Skyrius 4. Detali istorija

# Skyrius 4. Detali istorija

## 4.1. Laidos 0.x

Debian was begun in August 1993 by Ian Murdock, then an undergraduate at Purdue University. Debian was sponsored by the GNU Project of The Free Software Foundation, the organization started by Richard Stallman and associated with the General Public License (GPL), for one year -- from November 1994 to November 1995.

Laikotarpyje nuo 1993 m. rugpjūčio iki gruodžio buvo išleistos laidos nuo Debian 0.01 iki Debian 0.90. Ianas Murdockas rašė:

„Debian 0.91 laida buvo išleista 1994 m. sausio mėnesyje. Ji turėjo primityvią paketų sistemą, kuri leido naudotojams manipuliuoti paketais, bet ne daugiau (žinoma, neturėjo paketų priklausomybių ir panašių dalykų). Tuo metu prie Debian'o dirbo keli tuzinai žmonių, tačiau šią laidą į vieną visumą daugiausiai sudėjau aš pats. 0.91 laida buvo paskutinioji, atlikta tokiu būdu.

1994 metai pagrinde buvo išnaudoti Debian'o projekto perorganizavimui taip, kad kiti galėtų efektyviau padėti projektui, bei programos dpkg kūrimui (už tai didžia dalimi buvo atsakingas Ianas Jacksonas). Kiek aš pamenu, 1994 metais mes neišleidome viešų laidų, tačiau tam, kad nukreiptumėme procesą teisinga linkme, išleidome keletą vidinių laidų.

Debian 0.93 5-tos laidos išleidimas įvyko 1995 m. kovo men., ir tai buvo pirma „moderni“ Debian'o laida: dalyvavo daug daugiau kūrėjų (tačiau nepamenu tiksliai, kiek), kiekvienas prižiūrėjo savo paketus, ir dpkg buvo naudojamas visų šių paketų įdiegimui ir tvarkymui, po to, kai bazinė sistema būdavo įdiegta.

Debian 0.93 Release 6 happened in November 1995 and was the last a.out release. There were about sixty developers maintaining packages in 0.93R6. If I remember correctly, dselect first appeared in 0.93R6."

Ianas Murdockas taip pat pažymėjo, kad Debian 0.93R6 „... visuomet buvo mano mėgiamiausia Debian'o laida“, nors jis spėja, kad tai galbūt dėl jo galimybės turėti asmeninę įtaka, kadangi 1996 m. kovo mėn. jis nustojo aktyviai dirbti projekte. Tuo metu buvo ruošiamasi Debian 1.0 laidos išleidimui, kuri iš tikrųjų buvo išleista kaip Debian 1.1 laida, tam kad būtų išvengta nesusipratimų po to, kai CD-ROM gamintojas klaidingai pažymėjo dar neišleistą versiją kaip Debian 1.0. Šis incidentas įvedė „oficialių“ CD-ROM'ų sąvoką, kaip projekto būdą padėti prekiautojams išvengti šios rūšies klaidų.

1995 m. rugpjūtyje (tarp Debian 0.93R5 ir Debian 0.93R6 laidų), Hartmut Koptein pradėjo pirmąjį Debiana'o pritaikymą (port) Motorola m68k šeimai. Jis pranešė, kad „Daug, daug paketų buvo i386-orientuotų (little endian, -m486, -O6 ir viskas libc4 bibliotekai), ir tai buvo sunkus laikas ruošiant paradinę paketų bazę mano kompiuteryje (Atari Medusa 68040, 32 MHz). Po trijų mėnesių (1995 m. lapkrityje) aš įkėliau į archyvą 200 paketų iš 250 galimų, ir visi jie libc5 bibliotekai!“. Veliau jis, kartu su Vincent Renardias ir Martin Schulze pradėjo kitą pritaikymą, skirtą PowerPC šeimai.

Since this time, the Debian Project has grown to include several ports to other architectures, a port to a new (non-Linux) kernel, the GNU Hurd microkernel, and at least one flavor of BSD kernel.

To laikotarpio projekto narys Bill Mitchell, atsimena apie Linux branduolį

„... mes pradėjome dirbti tarp 0.99r8 ir 0.99r15 laidų. Ilgą laiką aš galėjau sukompiliuoti branduolį greičiau nei per 30 minučių ant 20 MHz 386 procesoriaus mašinos, ir taip pat galėjau įdiegti Debian'ą per tokį patį laiko tarpą į 10Mb disko vietos.

„... Aš prisimenu pradinę kūrėjų grupę, įskaitant Ianą Murdocką, mane patį, kitą Ianą, kurio pavardės neatmenu, Daną Quinlaną, ir dar keletą kitų žmonių, kurių vardų neatsimenu. Mattas Welshas buvo arba pradinės grupės narys, arba prisijungė prie jos gana anksti (jis palikęs projektą nuo to laiko). Kažkas suderino pašto konferenciją (mailing list) ir mes pradėjome veikti.

Kiek aš pamenu, mes nepradėjome nuo kažkokio plano, ir nepradėjome labai organizuotai sudarinėti bendro plano. Pačioje pradžioje, kiek pamenu, mes pradėjome rinkti gana atsitiktinį išeities tekstų paketų rinkinį. Po kurio laiko, mes sutelkėme dėmesį į dalykus, kurie kartu turėtų įeiti į distributyvo pagrindą: branduolį, apvalkalą (shell), update, getty, įvairias kitas programas ir failus, reikiamus sistemos paleidimui, ir į svarbiausių pagalbinių programų (utilities) rinkinį.“

## 4.2. Ankstyvoji Debian'o paketų sistema

Ankstyvojoje projekto stadijoje jo nariai nusprendė platinti tik išeities tekstų paketus. Kiekvienas paketas turėtų būti sudarytas iš pagrindinių autorių (upstream) išeities teksto ir debianizuoto patch failo, o naudotojas turėtų išarchyvuoti išeities tekstus, pritaikyti patch failus ir pats susikompiliuoti binarinius failus. Tačiau greitai jie suprato, kad tam tikra binarinių failų platinimo schema turėtų būti reikalinga. Ankstyviausias paketų įrankis, parašytas Iano Murdocko, ir pavadintas dpkg, sukūręs Debian'ui specifinį binarinių paketų formatą, ir šis įrankis galėjo būti naudojamas paketų išpakavimui ir jo failų įdiegimui.

Netrukus Ianas Jacksonas perėmė paketų įrankio kūrimą, pervadino jį dpkg-deb vardu, o jo naudojimo palengvinimui parašė front-end programą pavadindamas ją dpkg. Šis įrankis suteikė tokias šiandieninio Debian'o sistemos savybes, kaip priklausomybės (Dependencies) ir konfliktai (Conflicts). Šių įrankių sukurti paketai turėjo antraštę (header), kurioje buvo nurodyta paketą sukūrusio įrankio versija bei poslinkis iki tar programa sukurto archyvo, atskirto nuo antraštės tam tikra valdymo informacija.

Tuo metu tarp projekto narių užsimezgė diskusija -- kai kurie manė, kad specialaus Debian'o formato, sukurto su dpkg-deb, turėtų būti atsisakyta, ir reikėtų naudoti formatą sukuriamą programos ar pagalba. Po keleto peržiūrėtų failų formatų ir peržiūrėtų atitinkamų paketų tvarkymo įrankių, buvo pasirinktas ar formatas. Šio pakeitimo esminė vertybė ta, kad Debian'o paketą galima išpakuoti bet kurioje Unix tipo sistemoje, nenaudojant nepatikimų programų. Kitais žodžiais tariant, tik standartiniai įrankiai, egzistuojantys bet kurioje Unix sistemoje, tokie kaip 'ar' ir 'tar', yra reikalingi Debian'o paketo išpakavimui ir jo turinio analizei.

## 4.3. Laidos 1.x

Kuomet Ianas Murdockas paliko Debian'ą, jis paskyrė Bruce Perens sekančiu projekto vadovu. Pirmiausia Bruce susidomėjo Debian'u, kuomet jis bandė sukurti Linux distributyvo CD, vadinamą "Linux for Hams", kuris turėtų visą Linux programinę įranga naudingą radijo mėgėjų sporto operatoriams. Supratęs, kad šiam sumanymui įgyvendinti teks įdėti daug darbo tobulinant Debian'o bazinę sistemos dalį, Bruce atidėjo savo sumanymą ir aktyviai ėmėsi dirbti prie bazinės sistemos dalies ir atitinkamų įdiegimo įrankių, įskaitant ir pirmąjį Debian'o įdiegimo scenarijų (scripts) rinkinį (kartu su Ianu Murdocku), galų gale tapusiu tuo, ką mes šiandien vadiname Debian'o atstatymo diskeliu (Debian Rescue Floppy), kuris keletui Debian'o laidų buvo esminiu įdiegimo įrankių rinkinio komponentu.

Ianas Murdockas pareiškė:

„Bruce pasirinkimas mano įpėdiniu buvo natūralus, kadangi jis beveik metus laiko prižiūrėjo sistemos bazinę dalį, ir užpildydavo visas spragas tuo metu, kai aš galėjau skirti Debian'ui vis mažiau laiko.“

He initiated several important facets of the project, including coordinating the effort to produce the Debian Free Software Guidelines and the Debian Social Contract, and initiating an Open Hardware Project. During his time as Project Leader, Debian gained market share and a reputation as a platform for serious, technically-capable Linux users.

Bruce Perens also spearheaded the effort to create Software in the Public Interest, Inc.. Originally intended to provide the Debian Project with a legal entity capable of accepting donations, its aims quickly expanded to include supporting free software projects outside the Debian Project.

Šiuo laikotarpiu buvo išleistos tokios Debian'o versijos:

- 1.1 Buzz išleista 1996 m. birželyje (474 paketai, 2.0 branduolys, pilnai ELF, dpkg)

- 1.2 Rex išleista 1996 m. gruodyje (848 paketai, 120 kūrėjų)

- 1.3 Bo išleista 1997 m. liepos mėnesyje (974 paketai, 200 kūrėjų)

Po 1.3 laidos buvo išleistos kelios tarpinės laidos, iš kurių paskutinioji buvo 1.3.1R6.

1998 m. sausyje Debian'o lyderio poste Bruce Perens pakeitė Ianas Jacksonas, kuris vadovavo projektui 2.0 laidos ruošimo laikotarpiu.

## 4.4. Laidos 2.x

Ianas Jacksonas tapo Debian'o projekto vadovu 1998 m. pradžioje, ir greitai po to buvo įtrauktas į organizacijos Software in the Public Interest komitetą, viceprezidento pareigose. Atleidus iždininką (Tim Sailer), prezidentą (Bruce Perens) ir sekretorių (Ian Murdock), jis tapo komiteto prezidentu, ir kartu buvo pasirinkti trys nauji nariai: Martin Schulze (viceprezidentas), Dale Scheetz (sekretorius) ir Nils Lohner (iždininkas).

Debian 2.0 (Hamm) laida išleista 1998 m. liepos mėnesyje. Intel i386 ir Motorola 68000 serijos architektūroms. Ši laida pažymėta perėjimu prie naujos C bibliotekų sistemos versijos (glibc2 arba istoriniais sumetimais - libc6). Laidos išleidimo metu projekte buvo virš 1500 paketų, prižiūrimų daugiau nei 400 Debian'o kūrėjų.

Wichert Akkerman succeeded Ian Jackson as Debian Project Leader in January of 1999. Debian 2.1 was released on 09 March, 1999, after being delayed by a week when a few last-minute issues arose.

Debian 2.1 (Slink) featured official support for two new architectures: Alpha and Sparc. The X-Windows packages included with Debian 2.1 were greatly reorganized from previous releases, and 2.1 included apt, the next-generation Debian package manager interface. Also, this release of Debian was the first to require 2 CD-ROMs for the "Official Debian CD set"; the distribution included about 2250 packages.

On 21 April 1999, Corel Corporation and the K Desktop Project effectively formed an alliance with Debian when Corel announced its intentions to release a Linux distribution based on Debian and the desktop environment produced by the KDE group. During the following spring and summer months, another Debian-based distribution, Storm Linux, appeared, and the Debian Project chose a new logo, featuring both an Official version for use on Debian-sanctioned materials such as CD-ROMs and official Project web sites, and an Unofficial logo for use on material mentioning or derived from Debian.

A new, unique, Debian port also began at this time, for the Hurd port. This is the first port to use a non-Linux kernel, instead using the GNU Hurd, a version of the GNU Mach microkernel.

Debian developers joined formally for the first time in an annual meeting called DebConf. The first meeting, called Debconf0, took place in Bordeaux, France from the 5th to the 9th of July 2000. The conference aim was to join developers and advanced users in a single place to talk about Debian and work together developing parts of the distribution.

Debian 2.2 (Potato) laida išleista 2000 m. rugpjūčio mėn. 15 d. Intel i386, Motorola 68000 serijos, alpha, SUN Sparc, PowerPC ir ARM architektūroms. Tai buvo pirmoji laida turinti PowerPC ir ARM pritaikymus. Išleidimo metu buvo virš 3900 binarinių paketų ir virš 2600 išeities tekstų paketų, prižiūrimų daugiau nei 450-ties Debian'o kūrėjų.

An interesting fact about Debian 2.2 is that it showed how a free software effort could lead to a modern operating system despite all the issues around it. This was studied thoroughly by a group of interested people in an article called Counting potatoes: The size of Debian 2.2, by Jesús González Barahona, quoting from this article:

„[...] mes naudojam A. Wheeler'io sloccount sistemą Debian'o 2.2 (aka potato) išeities teksto fiziniam eilučių (source lines of code (SLOC)) skaičiui nustatyti. Mes rodome, kad Debian'as 2.2 apima virš 55,000,000 fizinių SLOC (beveik dvigubai daugiau, nei Red Hat 7.1, išleistas apie 8-nis mėnesius vėliau), tuo parodydami, kad Debian'o kūrimo modelis (paremtas didelės grupės savanorišku kūrėjų, pasklidusių po visą pasaulį, darbu) yra ne mažiau veiksnus, nei kiti kūrimo modeliai [...] Tai taip pat rodo, kad jei Debian'as naudotų tradicinius nuosavybinius metodus, COCOMO modelio apskaičiavimais, Debian'o 2.2 kūrimas kainuotų netoli 1.9 milijardų JAV dolerių. Šalia to, mes siūlome distributyve naudojamų programavimo kalbų (C kiekis sudaro apie 70%, C++ apie 10%, LISP ir Shell apie 5%, ir toliau seka daug kitų) ir didžiausių paketų (Mozilla, Linux branduolys, PM3, XFree86, ir t.t.) analizę.“

## 4.5. Laidos 3.x

Before woody could even begin to be prepared for release, a change to the archive system on ftp-master had to be made. Package pools, which enabled special purpose distributions, such as the new "Testing" distribution used for the first time to get woody ready for release, were activated on ftp-master in mid December 2000. A package pool is just a collection of different versions of a given package, from which multiple distributions (currently experimental, unstable, testing, and stable) can draw packages, which are then included in that distribution's Packages file.

Tuo paču metu buvo įvestas naujas testing distributyvas. Pagrindinai paketai iš unstable, kurie laikomi jau stabiliais, perkeliami į testing šaką (po kelių savaičių periodo). Šio įvedimo tikslas buvo sumažinti sustabdymo (freeze) laiką ir suteikti projektui galimybę ruošti naują laidą bet kuriuo metu.

Tuo metu kai kurios kompanijos, platinančios modifikuotą Debian'o versiją, užsidarė. Corel pardavė savo Linux skyrių 2001 m. pirmame ketvirtyje, Stormix paskelbė apie bankrotą 2001 m. sausio 17 d., o Progeny liovėsi kurti savo distributyvą 2001 m. spalio mėn. 1d.

The freeze for the next release started on July 1st 2001. However, it took the project a little more than a year to get to the next release, due to problems in boot-floppies, because of the introduction of cryptographic software in the main archive and due to the changes in the underlying architecture (the incoming archive and the security architecture). In that time, however, the stable release (Debian 2.2) was revised up to seven times, and two Project Leaders were elected: Ben Collins (in 2001) and Bdale Garbee. Also, work in many areas of Debian besides packaging kept growing, including internationalization, Debian's web site (over a thousand web pages) was translated into over 20 different languages, and installation for the next release was ready in 23 languages. Two internal projects: Debian Junior (for children) and Debian Med (for medical practice and research) started during the woody release time frame providing the project with different focuses to make Debian suitable for those tasks.

The work around Debian didn't stop the developers from joining the annual DebConf meeting. The second meeting Debconf1 was held from the 2nd to the 5th of July together with the Libre Software Meeting (LSM) at Bordeaux (France) gathered around forty Debian developers. The third conference, Debconf2 took place in Toronto (Canada) July 5th 2002 with over eighty participants.

Debian 3.0 (woody) laida išleista 2002 m. liepos mėn. 19 d. Intel i386, Motorola 68000 serjos, alpha, SUN Sparc, PowerPC, ARM, HP PA-RISC, IA-64, MIPS, MIPS (DEC) ir IBM s/390 architektūroms. Tai pirmoji laida turinti HP PA-RISC, IA-64, MIPS, MIPS (DEC) ir IBM s/390 pritaikymus. Išleidimo metu buvo apie 8500 binarinių paketų, prižiūrimų daugiau virš devynių šimtų Debian'o kūrėjų. Ji tapo pirmąja laida platinama ne tik CD-ROM laikmenose, bet ir DVD informacijos nešėjais.

Before the next release the DebConf annual meeting continued with the fourth conference, DebConf3 taking place in Oslo from July 18th to July 20th 2003 with over one hundred and twenty participants, with a DebCamp preceding it, from July 12th to July 17th. The fifth conference, DebConf4, took place from May 26th to June 2nd 2004 in Porto Alegre, Brazil with over one hundred and sixty participants from twenty six different countries.

Debian 3.1 (sarge) was released June 6th, 2005 for the same architectures as woody, although an unofficial AMD64 port was released at the same time using the project hosting infrastructure provided for the distribution and available at Alioth (formerly at https://alioth.debian.org). There were around 15,000 binary packages maintained by more than nine hundred Debian developers.

Šioje sarge laidoje buvo daug svarbių pakeitimų, ir tai buvo pagrindinė priežastis, kodėl taip ilgai truko distributyvo „užšaldymas“ ir išleidimas. Šioje laidoje buvo atnaujinta ne tik virš 73% programinės įrangos, tiektos ankstesnėje versijoje, bet ji taip pat talpino daug daugiau programinės įrangos, nei ankstesnės laidos. Tai beveik padvigubino jos dydį 9.000 naujų paketų, įskaitant OpenOffice rinkinį, interneto naršyklę Firefox ir e-pašto klientą Thunderbird.

This release shipped with the 2.4 and 2.6 Linux kernel series, XFree86 4.3, GNOME 2.8 and KDE 3.3 and with a brand new installer. This new installer replaced the aging boot-floppies installer with a modular design with provided for more advanced installations (with RAID, XFS and LVM support) including hardware detection and making installations easier for novice users of all the architectures. It also switched to aptitude as the selected tool for package management. But the installation system also boasted full internationalization support as the software was translated into almost forty languages. The supporting documentation: installation manual and release notes, were made available with the release in ten and fifteen different languages respectively.

Ši laida laida apjungė Debian-Edu/Skolelinux, Debian-Med ir Debian-Accessibility subprojektų pastangas, kurios išplėtė mokomųjų programų skaičių, medicininės paskirties programų ir taip pat paketų, sukurtų specialiai žmonėms su negalia, skaičių.

The sixth DebConf, Debconf5 was held in Espoo, Finland, from July 10th to July 17th, 2005 with over three hundred participants. Videos from this conference are available online.

The seventh DebConf, Debconf6 was held in Oaxtepec, Mexico, from May 14th to May 22nd, 2006 with around two hundred participants. Videos and pictures from this conference are available online.

## 4.6. Laidos 4.x

Debian 4.0 (etch) was released April 8th, 2007 for the same number of architectures as in sarge. This included the AMD64 port but dropped support for m68k. The m68k port was, however, still available in the unstable distribution. There were around 18,200 binary packages maintained by more than one thousand and thirty Debian developers.

## 4.7. Laidos 5.x

Debian 5.0 (lenny) was released February 14th, 2009 for one more architecture than its predecessor, etch. This included the port for newer ARM processors. As with the previous release, support for the m68k architecture was still available in unstable. There were around 23,000 binary packages (built from over 12,000 source packages) maintained by more than one thousand and ten Debian developers.

With the release of Debian lenny, the naming scheme for point releases was changed: point releases will use a true micro version number, so the first point release of Debian lenny will be 5.0.1. In the past point releases were named by an r plus the number appended to major and minor number, e.g. 4.0r1.

The eighth DebConf, Debconf7, was held in Edinburgh, Scotland, from June 17th to 23th, 2007 with over four hundred participants. Videos and pictures from this conference are available online.

The ninth DebConf, Debconf8, was held in Mar de Plata, Argentina, from August 10th to 16th, 2008 with over two hundred participants. Videos and pictures from this conference are available online.

The tenth DebConf, Debconf9, was held in Cáceres, Spain, from July 23th to 30th, 2009 with over two hundred participants. Videos and pictures from this conference are available online.

The eleventh DebConf, Debconf10, was held in New York City, United States of America, from August 1st to 7th, 2010 with DebCamp preceding it from July 25th to 31st. Over 200 people including Debian developers, maintainers, users gathered at the Columbia Campus to participate in the conference. Videos and pictures from this conference are available online.

## 4.8. The 6.x Releases

Debian 6.0 (squeeze) was released February 6th, 2011.

After the project decided, the 29th of July 2009, to adopt time-based freezes so that new releases would be published the first half of every even year. Squeeze was a one-time exception to the two-year policy in order to get into the new time schedule.

This policy was adopted in order to provide better predictability of releases for users of the Debian distribution, and also allow Debian developers to do better long-term planning. A two-year release cycle provided more time for disruptive changes, reducing inconveniences caused for users. Having predictable freezes was expected also to reduce overall freeze time.

However, even though the freeze was expected in December 2009, the announcement that squeeze had frozen came in August 2010, coinciding with the celebration of the 10th annual DebConf meeting in New York.

New features include:

- Linux Kernel 2.6.32, now completely free and without problematic firmware files.

- libc: eglibc 2.11

- GNOME 2.30.0 with some pieces of 2.32

- KDE 4.4.5

- X.org 7.5

- Xfce 4.6

- OpenOffice.org 3.2.1

- Apache 2.2.16

- PHP 5.3.3

- MySQL 5.1.49

- PostgreSQL 8.4.6

- Samba 3.5.6

- GCC 4.4

- Perl 5.10

- Python 2.6 and 3.1

- 10,000 new packages, for more than 29,000 binary packages built from nearly 15,000 source packages.

- DKMS, a framework to generate Linux kernel modules whose sources do not reside in the Linux kernel source tree.

- Dependency-based ordering of init scripts using insserv, allowing parallel execution to shorten the time needed to boot the system.

- Two new ports, kfreebsd-i386 and kfreebsd-amd64.

Many packages started using a new source package format based on quilt. This new format, called "3.0 (quilt)" for non-native packages, separates Debian patches from the distributed source code. A new format, "3.0 (native)", was also introduced for native packages. New features in these formats include support for multiple upstream tarballs, support for bzip2 and lzma compressed tarballs and the inclusion of binary files.

The twelfth DebConf, Debconf11, was held in Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, from 24 to 30 July 2011, with DebCamp preceding it from 17 to 23 July.

The thirteenth DebConf, Debconf12, was held in Managua, Nicaragua, from 8 to 14 July 2012, with DebCamp preceding it from 1 to 6 July, and a Debian Day on 7 July.

## 4.9. The 7.x Releases

Debian 7.0 (wheezy) was released May 4th, 2013. This new version of Debian included various interesting features such as multiarch support, several specific tools to deploy private clouds, an improved installer, and a complete set of multimedia codecs and front-ends which removed the need for third-party repositories.

After the release of Debian wheezy, the naming scheme for point releases was changed once again: point releases will be named by the minor version number, e.g. 7.1. In the past point releases were named by the micro number appended to major and minor number, e.g. 6.0.1.

During the Debian Conference DebConf11, in July 2011, the "multiarch support" was introduced. This feature was a release goal for this release. Multiarch is a radical rethinking of the filesystem hierarchy with respect to library and header paths, to make programs and libraries of different hardware architectures easily installable in parallel on the very same system. This allows users to install packages from multiple architectures on the same machine. This is useful in various ways, but the most common is installing both 64 and 32-bit software on the same machine and having dependencies correctly resolved automatically. This feature is described extensively in the Multiarch manual.

The installation process was greatly improved. The system could be installed using software speech, above all by visually impaired people who do not use a Braille device. Thanks to the combined efforts of a huge number of translators, the installation system was available in 73 languages, and more than a dozen of them were available for speech synthesis too. In addition, for the first time, Debian supported installation and booting using UEFI for new 64-bit PCs, although there was no support for Secure Boot yet.

Other new features and updated software packages included:

- Linux Kernel 3.2

- kFreeBSD kernel 8.3 and 9.0

- libc: eglibc 2.13

- the GNOME 3.4 desktop environment

- KDE Plasma Workspaces and KDE Applications 4.8.4

- the Xfce 4.8 desktop environment

- X.org 7.7

- LibreOffice 3.5.4 (replacing OpenOffice)

- Xen Hypervisor 4.1.4

- Apache 2.2.22

- Tomcat 6.0.35 and 7.0.28

- PHP 5.4

- MySQL 5.5.30

- PostgreSQL 9.1

- Samba 3.6.6

- GCC 4.7 on PCs (4.6 elsewhere)

- Perl 5.14

- Python 2.7

- 12,800 new packages, for more than 37,400 binary packages built from nearly 17,500 source packages.

For more information on the new features introduced in this release, see the What's new in Debian 7.0 chapter of Wheezy Release Notes.

The fourteenth DebConf Debconf13, was held in Vaumarcus, Switzerland, from 11 to 18 August 2013, with DebCamp preceding it from 6 to 10 August, and a Debian Day on 11 August.

The fifteenth DebConf Debconf14, was held in Portland, United States of America, from 23 to 31 August 2014. With 301 attendees it was the largest Debconf in the Western hemisphere to date.

## 4.10. The 8.x Releases

Debian 8.0 (Jessie) was released April 25th, 2015.

A major change in this release was the replacement of the init system: systemd replaced sysvinit. This new init system featured many improvements and faster boot times. Its inclusion, however, sparked a lot of debate in the different mailing lists and even led to a General Resolution titled init system coupling. which was voted by close to half of the developers[2].

Other new features and updated software packages included:

- Apache 2.4.10

- Asterisk 11.13.1

- GIMP 2.8.14

- an updated version of the GNOME desktop environment 3.14

- GNU Compiler Collection 4.9.2

- Icedove 31.6.0 (an unbranded version of Mozilla Thunderbird)

- Iceweasel 31.6.0esr (an unbranded version of Mozilla Firefox)

- KDE Plasma Workspaces and KDE Applications 4.11.13

- LibreOffice 4.3.3

- Linux 3.16.7-ctk9

- MariaDB 10.0.16 and MySQL 5.5.42

- Nagios 3.5.1

- OpenJDK 7u75

- Perl 5.20.2

- PHP 5.6.7

- PostgreSQL 9.4.1

- Python 2.7.9 and 3.4.2

- Samba 4.1.17

- Tomcat 7.0.56 and 8.0.14

- Xen Hypervisor 4.4.1

- the Xfce 4.10 desktop environment

- more than 43,000 other ready-to-use software packages, built from nearly 20,100 source packages.

For more information on the new features introduced in this release, see the What's new in Debian 8.0 chapter of Jessie Release Notes.

The sixteenth DebConf Debconf15, with DebCamp and the Open Weekend, took place in Heidelberg, Germany, from 9 to 22 August 2015.

The seventeenth DebConf Debconf16 was held in Cape Town, South Africa, from 23 June to 9 July 2016 (preceded by DebCamp and DebianDay). It was the first DebConf in Africa.

## 4.11. The 9.x Releases

Debian 9.0 (Stretch) was released June 17th, 2017.

New features and updated software packages included:

- Apache 2.4.23

- Bind 9.10

- Calligra 2.9

- Emacs 25.1

- Firefox 50.0

- GNOME desktop environment 3.22

- GNU Compiler Collection 6.3

- GnuPG 2.1

- KDE Plasma Workspaces and KDE Applications 5.8

- LibreOffice 5.2.7

- Linux 4.9

- MariaDB 10.1

- OpenJDK 8

- OpenSSH 7.4p1

- Perl 5.24

- PHP 7.0

- Postfix 3.1

- PostgreSQL 9.6

- Python 3.5

- Samba 4.5.8

- Xen Hypervisor 4.8.1

- the Xfce 4.12 desktop environment

- more than 51,000 other ready-to-use software packages, built from nearly 25,000 source packages.

For more information on the new features introduced in this release, see the What's new in Debian 9.0 chapter of Stretch Release Notes.

The eighteenth DebConf Debconf17 took place in Montreal, Canada, from 31 July to 12 August 2017, preceded by its DebCamp and the DebianDay.

The nineteenth DebConf Debconf18 - the first DebConf in Asia - was held in Hsinchu, Taiwan, from 21 July to 5 August 2018, traditionally preceded by the DebCamp and an Open Day for the public.

## 4.12. The 10.x Releases

Debian 10.0 (Buster) was released July 6th, 2019.

New features and updated software packages included:

- Apache 2.4.38

- Bind 9.11

- Calligra 3.1

- Emacs 26.1

- Firefox 60.7

- GNOME desktop environment 3.30

- GNU Compiler Collection 8.3

- GnuPG 2.2

- KDE Plasma Workspaces and KDE Applications 5.14

- LibreOffice 6.1

- Linux 4.19

- MariaDB 10.3

- OpenJDK 11

- OpenSSH 7.9p1

- Perl 5.28

- PHP 7.3

- Postfix 3.3.2

- PostgreSQL 11

- Python 3.7.3

- Rustc 1.34

- Samba 4.9

- the Xfce 4.12 desktop environment

- more than 57,700 other ready-to-use software packages, built from nearly 25,000 source packages.

For more information on the new features introduced in this release, see the What's new in Debian 10.0 chapter of Buster Release Notes.

Right after the release of Buster, the twentieth DebConf Debconf19 took place in Curitiba, Brazil, from 14 to 28 July 2019, together with DebCamp and an Open Day.

The twenty-first DebConf Debconf20 was held online - due to COVID-19 - from August 23rd to 29th, 2020.

## 4.13. The 11.x Releases

Debian 11.0 (Bullseye) was released August 14th, 2021.

New features and updated software packages included:

- Apache 2.4.48

- Bind 9.16

- Calligra 3.2

- Emacs 27.1

- Firefox 78

- GNOME desktop environment 3.38

- GNU Compiler Collection 10.2

- GnuPG 2.2.27

- KDE Plasma Workspaces and KDE Applications 5.20

- LibreOffice 7.0

- Linux 5.10

- MariaDB 10.5

- OpenJDK 11

- OpenSSH 8.4p1

- Perl 5.32

- PHP 7.4

- Postfix 3.5

- PostgreSQL 13

- Python 3.9.1

- Rustc 1.48

- Samba 4.13

- the Xfce 4.16 desktop environment

- more than 59,500 other ready-to-use software packages, built from more than 25,000 source packages.

For more information on the new features introduced in this release, see the What's new in Debian 11.0 chapter of Bullseye Release Notes.

Right after the release of Bullseye, the twenty-second DebConf Debconf21 was held online - due to COVID-19 - from August 24 to August 28, 2021. It was preceded by an (online) DebCamp from August 15 to August 23, 2021.

DebConf22, the 23rd annual Debian Conference, took place in Prizren, Kosovo from July 17th to 24th, 2022. We've hosted 260 attendees from 38 different countries participating in 91 event talks, discussion sessions, Birds of a Feather (BoF) gatherings, workshops, and other activities.

DebConf23, took place in Kochi, India from September 10th to 17th, 2023. Over 474 attendees representing 35 countries from around the world came together for a combined 89 events made up of Talks, Discussions, Birds of a Feather (BoF) gatherings, workshops, and other activities.

[2] In the Debian Project Leader Elections of the previous four years the number of voters had been usually around 40% of the existing Debian Developers

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