    I: ext_type = c                       1 files
    I: ext_type = 1                       1 files
    I: creating debian/* files with "-x 1" option
    I: [debhello-1.6] $ licensecheck --recursive --copyright --deb-machine  . > d...
    I: creating debian/copyright by licensecheck.
    I: creating debian/control from control.py
    I: creating debian/control by control.py
    I: creating debian/changelog from extra0_changelog
    I: creating debian/rules from extra0_rules
    I: creating debian/source/format from extra0source_format
     ...

結果與 “節 14.8, “Makefile.in + configure（單個二進位制套件）”” 中的類似，但是並不完全一致。

讓我們來檢查一下自動產生的模板檔案。

debian/rules（模板檔案，v=1.6）:

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.6
    [debhello-1.6] $ cat debian/rules
    #!/usr/bin/make -f
    # You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
    # See debhelper(7) (un-comment to enable)
    # This is an autogenerated template for debian/rules.
    #
    # Output every command that modifies files on the build system.
    #export DH_VERBOSE = 1
    #
    # Copy some variable definitions from pkg-info.mk and vendor.mk
    # under /usr/share/dpkg/ to here if they are useful.
    #
    # See FEATURE AREAS/ENVIRONMENT in dpkg-buildflags(1)
    # Apply all hardening options
    #export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
    # Package maintainers to append CFLAGS
    #export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND  = -Wall -pedantic
    # Package maintainers to append LDFLAGS
    #export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,-O1
    #
    # With debhelper version 9 or newer, the dh command exports
    # all buildflags.  So there is no need to include the
    # /usr/share/dpkg/buildflags.mk file here if compat is 9 or newer.
    #
    # These are rarely used code. (START)
    #
    # The following include for *.mk magically sets miscellaneous
    # variables while honoring existing values of pertinent
    # environment variables:
    #
    # Architecture-related variables such as DEB_TARGET_MULTIARCH:
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/architecture.mk
    # Vendor-related variables such as DEB_VENDOR:
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/vendor.mk
    # Package-related variables such as DEB_DISTRIBUTION
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/pkg-info.mk
    #
    # You may alternatively set them susing a simple script such as:
    # DEB_VENDOR ?= $(shell dpkg-vendor --query  Vendor)
    #
    # These are rarely used code. (END)
    #

    ### main packaging script based on post dh7 syntax
    %:
            dh $@ --with autoreconf

    # debmake generated override targets
    # Set options for ./configure
    #CONFIGURE_FLAGS = <options for ./configure>
    #overrride_dh_configure:
    #       dh_configure -- $(CONFIGURE_FLAGS)
    #
    # Do not install libtool archive, python .pyc .pyo
    #override_dh_install:
    #       dh_install --list-missing -X.la -X.pyc -X.pyo

作為維護者，我們要把這個 Debian 套件做得更好。

debian/rules（維護者版本，v=1.6）：.

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.6
    [debhello-1.6] $ vim debian/rules
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-1.6] $ cat debian/rules
    #!/usr/bin/make -f
    export DH_VERBOSE = 1
    export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
    export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND  = -Wall -pedantic
    export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed

    %:
            dh $@ --with autoreconf

    override_dh_auto_configure:
            dh_auto_configure -- \
                    --with-math

在 debian/ 目錄下還有一些其它的模板文件。它們也需要進行更新。

其餘的打包步驟與 “節 5.8, “Step 4: Building package with debuild”” 中的基本一致。

## 14.10. CMake（單個二進位制套件）

Here is an example of creating a simple Debian package from a simple C source program using CMake (CMakeLists.txt and some files such as config.h.in) as its build system.

The cmake command generates the Makefile file based on the CMakeLists.txt file and its -D option. It also configures the file as specified in its configure_file(…​) by replacing strings with @…​@ and changing the #cmakedefine …​ line.

Let’s assume this upstream tarball to be debhello-1.7.tar.xz.

此型別的原始碼旨在作為非系統檔案安裝，例如：

    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -xmf debhello-1.7.tar.xz
    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.7
    [debhello-1.7] $ mkdir obj-x86_64-linux-gnu # for out-of-tree build
    [debhello-1.7] $ cd obj-x86_64-linux-gnu
    [debhello-1.7] $ cmake ..
    [debhello-1.7] $ make
    [debhello-1.7] $ make install

讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。

Download debhello-1.7.tar.xz.

    [base_dir] $ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.7.tar.xz
     ...
    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -xmf debhello-1.7.tar.xz
    [base_dir] $ tree
    .
    ├── debhello-1.7
    │   ├── CMakeLists.txt
    │   ├── LICENSE
    │   ├── README.md
    │   ├── data
    │   │   ├── hello.desktop
    │   │   └── hello.png
    │   ├── man
    │   │   ├── CMakeLists.txt
    │   │   └── hello.1
    │   └── src
    │       ├── CMakeLists.txt
    │       ├── config.h.in
    │       └── hello.c
    └── debhello-1.7.tar.xz

    5 directories, 11 files

此處的原始碼如下所示。

src/hello.c（v=1.7）：.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.7/src/hello.c
    #include "config.h"
    #ifdef WITH_MATH
    #  include <math.h>
    #endif
    #include <stdio.h>
    int
    main()
    {
            printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n");
    #ifdef WITH_MATH
            printf("4.0 * atan(1.0) = %10f8\n", 4.0*atan(1.0));
    #else
            printf("I can't do MATH!\n");
    #endif
            return 0;
    }

src/config.h.in（v=1.7）：.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.7/src/config.h.in
    /* name of the package author */
    #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR "@PACKAGE_AUTHOR@"
    /* math library support */
    #cmakedefine WITH_MATH

CMakeLists.txt（v=1.7）：.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.7/CMakeLists.txt
    cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.31)
    project(debhello)
    set(PACKAGE_AUTHOR "Osamu Aoki")
    add_subdirectory(src)
    add_subdirectory(man)
    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.7/man/CMakeLists.txt
    install(
      FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/hello.1
      DESTINATION share/man/man1
    )
    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-1.7/src/CMakeLists.txt
    # Always define HAVE_CONFIG_H
    add_definitions(-DHAVE_CONFIG_H)
    # Interactively define WITH_MATH
    option(WITH_MATH "Build with math support" OFF)
    #variable_watch(WITH_MATH)
    # Generate config.h from config.h.in
    configure_file(
      "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/config.h.in"
      "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/config.h"
    )
    include_directories("${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}")
    add_executable(hello hello.c)
    install(TARGETS hello
      RUNTIME DESTINATION bin
    )

讓我們使用 debmake 命令打包。

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.7
    [debhello-1.7] $ debmake -x1
    I: debmake (version: 5.1.4)
    I: Copyright © 2014-2026 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    I: [debhello-1.7] $ cd ..
    I: Non-native Debian package pkg="debhello", ver="1.7", rev="1" method="dir_d...
    I: already in the package-version form: "debhello-1.7"
    I: [base_dir] $ ln -sf debhello-1.7.tar.xz debhello_1.7.orig.tar.xz
    I: [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.7
    I: parsing option -b ""
    I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign
    I: build_type = Cmake
    I: ext_type = c                       2 files
    I: ext_type = 1                       1 files
    I: ext_type = desktop                 1 files
    I: creating debian/* files with "-x 1" option
    I: [debhello-1.7] $ licensecheck --recursive --copyright --deb-machine  . > d...
    I: creating debian/copyright by licensecheck.
    I: creating debian/control from control.py
    I: creating debian/control by control.py
    I: creating debian/changelog from extra0_changelog
    I: creating debian/rules from extra0_rules
    I: creating debian/source/format from extra0source_format
     ...

結果與 “節 14.8, “Makefile.in + configure（單個二進位制套件）”” 中的類似，但是並不完全一致。

讓我們來檢查一下自動產生的模板檔案。

debian/rules（模板檔案，v=1.7）：.

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.7
    [debhello-1.7] $ cat debian/rules
    #!/usr/bin/make -f
    # You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
    # See debhelper(7) (un-comment to enable)
    # This is an autogenerated template for debian/rules.
    #
    # Output every command that modifies files on the build system.
    #export DH_VERBOSE = 1
    #
    # Copy some variable definitions from pkg-info.mk and vendor.mk
    # under /usr/share/dpkg/ to here if they are useful.
    #
    # See FEATURE AREAS/ENVIRONMENT in dpkg-buildflags(1)
    # Apply all hardening options
    #export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
    # Package maintainers to append CFLAGS
    #export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND  = -Wall -pedantic
    # Package maintainers to append LDFLAGS
    #export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,-O1
    #
    # With debhelper version 9 or newer, the dh command exports
    # all buildflags.  So there is no need to include the
    # /usr/share/dpkg/buildflags.mk file here if compat is 9 or newer.
    #
    # These are rarely used code. (START)
    #
    # The following include for *.mk magically sets miscellaneous
    # variables while honoring existing values of pertinent
    # environment variables:
    #
    # Architecture-related variables such as DEB_TARGET_MULTIARCH:
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/architecture.mk
    # Vendor-related variables such as DEB_VENDOR:
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/vendor.mk
    # Package-related variables such as DEB_DISTRIBUTION
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/pkg-info.mk
    #
    # You may alternatively set them susing a simple script such as:
    # DEB_VENDOR ?= $(shell dpkg-vendor --query  Vendor)
    #
    # These are rarely used code. (END)
    #

    ### main packaging script based on post dh7 syntax
    %:
            dh $@

    # debmake generated override targets
    #override_dh_auto_configure:
    #       dh_auto_configure -- \
    #             -DCMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE="$(DEB_TARGET_MULTIARCH)"
    #
    # You may need to patch CMakeLists.txt to set the library install path to be:...
    #-install(TARGETS <sharedlibname> LIBRARY DESTINATION lib)
    #+install(TARGETS <sharedlibname> LIBRARY DESTINATION lib/${CMAKE_LIBRARY_ARC...

    # Multiarch package requires library files to be installed to
    # /usr/lib/<triplet>/ .  If the build system does not support
    # $(DEB_HOST_MULTIARCH), you may need to override some targets such as
    # dh_auto_configure or dh_auto_install to use $(DEB_HOST_MULTIARCH) .

debian/control（模板檔案，v=1.7）：.

    [debhello-1.7] $ cat debian/control
    Source: debhello
    Section: unknown
    Priority: optional
    Maintainer: "Osamu Aoki" <osamu@debian.org>
    Build-Depends:
     debhelper-compat (= 13),
     cmake,
    Standards-Version: 4.7.3
    Homepage: <insert the upstream URL, if relevant>
    Rules-Requires-Root: no
    #Vcs-Git: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debhello.git
    #Vcs-Browser: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/<project_site>

    Package: debhello
    Section: unknown
    Architecture: any
    Multi-Arch: foreign
    Depends:
     ${misc:Depends},
     ${shlibs:Depends},
    Description: auto-generated package by debmake
     This Debian binary package was auto-generated by the
     debmake(1) command provided by the debmake package.
     .
     ===== This comes from the unmodified template file =====
     .
     Please edit this template file (debian/control) and other package files
     (debian/*) to make them meet all the requirements of the Debian Policy
     before uploading this package to the Debian archive.
     .
     See
      * https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/best-pkging-pract...
      * https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debmake-doc/ch05.en.html#control
     .
     The synopsis description at the top should be about 60 characters and
     written as a phrase.  No extra capital letters or a final period.  No
     articles — "a", "an", or "the".
     .
     The package description for general-purpose applications should be
     written for a less technical user.  This means that we should avoid
     jargon.  GNOME or KDE is fine but GTK+ is probably not.
     .
     Use the canonical forms of words:
      * Use X Window System, X11, or X; not X Windows, X-Windows, or X Window.
      * Use GTK+, not GTK or gtk.
      * Use GNOME, not Gnome.
      * Use PostScript, not Postscript or postscript.

作為維護者，我們要把這個 Debian 套件做得更好。

debian/rules（維護者版本，v=1.7）：.

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-1.7
    [debhello-1.7] $ vim debian/rules
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-1.7] $ cat debian/rules
    #!/usr/bin/make -f
    export DH_VERBOSE = 1
    export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
    export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND  = -Wall -pedantic
    export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed

    %:
            dh $@

    override_dh_auto_configure:
            dh_auto_configure -- -DWITH-MATH=1

debian/control（維護者版本，v=1.7）：.

    [debhello-1.7] $ vim debian/control
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-1.7] $ cat debian/control
    Source: debhello
    Section: devel
    Priority: optional
    Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    Build-Depends:
     debhelper-compat (= 13),
     cmake,
    Standards-Version: 4.7.3
    Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
    Rules-Requires-Root: no

    Package: debhello
    Architecture: any
    Multi-Arch: foreign
    Depends:
     ${misc:Depends},
     ${shlibs:Depends},
    Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
     This Debian binary package is an example package.
     (This is an example only)

在 debian/ 目錄下還有一些其它的模板文件。它們也需要進行更新。

其餘的打包工作與 “節 14.8, “Makefile.in + configure（單個二進位制套件）”” 中的近乎一致。

## 14.11. Autotools（多個二進位制套件）

Here is an example of creating a set of Debian binary packages including the executable package, the shared library package, the development file package, and the debug symbol package from a simple C source program using Autotools (Autoconf and Automake, which use Makefile.am and configure.ac as their input files) as its build system.

Let’s package this in a similar way to “節 14.9, “Autotools（單個二進位制檔案）””.

Let’s assume this upstream tarball to be debhello-2.0.tar.xz.

此型別的原始碼旨在作為非系統檔案安裝，例如：

    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -xmf debhello-2.0.tar.xz
    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-2.0
    [debhello-2.0] $ autoreconf -ivf # optional
    [debhello-2.0] $ ./configure --with-math
    [debhello-2.0] $ make
    [debhello-2.0] $ make install

讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。

Download debhello-2.0.tar.xz.

    [base_dir] $ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-2.0.tar.xz
     ...
    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -xmf debhello-2.0.tar.xz
    [base_dir] $ tree
    .
    ├── debhello-2.0
    │   ├── LICENSE
    │   ├── Makefile.am
    │   ├── README.md
    │   ├── configure.ac
    │   ├── data
    │   │   ├── hello.desktop
    │   │   └── hello.png
    │   ├── lib
    │   │   ├── Makefile.am
    │   │   ├── sharedlib.c
    │   │   └── sharedlib.h
    │   ├── man
    │   │   ├── Makefile.am
    │   │   └── hello.1
    │   └── src
    │       ├── Makefile.am
    │       └── hello.c
    └── debhello-2.0.tar.xz

    6 directories, 14 files

此處的原始碼如下所示。

src/hello.c（v=2.0）：.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-2.0/src/hello.c
    #include "config.h"
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <sharedlib.h>
    int
    main()
    {
            printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n");
            sharedlib();
            return 0;
    }

lib/sharedlib.h 與 lib/sharedlib.c（v=1.6）：.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-2.0/lib/sharedlib.h
    int sharedlib();
    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-2.0/lib/sharedlib.c
    #include <stdio.h>
    int
    sharedlib()
    {
            printf("This is a shared library!\n");
            return 0;
    }

Makefile.am（v=2.0）：.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-2.0/Makefile.am
    # recursively process `Makefile.am` in SUBDIRS
    SUBDIRS = lib src man
    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-2.0/man/Makefile.am
    # manpages (distributed in the source package)
    dist_man_MANS = hello.1
    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-2.0/lib/Makefile.am
    # libtool librares to be produced
    lib_LTLIBRARIES = libsharedlib.la

    # source files used for lib_LTLIBRARIES
    libsharedlib_la_SOURCES = sharedlib.c

    # C pre-processor flags used for lib_LTLIBRARIES
    #libsharedlib_la_CPPFLAGS =

    # Headers files to be installed in <prefix>/include
    include_HEADERS = sharedlib.h

    # Versioning Libtool Libraries with version triplets
    libsharedlib_la_LDFLAGS = -version-info 1:0:0
    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-2.0/src/Makefile.am
    # program executables to be produced
    bin_PROGRAMS = hello

    # source files used for bin_PROGRAMS
    hello_SOURCES = hello.c

    # C pre-processor flags used for bin_PROGRAMS
    AM_CPPFLAGS = -I$(srcdir) -I$(top_srcdir)/lib

    # Extra options for the linker for hello
    # hello_LDFLAGS =

    # Libraries the `hello` binary to be linked
    hello_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/lib/libsharedlib.la

configure.ac（v=2.0）：.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-2.0/configure.ac
    #                                               -*- Autoconf -*-
    # Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.
    AC_PREREQ([2.69])
    AC_INIT([debhello],[2.2],[foo@example.org])
    AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([src/hello.c])
    AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])
    echo "Standard customization chores"
    AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([build-aux])

    AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([foreign])

    # Set default to --enable-shared --disable-static
    LT_INIT([shared disable-static])

    # find the libltdl sources in the libltdl sub-directory
    LT_CONFIG_LTDL_DIR([libltdl])

    # choose one
    LTDL_INIT([recursive])
    #LTDL_INIT([subproject])
    #LTDL_INIT([nonrecursive])

    # Add #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR ... in config.h with a comment
    AC_DEFINE(PACKAGE_AUTHOR, ["Osamu Aoki"], [Define PACKAGE_AUTHOR])
    # Checks for programs.
    AC_PROG_CC

    # only for the recursive case
    AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile
                     lib/Makefile
                     man/Makefile
                     src/Makefile])
    AC_OUTPUT

Let’s use the debmake command to package this into multiple packages:

- debhello: type = bin
- libsharedlib1: type = lib
- libsharedlib-dev: type = dev

Here, we use the -b'libsharedlib1,libsharedlib-dev' option to specify the additional binary packages to be generated.

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-2.0
    [debhello-2.0] $ debmake -b',libsharedlib1,libsharedlib-dev' -x1
    I: debmake (version: 5.1.4)
    I: Copyright © 2014-2026 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    I: [debhello-2.0] $ cd ..
    I: Non-native Debian package pkg="debhello", ver="2.0", rev="1" method="dir_d...
    I: already in the package-version form: "debhello-2.0"
    I: [base_dir] $ ln -sf debhello-2.0.tar.xz debhello_2.0.orig.tar.xz
    I: [base_dir] $ cd debhello-2.0
    I: parsing option -b ",libsharedlib1,libsharedlib-dev"
    I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign
    I: binary package=libsharedlib1 Type=lib / Arch=any M-A=same
    I: binary package=libsharedlib-dev Type=dev / Arch=any M-A=same
    I: build_type = Autotools with autoreconf
    I: ext_type = am                      4 files
    I: ext_type = c                       3 files
    I: ext_type = 1                       1 files
    I: creating debian/* files with "-x 1" option
    I: [debhello-2.0] $ licensecheck --recursive --copyright --deb-machine  . > d...
    I: creating debian/copyright by licensecheck.
    I: creating debian/control from control.py
    I: creating debian/control by control.py
    I: creating debian/changelog from extra0_changelog
     ...

結果與 “節 14.8, “Makefile.in + configure（單個二進位制套件）”” 中的相似，但是這個具有更多的模板檔案。

讓我們來檢查一下自動產生的模板檔案。

debian/rules（模板檔案，v=2.0）：.

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-2.0
    [debhello-2.0] $ cat debian/rules
    #!/usr/bin/make -f
    # You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
    # See debhelper(7) (un-comment to enable)
    # This is an autogenerated template for debian/rules.
    #
    # Output every command that modifies files on the build system.
    #export DH_VERBOSE = 1
    #
    # Copy some variable definitions from pkg-info.mk and vendor.mk
    # under /usr/share/dpkg/ to here if they are useful.
    #
    # See FEATURE AREAS/ENVIRONMENT in dpkg-buildflags(1)
    # Apply all hardening options
    #export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
    # Package maintainers to append CFLAGS
    #export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND  = -Wall -pedantic
    # Package maintainers to append LDFLAGS
    #export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,-O1
    #
    # With debhelper version 9 or newer, the dh command exports
    # all buildflags.  So there is no need to include the
    # /usr/share/dpkg/buildflags.mk file here if compat is 9 or newer.
    #
    # These are rarely used code. (START)
    #
    # The following include for *.mk magically sets miscellaneous
    # variables while honoring existing values of pertinent
    # environment variables:
    #
    # Architecture-related variables such as DEB_TARGET_MULTIARCH:
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/architecture.mk
    # Vendor-related variables such as DEB_VENDOR:
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/vendor.mk
    # Package-related variables such as DEB_DISTRIBUTION
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/pkg-info.mk
    #
    # You may alternatively set them susing a simple script such as:
    # DEB_VENDOR ?= $(shell dpkg-vendor --query  Vendor)
    #
    # These are rarely used code. (END)
    #

    ### main packaging script based on post dh7 syntax
    %:
            dh $@ --with autoreconf

    # debmake generated override targets
    # Set options for ./configure
    #CONFIGURE_FLAGS = <options for ./configure>
    #overrride_dh_configure:
    #       dh_configure -- $(CONFIGURE_FLAGS)
    #
    # Do not install libtool archive, python .pyc .pyo
    #override_dh_install:
    #       dh_install --list-missing -X.la -X.pyc -X.pyo

作為維護者，我們要把這個 Debian 套件做得更好。

debian/rules（維護者版本，v=2.0）：.

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-2.0
    [debhello-2.0] $ vim debian/rules
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-2.0] $ cat debian/rules
    #!/usr/bin/make -f
    export DH_VERBOSE = 1
    export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
    export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND  = -Wall -pedantic
    export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed

    %:
            dh $@ --with autoreconf

    override_dh_missing:
            dh_missing -X.la

debian/control（維護者版本，v=2.0）：.

    [debhello-2.0] $ vim debian/control
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-2.0] $ cat debian/control
    Source: debhello
    Section: devel
    Priority: optional
    Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    Build-Depends:
     debhelper-compat (= 13),
     dh-autoreconf,
    Standards-Version: 4.7.3
    Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
    Rules-Requires-Root: no

    Package: debhello
    Architecture: any
    Multi-Arch: foreign
    Depends:
     libsharedlib1 (= ${binary:Version}),
     ${misc:Depends},
     ${shlibs:Depends},
    Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
     This package contains the compiled binary executable.
     .
     This Debian binary package is an example package.
     (This is an example only)

    Package: libsharedlib1
    Section: libs
    Architecture: any
    Multi-Arch: same
    Pre-Depends:
     ${misc:Pre-Depends},
    Depends:
     ${misc:Depends},
     ${shlibs:Depends},
    Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
     This package contains the shared library.

    Package: libsharedlib-dev
    Section: libdevel
    Architecture: any
    Multi-Arch: same
    Depends:
     libsharedlib1 (= ${binary:Version}),
     ${misc:Depends},
    Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
     This package contains the development files.

debian/*.install（維護者版本，v=2.0）：.

    [debhello-2.0] $ vim debian/copyright
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-2.0] $ cat debian/copyright
    Format: https://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/copyright-format/1.0/
    Upstream-Name: debhello
    Upstream-Contact: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    Source: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc

    Files:     *
    Copyright: 2015-2021 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    License:   Expat
     Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
     copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
     to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
     the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
     and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
     Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
     .
     The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
     in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
     .
     THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
     OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
     MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
     IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
     CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
     TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
     SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

因為上游原始碼已經具有正確的自動生成的 Makefile 檔案，所以沒有必要再去建立 debian/install 和 debian/manpages 文件。

在 debian/ 目錄下還有一些其它的模板文件。它們也需要進行更新。

debian/ 目錄下的模板檔案。（v=2.0）：.

    [debhello-2.0] $ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/install debian/links
    [debhello-2.0] $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex
    [debhello-2.0] $ rm -rf debian/patches
    [debhello-2.0] $ tree -F debian
    debian/
    ├── README.Debian
    ├── changelog
    ├── control
    ├── copyright
    ├── debhello.install
    ├── docs
    ├── examples
    ├── gbp.conf
    ├── libsharedlib-dev.install
    ├── libsharedlib1.install
    ├── libsharedlib1.symbols
    ├── manpages
    ├── rules*
    ├── salsa-ci.yml
    ├── source/
    │   └── format
    ├── tests/
    │   └── control
    ├── upstream/
    │   └── metadata
    └── watch

    4 directories, 18 files

其餘的打包工作與 “節 14.8, “Makefile.in + configure（單個二進位制套件）”” 中的近乎一致。

此處是生成的二進位制包的依賴項列表。

生成的二進位制包的依賴項列表（v=2.0）：.

    [debhello-2.0] $ dpkg -f debhello-dbgsym_2.0-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
                depends recommends conflicts breaks
    Depends: debhello (= 2.0-1)
    [debhello-2.0] $ dpkg -f debhello_2.0-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
                depends recommends conflicts breaks
    Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.0-1), libc6 (>= 2.34)
    [debhello-2.0] $ dpkg -f libsharedlib-dev_2.0-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
                depends recommends conflicts breaks
    Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.0-1)
    [debhello-2.0] $ dpkg -f libsharedlib1-dbgsym_2.0-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
                depends recommends conflicts breaks
    Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.0-1)
    [debhello-2.0] $ dpkg -f libsharedlib1_2.0-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
                depends recommends conflicts breaks
    Depends: libc6 (>= 2.2.5)

## 14.12. CMake（多個二進位制套件）

This example demonstrates creating a set of Debian binary packages including the executable package, the shared library package, the development file package, and the debug symbol package from a simple C source program using CMake (CMakeLists.txt and files such as config.h.in) as its build system.

Let’s assume this upstream tarball to be debhello-2.1.tar.xz.

此型別的原始碼旨在作為非系統檔案安裝，例如：

    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -xmf debhello-2.1.tar.xz
    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-2.1
    [debhello-2.1] $ mkdir obj-x86_64-linux-gnu
    [debhello-2.1] $ cd obj-x86_64-linux-gnu
    [debhello-2.1] $ cmake ..
    [debhello-2.1] $ make
    [debhello-2.1] $ make install

讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。

Download debhello-2.1.tar.xz.

    [base_dir] $ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-2.1.tar.xz
     ...
    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -xmf debhello-2.1.tar.xz
    [base_dir] $ tree
    .
    ├── debhello-2.1
    │   ├── CMakeLists.txt
    │   ├── LICENSE
    │   ├── README.md
    │   ├── data
    │   │   ├── hello.desktop
    │   │   └── hello.png
    │   ├── lib
    │   │   ├── CMakeLists.txt
    │   │   ├── sharedlib.c
    │   │   └── sharedlib.h
    │   ├── man
    │   │   ├── CMakeLists.txt
    │   │   └── hello.1
    │   └── src
    │       ├── CMakeLists.txt
    │       ├── config.h.in
    │       └── hello.c
    └── debhello-2.1.tar.xz

    6 directories, 14 files

此處的原始碼如下所示。

src/hello.c（v=2.1）：.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-2.1/src/hello.c
    #include "config.h"
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <sharedlib.h>
    int
    main()
    {
            printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n");
            sharedlib();
            return 0;
    }

src/config.h.in（v=2.1）：.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-2.1/src/config.h.in
    /* name of the package author */
    #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR "@PACKAGE_AUTHOR@"

lib/sharedlib.c 與 lib/sharedlib.h（v=2.1）：.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-2.1/lib/sharedlib.h
    int sharedlib();
    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-2.1/lib/sharedlib.c
    #include <stdio.h>
    int
    sharedlib()
    {
            printf("This is a shared library!\n");
            return 0;
    }

CMakeLists.txt（v=2.1）：.

    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-2.1/CMakeLists.txt
    cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.31)
    project(debhello)
    set(PACKAGE_AUTHOR "Osamu Aoki")
    add_subdirectory(lib)
    add_subdirectory(src)
    add_subdirectory(man)
    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-2.1/man/CMakeLists.txt
    install(
      FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/hello.1
      DESTINATION share/man/man1
    )
    [base_dir] $ cat debhello-2.1/src/CMakeLists.txt
    # Always define HAVE_CONFIG_H
    add_definitions(-DHAVE_CONFIG_H)
    # Generate config.h from config.h.in
    configure_file(
      "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/config.h.in"
      "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/config.h"
      )
    include_directories("${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}")
    include_directories("${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/lib")

    add_executable(hello hello.c)
    target_link_libraries(hello sharedlib)
    install(TARGETS hello
      RUNTIME DESTINATION bin
    )

讓我們使用 debmake 命令打包。

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-2.1
    [debhello-2.1] $ debmake -b',libsharedlib1,libsharedlib-dev' -x1
    I: debmake (version: 5.1.4)
    I: Copyright © 2014-2026 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    I: [debhello-2.1] $ cd ..
    I: Non-native Debian package pkg="debhello", ver="2.1", rev="1" method="dir_d...
    I: already in the package-version form: "debhello-2.1"
    I: [base_dir] $ ln -sf debhello-2.1.tar.xz debhello_2.1.orig.tar.xz
    I: [base_dir] $ cd debhello-2.1
    I: parsing option -b ",libsharedlib1,libsharedlib-dev"
    I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign
    I: binary package=libsharedlib1 Type=lib / Arch=any M-A=same
    I: binary package=libsharedlib-dev Type=dev / Arch=any M-A=same
    I: build_type = Cmake
    I: ext_type = c                       4 files
    I: ext_type = 1                       1 files
    I: ext_type = desktop                 1 files
    I: creating debian/* files with "-x 1" option
    I: [debhello-2.1] $ licensecheck --recursive --copyright --deb-machine  . > d...
    I: creating debian/copyright by licensecheck.
    I: creating debian/control from control.py
    I: creating debian/control by control.py
    I: creating debian/changelog from extra0_changelog
     ...

結果與 “節 14.8, “Makefile.in + configure（單個二進位制套件）”” 中的類似，但是並不完全一致。

讓我們來檢查一下自動產生的模板檔案。

debian/rules（模板檔案，v=2.1）：.

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-2.1
    [debhello-2.1] $ cat debian/rules
    #!/usr/bin/make -f
    # You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
    # See debhelper(7) (un-comment to enable)
    # This is an autogenerated template for debian/rules.
    #
    # Output every command that modifies files on the build system.
    #export DH_VERBOSE = 1
    #
    # Copy some variable definitions from pkg-info.mk and vendor.mk
    # under /usr/share/dpkg/ to here if they are useful.
    #
    # See FEATURE AREAS/ENVIRONMENT in dpkg-buildflags(1)
    # Apply all hardening options
    #export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
    # Package maintainers to append CFLAGS
    #export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND  = -Wall -pedantic
    # Package maintainers to append LDFLAGS
    #export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,-O1
    #
    # With debhelper version 9 or newer, the dh command exports
    # all buildflags.  So there is no need to include the
    # /usr/share/dpkg/buildflags.mk file here if compat is 9 or newer.
    #
    # These are rarely used code. (START)
    #
    # The following include for *.mk magically sets miscellaneous
    # variables while honoring existing values of pertinent
    # environment variables:
    #
    # Architecture-related variables such as DEB_TARGET_MULTIARCH:
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/architecture.mk
    # Vendor-related variables such as DEB_VENDOR:
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/vendor.mk
    # Package-related variables such as DEB_DISTRIBUTION
    #include /usr/share/dpkg/pkg-info.mk
    #
    # You may alternatively set them susing a simple script such as:
    # DEB_VENDOR ?= $(shell dpkg-vendor --query  Vendor)
    #
    # These are rarely used code. (END)
    #

    ### main packaging script based on post dh7 syntax
    %:
            dh $@

    # debmake generated override targets
    #override_dh_auto_configure:
    #       dh_auto_configure -- \
    #             -DCMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE="$(DEB_TARGET_MULTIARCH)"
    #
    # You may need to patch CMakeLists.txt to set the library install path to be:...
    #-install(TARGETS <sharedlibname> LIBRARY DESTINATION lib)
    #+install(TARGETS <sharedlibname> LIBRARY DESTINATION lib/${CMAKE_LIBRARY_ARC...

    # Multiarch package requires library files to be installed to
    # /usr/lib/<triplet>/ .  If the build system does not support
    # $(DEB_HOST_MULTIARCH), you may need to override some targets such as
    # dh_auto_configure or dh_auto_install to use $(DEB_HOST_MULTIARCH) .

作為維護者，我們要把這個 Debian 套件做得更好。

debian/rules（維護者版本，v=2.1）：.

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-2.1
    [debhello-2.1] $ vim debian/rules
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-2.1] $ cat debian/rules
    #!/usr/bin/make -f
    export DH_VERBOSE = 1
    export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
    export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND  = -Wall -pedantic
    export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed
    DEB_HOST_MULTIARCH ?= $(shell dpkg-architecture -qDEB_HOST_MULTIARCH)

    %:
            dh $@

    override_dh_auto_configure:
            dh_auto_configure -- \
                  -DCMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE="$(DEB_HOST_MULTIARCH)"

debian/control（維護者版本，v=2.1）：.

    [debhello-2.1] $ vim debian/control
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-2.1] $ cat debian/control
    Source: debhello
    Section: devel
    Priority: optional
    Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    Build-Depends:
     debhelper-compat (= 13),
     cmake,
    Standards-Version: 4.7.3
    Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
    Rules-Requires-Root: no

    Package: debhello
    Architecture: any
    Multi-Arch: foreign
    Depends:
     libsharedlib1 (= ${binary:Version}),
     ${misc:Depends},
     ${shlibs:Depends},
    Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
     This package contains the compiled binary executable.
     .
     This Debian binary package is an example package.
     (This is an example only)

    Package: libsharedlib1
    Section: libs
    Architecture: any
    Multi-Arch: same
    Pre-Depends:
     ${misc:Pre-Depends},
    Depends:
     ${misc:Depends},
     ${shlibs:Depends},
    Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
     This package contains the shared library.

    Package: libsharedlib-dev
    Section: libdevel
    Architecture: any
    Multi-Arch: same
    Depends:
     libsharedlib1 (= ${binary:Version}),
     ${misc:Depends},
    Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
     This package contains the development files.

debian/*.install（維護者版本，v=2.1）：.

    [debhello-2.1] $ vim debian/copyright
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-2.1] $ cat debian/copyright
    Format: https://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/copyright-format/1.0/
    Upstream-Name: debhello
    Upstream-Contact: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    Source: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc

    Files:     *
    Copyright: 2015-2021 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
    License:   Expat
     Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
     copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
     to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
     the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
     and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
     Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
     .
     The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
     in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
     .
     THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
     OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
     MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
     IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
     CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
     TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
     SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

The upstream CMakeLists.txt file needs to be patched to handle the multiarch path correctly.

debian/patches/*（維護者版本，v=2.1）：.

     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-2.1] $ cat debian/libsharedlib1.symbols
    libsharedlib.so.1 libsharedlib1 #MINVER#
     sharedlib@Base 2.1

因為上游原始碼已經具有正確的自動生成的 Makefile 檔案，所以沒有必要再去建立 debian/install 和 debian/manpages 文件。

在 debian/ 目錄下還有一些其它的模板文件。它們也需要進行更新。

debian/ 目錄下的模板檔案。（v=2.1）：.

    [debhello-2.1] $ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/install debian/links
    [debhello-2.1] $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex
    [debhello-2.1] $ tree -F debian
    debian/
    ├── README.Debian
    ├── changelog
    ├── control
    ├── copyright
    ├── debhello.install
    ├── docs
    ├── examples
    ├── gbp.conf
    ├── libsharedlib-dev.install
    ├── libsharedlib1.install
    ├── libsharedlib1.symbols
    ├── manpages
    ├── patches/
    │   ├── 000-cmake-multiarch.patch
    │   └── series
    ├── rules*
    ├── salsa-ci.yml
    ├── source/
    │   └── format
    ├── tests/
    │   └── control
    ├── upstream/
    │   └── metadata
    └── watch

    5 directories, 20 files

其餘的打包工作與 “節 14.8, “Makefile.in + configure（單個二進位制套件）”” 中的近乎一致。

此處是生成的二進位制包的依賴項列表。

生成的二進位制包的依賴項列表（v=2.1）：.

    [debhello-2.1] $ dpkg -f debhello-dbgsym_2.1-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
                depends recommends conflicts breaks
    Depends: debhello (= 2.1-1)
    [debhello-2.1] $ dpkg -f debhello_2.1-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
                depends recommends conflicts breaks
    Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.1-1), libc6 (>= 2.34)
    [debhello-2.1] $ dpkg -f libsharedlib-dev_2.1-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
                depends recommends conflicts breaks
    Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.1-1)
    [debhello-2.1] $ dpkg -f libsharedlib1-dbgsym_2.1-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
                depends recommends conflicts breaks
    Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.1-1)
    [debhello-2.1] $ dpkg -f libsharedlib1_2.1-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \
                depends recommends conflicts breaks
    Depends: libc6 (>= 2.2.5)

## 14.13. 國際化

Here is an example of updating the simple upstream C source debhello-2.0.tar.xz presented in “節 14.11, “Autotools（多個二進位制套件）”” for internationalization (i18n) and creating the updated upstream C source debhello-2.0.tar.xz.

在實際情況中，此套件應該已被國際化過。所以此範例用作幫助您瞭解國際化的具體實現方法。

| 提示
負責維護國際化的維護者的日常活動就是將通過缺陷追蹤系統（BTS）反饋給您的 po 翻譯檔案新增至 po/ 目錄，然後更新 po/LINGUAS 檔案的語言列表。

讓我們取得原始碼並製作 Debian 套件。

Download debhello-2.0.tar.xz (i18n).

    [base_dir] $ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-2.0.tar.xz
     ...
    [base_dir] $ tar --xz -xmf debhello-2.0.tar.xz
    [base_dir] $ tree
    .
    ├── debhello-2.0
    │   ├── LICENSE
    │   ├── Makefile.am
    │   ├── README.md
    │   ├── configure.ac
    │   ├── data
    │   │   ├── hello.desktop
    │   │   └── hello.png
    │   ├── lib
    │   │   ├── Makefile.am
    │   │   ├── sharedlib.c
    │   │   └── sharedlib.h
    │   ├── man
    │   │   ├── Makefile.am
    │   │   └── hello.1
    │   └── src
    │       ├── Makefile.am
    │       └── hello.c
    └── debhello-2.0.tar.xz

    6 directories, 14 files

使用 gettextize 命令將此原始碼樹國際化，並刪除由 Autotools 自動生成的檔案。

執行 gettextize（國際化版）：.

    [base_dir] $ cd debhello-2.0
     $ gettextize
    Creating po/ subdirectory
    Creating build-aux/ subdirectory
    Copying file ABOUT-NLS
    Copying file build-aux/config.rpath
    Not copying intl/ directory.
    Copying file po/Makefile.in.in
    Copying file po/Makevars.template
    Copying file po/Rules-quot
    Copying file po/boldquot.sed
    Copying file po/en@boldquot.header
    Copying file po/en@quot.header
    Copying file po/insert-header.sin
    Copying file po/quot.sed
    Copying file po/remove-potcdate.sin
    Creating initial po/POTFILES.in
    Creating po/ChangeLog
    Creating directory m4
    Copying file m4/gettext.m4
    Copying file m4/iconv.m4
    Copying file m4/lib-ld.m4
    Copying file m4/lib-link.m4
    Copying file m4/lib-prefix.m4
    Copying file m4/nls.m4
    Copying file m4/po.m4
    Copying file m4/progtest.m4
    Creating m4/ChangeLog
    Updating Makefile.am (backup is in Makefile.am~)
    Updating configure.ac (backup is in configure.ac~)
    Creating ChangeLog

    Please use AM_GNU_GETTEXT([external]) in order to cause autoconfiguration
    to look for an external libintl.

    Please create po/Makevars from the template in po/Makevars.template.
    You can then remove po/Makevars.template.

    Please fill po/POTFILES.in as described in the documentation.

    Please run 'aclocal' to regenerate the aclocal.m4 file.
    You need aclocal from GNU automake 1.9 (or newer) to do this.
    Then run 'autoconf' to regenerate the configure file.

    You will also need config.guess and config.sub, which you can get from the CV...
    of the 'config' project at http://savannah.gnu.org/. The commands to fetch th...
    are
    $ wget 'http://savannah.gnu.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs/*checkout*/config/config/conf...
    $ wget 'http://savannah.gnu.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs/*checkout*/config/config/conf...

    You might also want to copy the convenience header file gettext.h
    from the /usr/share/gettext directory into your package.
    It is a wrapper around <libintl.h> that implements the configure --disable-nl...
    option.

    Press Return to acknowledge the previous 6 paragraphs.
    [debhello-2.0] $ rm -rf m4 build-aux *~

讓我們確認一下 po/ 目錄下生成的檔案。

po 目錄下的檔案（國際化版）：.

    [debhello-2.0] $ ls -l po
    total 60
    -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu   494 Feb 11 09:52 ChangeLog
    -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 17577 Feb 11 09:52 Makefile.in.in
    -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu  3376 Feb 11 09:52 Makevars.template
    -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu    59 Feb 11 09:52 POTFILES.in
    -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu  2203 Feb 11 09:52 Rules-quot
    -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu   217 Feb 11 09:52 boldquot.sed
    -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu  1337 Feb 11 09:52 en@boldquot.header
    -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu  1203 Feb 11 09:52 en@quot.header
    -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu   672 Feb 11 09:52 insert-header.sin
    -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu   153 Feb 11 09:52 quot.sed
    -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu   432 Feb 11 09:52 remove-potcdate.sin

Let’s update the configure.ac by adding “AM_GNU_GETTEXT([external])”, etc..

configure.ac（國際化版）：.

    [debhello-2.0] $ vim configure.ac
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-2.0] $ cat configure.ac
    #                                               -*- Autoconf -*-
    # Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.
    AC_PREREQ([2.69])
    AC_INIT([debhello],[2.2],[foo@example.org])
    AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([src/hello.c])
    AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])
    echo "Standard customization chores"
    AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([build-aux])

    AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([foreign])

    # Set default to --enable-shared --disable-static
    LT_INIT([shared disable-static])

    # find the libltdl sources in the libltdl sub-directory
    LT_CONFIG_LTDL_DIR([libltdl])

    # choose one
    LTDL_INIT([recursive])
    #LTDL_INIT([subproject])
    #LTDL_INIT([nonrecursive])

    # Add #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR ... in config.h with a comment
    AC_DEFINE(PACKAGE_AUTHOR, ["Osamu Aoki"], [Define PACKAGE_AUTHOR])
    # Checks for programs.
    AC_PROG_CC

    # desktop file support required
    AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION([0.19.3])
    AM_GNU_GETTEXT([external])

    # only for the recursive case
    AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile
                     po/Makefile.in
                     lib/Makefile
                     man/Makefile
                     src/Makefile])
    AC_OUTPUT

讓我們從 po/Makevars.template 檔案中創建 po/Makevars 檔案。

po/Makevars（國際化版）：.

     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-2.0] $ diff -u po/Makevars.template po/Makevars
    --- po/Makevars.template        2026-02-11 09:52:55.403617303 +0000
    +++ po/Makevars 2026-02-11 09:52:55.482838579 +0000
    @@ -18,14 +18,14 @@
     # or entity, or to disclaim their copyright.  The empty string stands for
     # the public domain; in this case the translators are expected to disclaim
     # their copyright.
    -COPYRIGHT_HOLDER = Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    +COPYRIGHT_HOLDER = Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>

     # This tells whether or not to prepend "GNU " prefix to the package
     # name that gets inserted into the header of the $(DOMAIN).pot file.
     # Possible values are "yes", "no", or empty.  If it is empty, try to
     # detect it automatically by scanning the files in $(top_srcdir) for
     # "GNU packagename" string.
    -PACKAGE_GNU =
    +PACKAGE_GNU = no

     # This is the email address or URL to which the translators shall report
     # bugs in the untranslated strings:
    [debhello-2.0] $ rm po/Makevars.template

Let’s update C sources for the i18n version by wrapping strings with _(…​).

src/hello.c （國際化版）：.

     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-2.0] $ cat src/hello.c
    #include "config.h"
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <sharedlib.h>
    #include <libintl.h>
    #define _(string) gettext (string)
    int
    main()
    {
            printf(_("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n"));
            sharedlib();
            return 0;
    }

lib/sharedlib.c（國際化版）：.

     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-2.0] $ cat lib/sharedlib.c
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <libintl.h>
    #define _(string) gettext (string)
    int
    sharedlib()
    {
            printf(_("This is a shared library!\n"));
            return 0;
    }

新版本的 gettext（v = 0.19）可以直接處理桌面檔案的國際化版本。

data/hello.desktop.in（國際化版）：.

    [debhello-2.0] $ fgrep -v '[ja]=' data/hello.desktop > data/hello.desktop.in
    [debhello-2.0] $ rm data/hello.desktop
    [debhello-2.0] $ cat data/hello.desktop.in
    [Desktop Entry]
    Name=Hello
    Comment=Greetings
    Type=Application
    Keywords=hello
    Exec=hello
    Terminal=true
    Icon=hello.png
    Categories=Utility;

讓我們列出輸入檔案，以便在 po/POTFILES.in 中提取可翻譯的字串。

po/POTFILES.in（國際化版）：.

     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-2.0] $ cat po/POTFILES.in
    src/hello.c
    lib/sharedlib.c
    data/hello.desktop.in

此處是在 SUBDIRS 環境變數中新增 po 目錄後更新過的根 Makefile.am 檔案。

Makefile.am （國際化版）：.

    [debhello-2.0] $ cat Makefile.am
    # recursively process `Makefile.am` in SUBDIRS
    SUBDIRS = po lib src man

    ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4

    EXTRA_DIST = build-aux/config.rpath m4/ChangeLog

讓我們建立一個翻譯模板檔案 debhello.pot。

po/debhello.pot（國際化版）：.

    [debhello-2.0] $ xgettext -f po/POTFILES.in -d debhello -o po/debhello.pot -k...
    [debhello-2.0] $ cat po/debhello.pot
    # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
    # Copyright (C) YEAR THE PACKAGE'S COPYRIGHT HOLDER
    # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
    # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
    #
    #, fuzzy
    msgid ""
    msgstr ""
    "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
    "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
    "POT-Creation-Date: 2026-02-11 09:52+0000\n"
    "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
    "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
    "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
    "Language: \n"
    "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
    "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n"
    "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

    #: src/hello.c:9
    #, c-format
    msgid "Hello, I am "
    msgstr ""

    #: lib/sharedlib.c:7
    #, c-format
    msgid "This is a shared library!\n"
    msgstr ""

    #: data/hello.desktop.in:2
    msgid "Hello"
    msgstr ""

    #: data/hello.desktop.in:3
    msgid "Greetings"
    msgstr ""

    #: data/hello.desktop.in:5
    msgid "hello"
    msgstr ""

讓我們新增法語的翻譯。

po/LINGUAS 與 po/fr.po（國際化版）：.

    [debhello-2.0] $ echo 'fr' > po/LINGUAS
    [debhello-2.0] $ cp po/debhello.pot po/fr.po
    [debhello-2.0] $ vim po/fr.po
     ... hack, hack, hack, ...
    [debhello-2.0] $ cat po/fr.po
    # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
    # This file is put in the public domain.
    # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
    #
    msgid ""
    msgstr ""
    "Project-Id-Version: debhello 2.2\n"
    "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: foo@example.org\n"
    "POT-Creation-Date: 2015-03-01 20:22+0900\n"
    "PO-Revision-Date: 2015-02-21 23:18+0900\n"
    "Last-Translator: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>\n"
    "Language-Team: French <LL@li.org>\n"
    "Language: ja\n"
    "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
    "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
    "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

    #: src/hello.c:34
    #, c-format
    msgid "Hello, my name is %s!\n"
    msgstr "Bonjour, je m'appelle %s!\n"

    #: lib/sharedlib.c:29
    #, c-format
    msgid "This is a shared library!\n"
    msgstr "Ceci est une bibliothèque partagée!\n"

    #: data/hello.desktop.in:3
    msgid "Hello"
    msgstr ""

    #: data/hello.desktop.in:4
    msgid "Greetings"
    msgstr "Salutations"

    #: data/hello.desktop.in:6
    msgid "hello"
    msgstr ""

    #: data/hello.desktop.in:9
    msgid "hello.png"
    msgstr ""

打包工作與 “節 14.11, “Autotools（多個二進位制套件）”” 中的近乎一致。

You can find more i18n examples by following “節 14.14, “細節””.

## 14.14. 細節

You can obtain detailed information about the examples presented and their variants as follows:

如何取得細節.

    [base_dir] $ apt-get source debmake-doc
    [base_dir] $ cd debmake-doc*
    [debmake-doc-*] $ view examples/README.md

Follow the exact instruction in examples/README.md.

    [debmake-doc-*] $ cd examples
    [examples] $ make

Now, each directory named as examples/debhello-?.?_build-? contains the Debian packaging example.

- 模擬控制檯命令列活動日誌：.log 檔案
- 模擬控制檯命令列活動日誌（縮略版）：.slog 檔案
- 執行 debmake 命令後的原始碼樹快照：debmake 目錄
- snapshot source tree image after proper packaging: the package directory
- 執行 debuild 命令後的原始碼樹快照：test 目錄

Notable examples include:

- POSIX shell script with Makefile and i18n support (v=3.0)
- C source with Makefile.in + configure and i18n support (v=3.2)
- C source with Autotools and i18n support (v=3.3)
- C source with CMake and i18n support (v=3.4)

章 13. Tool usages |  | 章 15. debmake(1) 手冊頁