
                      Trumpa Debian'o istorija


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                     version: 14.1 (2026-08-12)

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Autorinės teisės © 2023 Debian Publicity Team <
debian-publicity@lists.debian.org>

                        Debian Publicity Team

                 <debian-publicity@lists.debian.org>

    Šis dokumentas gali būti laisvai platinamas ar modifikuojamas, su
    sąlyga, kad jūsų pakeitimai aiškiai nurodyti.

    Šis dokumentas gali būti platinamas už mokestį ar nemokamai ir
    gali būti modifikuojamas (įskaitant pernešimą iš vieno tipo
    informacijos nešėjo ar failo formato į kitą, arba verčiant iš
    vienos kalbos į kitą) aiškiai nurodant visus pakeitimus originalo
    atžvilgiu.

    Kuriant šį dokumentą, didelį indėlį įnešė:

      * Javier Fernández-Sanguino <jfs@debian.org>

      * Bdale Garbee <bdale@debian.org>

      * Hartmut Koptein <koptein@debian.org>

      * Nils Lohner <lohner@debian.org>

      * Will Lowe <lowe@debian.org>

      * Bill Mitchell <Bill.Mitchell@pobox.com>

      * Ianas Murdock

      * Martin Schulze <joey@debian.org>

      * Craig Small <csmall@debian.org>

Santrauka

Šis dokumentas aprašo Debian'o projekto istoriją ir tikslus.

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Turinys

1. Įvadas -- Kas yra Debian'o projektas?
    1.1. Pradžia
    1.2. Debian'o tarimas
2. Vadovavimas
3. Debian'o laidos
4. Detali istorija
    4.1. Laidos 0.x
    4.2. Ankstyvoji Debian'o paketų sistema
    4.3. Laidos 1.x
    4.4. Laidos 2.x
    4.5. Laidos 3.x
    4.6. Laidos 4.x
    4.7. Laidos 5.x
    4.8. The 6.x Releases
    4.9. The 7.x Releases
    4.10. The 8.x Releases
    4.11. The 9.x Releases
    4.12. The 10.x Releases
    4.13. The 11.x Releases
5. Some Important Events
    5.1. 2000 m. spalis: paketų klanų (Package Pools) įgyvendinimas
    5.2. 2002 m. lapkritis: sudegė Debian'o serveris
    5.3. November 2003: Several Debian servers hacked
6. Remembering People We Have Lost
    6.1. 2000 m. liepa: mirė Joel Klecker
    6.2. 2001 m. kovas: mirė Christopher Rutter
    6.3. 2001 m. kovas: mirė Fabrizio Polacco
    6.4. 2002 m. liepa: mirė Martin Butterweck
    6.5. 2004 m. gegužis: mirė Manuel Estrada Sainz ir Andrés García
    Solier
    6.6. 2005 m. liepa: mirė Jens Schmalzing
    6.7. 2008 m. gruodis: mirė Thiemo Seufer
    6.8. July 2009: Steve Greenland died
    6.9. August 2010: Frans Pop died
    6.10. April 2011: Adrian von Bidder died
    6.11. May 2013: Ray Dassen died
    6.12. June 2013: Paul Cupis died
    6.13. 2014 m. liepa: mirė Peter Miller
    6.14. February 2015: Clytie Siddall died
    6.15. 2015 m. gruodis: mirė Ian Murdock
    6.16. September 2016: Kristoffer H. Rose died
    6.17. September 2018: Innocent de Marchi died
    6.18. March 2019: Lucy Wayland died
    6.19. June 2020: Robert Lemmen died
    6.20. June 2020: Karl Ramm died
    6.21. January 2021: Adam Conrad died
    6.22. April 2021: Rogério Theodoro de Brito died
    6.23. September 2023: Abraham Raji died
    6.24. December 2023: Gunnar Hjalmarsson died
    6.25. July 2024: Peter De Schrijver died
    6.26. November 2024: Jérémy Bobbio died
    6.27. January 2025: Steve Langasek died
7. Kas toliau?
A. Debian'o manifestas
    A.1. Kas tai - Debian Linux?
    A.2. Kodėl Debian'as buvo sukurtas?
    A.3. Kaip Debian'as stengsis įveikti šias problemas?

Skyrius 1. Įvadas -- Kas yra Debian'o projektas?

    The Debian Project is a worldwide group of volunteers who
    endeavor to produce an operating system distribution that is
    composed entirely of free software. The principle product of the
    project to date is the Debian GNU/Linux software distribution,
    which includes the Linux operating system kernel, and thousands
    of prepackaged applications. Various processor types are
    supported to one extent or another, including 32 and 64 bit x86,
    ARM, MIPS, PowerPC and IBM S/390.

    Debian motivated the formation of Software in the Public
    Interest, Inc., a New York-based non-profit organization. SPI was
    founded to help Debian and other similar organizations develop
    and distribute open hardware and software. Among other things,
    SPI provides a mechanism by which The Debian Project may accept
    contributions that are tax deductible in the United States.

    For more information about free software, see the Debian Social
    Contract and associated Debian Free Software Guidelines, or the
    Debian What Does Free Mean? page.

1.1. Pradžia

    The Debian Project was officially founded by Ian Murdock on
    August 16th, 1993. (There is also a scanned printout of that
    announcement.) At that time, the whole concept of a
    "distribution" of Linux was new. Ian intended Debian to be a
    distribution which would be made openly, in the spirit of Linux
    and GNU (read his manifesto provided as an appendix to this
    document for more details). The creation of Debian was sponsored
    by the FSF's GNU project for one year (November 1994 to November
    1995).

    Debian'ą buvo numatoma kruopščiai ir sąžiningai surinkti į vieną
    visumą, ir nemažiau atidžiai prižiūrėti bei palaikyti. Jis
    pradėtas mažos, glaudžiai susimezgusios laisvos programinės
    įrangos programišių (hackers) grupės, ir palaipsniui išaugo ir
    tapo didele, gerai organizuota kūrėjų ir naudotojų bendruomene.

    Kuomet jis buvo pradėtas, Debian'as buvo vienintelis
    distributyvas, atviras kiekvienam kūrėjui ir naudotojui,
    norinčiam padėti atliekant šį darbą. Jis iki šio lieka pačiu
    svarbiausiu nekomerciniu Linux distributyvo tiekėju. Tai
    vienintelis didelis projektas, turintis savo konstitucijos,
    visuomeninio kontrakto ir savo taisyklių (policy) dokumentus,
    skirtus projekto darbo organizavimui. Debian'as taip pat yra
    vienintelis distributyvas, kuris supakuotas į „mikro paketus“
    naudojantis detalia savitarpio priklausomybių tarp paketų
    informacija, siekiant užtikrinti sistemos vientisumą atliekant
    paketų atnaujinimus.

    Kad būtų pasiektas ir palaikomas aukštas kokybės standartas,
    Debian'as apima platų rinkinį taisyklių ir procedūrų, skirtų
    programinės įrangos paketų ruošimui ir platinimui. Šie standartai
    yra paremti įrankiais, automatizavimu ir dokumentacija,
    realizuojančiais visus Debian'o esminius elementus atviru ir
    matomu būdu.

1.2. Debian'o tarimas

    Angliškai Debian'o tarimas pateikiamas taip - 'deb ee n'. Šis
    vardas kilęs iš Debian'o įkūrėjo Iano ir jo žmonos Debros vardų.

Skyrius 2. Vadovavimas

    Nuo 1993 metų Debian'as turėjo keletą lyderių.

    1993 m. rugpjūčio mėn. Ianas Murdockas įkūrė Debian'ą ir vadovavo
    jam iki 1996 m. kovo mėnesio.

    Bruce Perens vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 1996 m. balandžio iki 1997 m.
    gruodžio.

    Ian Jackson vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 1998 m. sausio iki 1998 m.
    gruodžio.

    Wichert Akkerman vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 1999 m. sausio iki 2001
    m. kovo.

    Ben Collins vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 2001 m. balandžio iki 2002 m.
    balandžio.

    Bdale Garbee vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 2002 m. balandžio iki 2003 m.
    balandžio.

    Martin Michlmayr vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 2003 m. kovo iki 2005 m.
    kovo.

    Branden Robinson vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 2005 m. balandžio iki
    2006 m. balandžio.

    Anthony Towns vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 2006 m. balandžio iki 2007
    m. balandžio.

    Sam Hocevar vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 2007 m. balandžio iki 2008 m.
    balandžio.

    Steve McIntyre vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 2008 m. balandžio iki 2010
    m. balandžio.

    Stefano Zacchiroli vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 2010 m. balandžio iki
    2013 m. balandžio.

    Lucas Nussbaum vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 2013 m. balandžio iki 2015
    m. balandžio.

    Neil McGovern vadovavo Debian'ui nuo 2015 m. balandžio iki 2016
    m. balandžio.

    Mehdi Dogguy led Debian from April 2016 until April 2017.

    Chris Lamb led Debian from April 2017 until April 2019.

    Sam Hartman led Debian from April 2019 until April 2020.

    Jonathan Carter led Debian from April 2020 until April 2024.

    Andreas Tille led Debian from April 2024 until April 2026.

    Sruthi Chandran was elected in April 2026 and is our current
    leader.

Skyrius 3. Debian'o laidos

    Debian nuo 0.01 iki versijos 0.90 (1993 m. rugpjūtis-gruodis).

    Debian 0.91 (1994 m. sausis): Ši laida turėjo paprastą paketų
    sistemą, kuri leido įdiegti ir pašalinti paketus. Tuo metu
    projektas išaugo iki kelių tuzinų žmonių.

    Debian 0.93R5 (1995 m. kovas): Tuo metu atsakomybė už kiekvieną
    paketą buvo aiškiai priskirta konkrečiam vykdytojui (developer),
    o po to, kai bazinė sistema būdavo įdiegta, paketų įdiegimui buvo
    naudojama paketų tvarkyklė (dpkg).

    Debian 0.93R6 (1995 m. lapkritis): Atsirado dselect. Tai buvo
    paskutinioji Debian'o laida, naudojanti a.out binarinį formatą;
    tuomet buvo apie 60 kūrėjų (developers). Kartu su 0.93R6 laida,
    Bdale Garbee paleido veikti pirmą master.debian.org serverį,
    kuris glaudėsi pas HP. Atviro ir aiškaus pagrindinio serverio
    panaudojimas, kuriame Debian'o kūrėjai konstruotų kiekvieną
    distributyvo laidą, tiesiogiai įtakojo Debian'o „veidrodžių“
    tinklo formavimąsi, ir netiesiogiai daugelio taisyklių (policies)
    ir procedūrų sukūrimą, naudojamų projekto tvarkymui šiandien.

    Debian 1.0 was never released: InfoMagic, a CD vendor,
    accidentally shipped a development release of Debian and entitled
    it 1.0. On December 11th 1995, Debian and InfoMagic jointly
    announced that this release was screwed. Bruce Perens explains
    that the data placed on the "InfoMagic Linux Developer's Resource
    5-CD Set November 1995" as "Debian 1.0" is not the Debian 1.0
    release, but an early development version which is only partially
    in the ELF format, will probably not boot or run correctly, and
    does not represent the quality of a released Debian system. To
    prevent confusion between the premature CD version and the actual
    Debian release, the Debian Project has renamed its next release
    to "Debian 1.1". The premature Debian 1.0 on CD is deprecated and
    should not be used.

    The hosting of master.debian.org moved from HP to i-Connect.Net
    around the end of 1995. Michael Neuffer and Shimon Shapiro,
    founders of i-Connect.Net, hosted master on their own hardware
    for a little more than a year. During this time, they provided
    many services to Debian, including running what was essentially
    the New Maintainer process of the day, and significantly aiding
    the growth of the early Debian mirror network.

    Debian 1.1 Buzz (June 17th, 1996): This was the first Debian
    release with a code name. It was taken, like all others so far,
    from a character in one of the Toy Story movies... in this case,
    Buzz Lightyear. By this time, Bruce Perens had taken over
    leadership of the Project from Ian Murdock, and Bruce was working
    at Pixar, the company that produced the movies. This release was
    fully ELF, used Linux kernel 2.0, and contained 474 packages.

    Debian 1.2 Rex (December 12th, 1996): Named for the plastic
    dinosaur in the Toy Story movies. This release consisted of 848
    packages maintained by 120 developers

    Debian 1.3 Bo (1997 m. birželio 5 d.): Pavadinta piemenaitės Bo
    Peep vardu. Ši laida sudaryta iš 974 paketų, prižiūrimų 200
    kūrėjų.

    Debian 2.0 Hamm (July 24th, 1998): Named for the piggy-bank in
    the Toy Story movies. This was the first multi-architecture
    release of Debian, adding support for the Motorola 68000 series
    architectures. With Ian Jackson as Project Leader, this release
    made the transition to libc6, and consisted of over 1500 packages
    maintained by over 400 developers.

    Debian 2.1 Slink (March 9th, 1999): Named for the slinky-dog in
    the movie. Two more architectures were added, Alpha and SPARC.
    With Wichert Akkerman as Project Leader, this release consisted
    of about 2250 packages and required 2 CDs in the official set.
    The key technical innovation was the introduction of apt, a new
    package management interface. Widely emulated, apt addressed
    issues resulting from Debian's continuing growth, and established
    a new paradigm for package acquisition and installation on Open
    Source operating systems.

    Debian 2.2 Potato (15 August 2000): Named for "Mr Potato Head" in
    the Toy Story movies. This release added support for the PowerPC
    and ARM architectures. With Wichert still serving as Project
    Leader, this release consisted of more than 3900 binary packages
    derived from over 2600 source packages maintained by more than
    450 Debian developers.

    Debian 3.0 Woody (19 July 2002): Named for the main character the
    Toy Story movies: "Woody" the cowboy. Even more architectures
    were added in this release: IA-64, HP PA-RISC, MIPS (big endian),
    MIPS (little endian) and S/390. This is also the first release to
    include cryptographic software due to the restrictions for
    exportation being lightened in the US, and also the first one to
    include KDE, now that the license issues with Qt were resolved.
    With Bdale Garbee recently appointed Project Leader, and more
    than 900 Debian developers, this release contained around 8,500
    binary packages and 7 binary CDs in the official set.

    Debian 3.1 Sarge (6 June 2005): named for the sergeant of the
    Green Plastic Army Men. No new architectures were added to the
    release, although an unofficial AMD64 port was published at the
    same time and distributed through the new Alioth project hosting
    site. This release features a new installer: debian-installer, a
    modular piece of software that feature automatic hardware
    detection, unattended installation features and was released
    fully translated to over thirty languages. It was also the first
    release to include a full office suite: OpenOffice.org. Branden
    Robinson had just been appointed as Project Leader. This release
    was made by more than nine hundred Debian developers, and
    contained around 15,400 binary packages and 14 binary CDs in the
    official set.

    Debian 4.0 Etch (8 April 2007): named for the sketch toy in the
    movie. One architecture was added in this release: AMD64, and
    official support for m68k was dropped. This release continued
    using the debian-installer, but featuring in this release a
    graphical installer, cryptographic verification of downloaded
    packages, more flexible partitioning (with support for encrypted
    partitions), simplified mail configuration, a more flexible
    desktop selection, simplified but improved localization and new
    modes, including a rescue mode. New installations would not need
    to reboot through the installation process as the previous two
    phases of installation were now integrated. This new installer
    provided support for scripts using composed characters and
    complex languages in its graphical version, increasing the number
    of available translations to over fifty. Sam Hocevar was
    appointed Project Leader the very same day, and the project
    included more than one thousand and thirty Debian developers. The
    release contained around 18,000 binary packages over 20 binary
    CDs (3 DVDs) in the official set. There were also two binary CDs
    available to install the system with alternate desktop
    environments different to the default one.

    Debian 5.0 Lenny (February 2009): named for the wind up
    binoculars in the Toy Story movies. One architecture was added in
    this release: ARM EABI (or armel), providing support for newer
    ARM processors and deprecating the old ARM port (arm). The m68k
    port was not included in this release, although it was still
    provided in the unstable distribution. This release did not
    feature the FreeBSD port, although much work on the port had been
    done to make it qualify it did not meet yet the qualification
    requirements for this release.

    Support of small factor devices in this release was increased by
    the added support for Marvell's Orion platform which was used in
    many storage devices and also provided supported several
    Netbooks. Some new build tools were added which allowed Debian
    packages to be cross-built and shrunk for embedded ARM systems.
    Also, netbooks of varied vendors were now supported and the
    distribution provided software more suitable for computers with
    relatively low performance.

    It was also the first release to provide free versions of Sun's
    Java technology, making it possible to provide Java applications
    in the main section.

    Debian 6.0 Squeeze (February 2011): named for the green
    three-eyed aliens.

    The release was frozen on August 6, 2010, with many of the Debian
    developers gathered at the 10th DebConf at New York City.

    While two architectures (alpha and hppa) were dropped, two
    architectures of the new FreeBSD port (kfreebsd-i386 and
    kfreebsd-amd64) were made available as technology preview,
    including the kernel and userland tools as well as common server
    software (though not advanced desktop features yet). This was the
    first time a Linux distribution has been extended to also allow
    use of a non-Linux kernel.

    The new release introduced a dependency based boot sequence,
    which allowed for parallel init script processing, speeding
    system startup.

    Debian 6 was the first release that benefited from Long Term
    Support (LTS), a project to extend the lifetime of all Debian
    stable releases to (at least) 5 years. Debian LTS was not handled
    by the Debian Security team, but by a separate group of
    volunteers and companies interested in making it a success.
    Debian 6 was supported until the end of February 2016, and
    limited to i386 and amd64 architectures.

    Debian 7.0 Wheezy (May 2013): named for the rubber toy penguin
    with a red bow tie.

    The release was frozen on June 30, 2012, very close to the Debian
    developers gathering in the 12th DebConf at Managua, Nicaragua.

    One architecture was included in this release (armhf) and this
    release introduced multi-arch support, which allowed users to
    install packages from multiple architectures on the same machine.
    Improvements in the installation process allowed visually
    impaired people to install the system using software speech for
    the first time.

    This was also the first release that supported the installation
    and booting in devices using UEFI firmware.

    Debian 7 had Long Term Support (LTS) for i386, amd64, armel and
    armhf architectures until the end of May 2018.

    Debian 8 Jessie (April 2015): named for the cow girl doll who
    first appeared in Toy Story 2.

    This release introduced for the first time the systemd init
    system as default. Two new architectures were introduced: arm64
    and ppc64el and three architectures were dropped: s390 (replaced
    by s390x), ia64 and sparc. The Sparc architecture had been
    present in Debian for 16 years, but lacked developer support to
    make it maintainable in the distribution.

    The release included many security improvements such as a new
    kernel that nullified a whole set of security vulnerabilities
    (symlink attacks), a new way to detect packages which were under
    security support, more packages built with hardened compiler
    flags and a new mechanism (needrestart) to detect sub-systems
    which had to be restarted in order to propagate security updates
    after an upgrade.

    Debian 8 had Long Term Support (LTS) for i386, amd64, armel and
    armhf architectures until the end of June 2020.

    Debian 9 Stretch (June 2017): named for the toy rubber octopus
    with suckers on her eight long arms that appeared in Toy Story 3.

    The release was frozen on February 7th, 2017.

    Debian 9 was dedicated to the project's founder Ian Murdock, who
    passed away on 28 December 2015.

    Support for the powerpc architecture was dropped in this release,
    whileas the mips64el architecture was introduced. This release
    introduced debug packages with a new repository in the archive,
    packages from this repository provided debug symbols
    automatically for packages. Firefox and Thunderbird returned to
    Debian, replacing their debranded versions Iceweasel and Icedove,
    which were present in the archive for more than 10 years. Thanks
    to the Reproducible Builds project, over 90% of the source
    packages included in Debian 9 were able to build bit-for-bit
    identical binary packages.

    Debian 9 had Long Term Support (LTS) for i386, amd64, armel and
    armhf architectures until the end of June 2022.

    Debian 10 Buster (July 2019): named for Andy's pet dog, received
    as Christmas present in the end of Toy Story.

    With this release Debian for the first time included a mandatory
    access control framework enabled per default (AppArmor). It was
    also the first Debian release to ship with Rust based programs
    such as Firefox, ripgrep, fd, exa, etc. and a significant number
    of Rust based libraries (more than 450). In Debian 10 GNOME
    defaults to using the Wayland display server instead of Xorg,
    providing a simpler and more modern design and advantages for
    security. The UEFI ("Unified Extensible Firmware Interface")
    support first introduced in Debian 7 continued to be greatly
    improved in Debian 10, being included for amd64, i386 and arm64
    architectures and working out of the box on most Secure
    Boot-enabled machines.

    Debian 10 had Long Term Support (LTS) for i386, amd64, armel and
    armhf architectures until the end of June 2024.

    Debian 11 Bullseye (August 14th, 2021): named for Woody's wooden
    toyhorse that appeared in Toy Story 2.

    This release contained over 11,294 new packages for a total count
    of 59,551 packages, along with a significant reduction of over
    9,519 packages which were marked as "obsolete" and removed.
    42,821 packages were updated and 5,434 packages remained
    unchanged.

    Debian 11 allowed driverless printing and scanning without the
    need for vendor specific (often non-free) drivers, and shipped a
    Linux kernel with support for the exFAT filesystem. The mips
    architecture support was dropped, keeping support for mipsel
    (little-endian) architectures for 32-bit hardware and mips64el
    architecture for 64-bit little-endian hardware.

    The Debian Med team took part in the fight against COVID-19 by
    packaging software for researching the virus on the sequence
    level and for fighting the pandemic with the tools used in
    epidemiology; this work continued with focus on machine learning
    tools for both fields.

    Debian 12 Bookworm (June 10th, 2023): named for a green toy worm
    with a built-in flashlight that appeared in Toy Story 3.

    This release contained over 11,089 new packages for a total count
    of 64,419 packages, while over 6,296 packages have been removed
    as "obsolete". 43,254 packages were updated in this release. The
    overall disk usage for bookworm is 365,016,420 kB (365 GB), and
    is made up of 1,341,564,204 lines of code.

    Following the 2022 General Resolution about non-free firmware,
    the Debian Social Contract got adjusted and a new archive area
    called non-free-firmware got introduced, making it possible to
    separate non-free firmware from the other non-free packages. Most
    non-free firmware packages have been moved from non-free to 
    non-free-firmware. This separation makes it possible to build a
    variety of official installation images. And it makes installing
    Debian on popular hardware using the official Debian installer
    much easier.

    A total of nine architectures are officially supported for 
    bookworm.

    The Debian Cloud team publishes bookworm for three popular cloud
    computing services.

    Between releases, in Bug#978636 (Feb 2021), the Technical
    Committee resolved that Debian bookworm would support only the
    merged-usr^[1] root filesystem layout, dropping support for the
    non-merged-usr layout. For systems installed as buster or 
    bullseye there would be no changes to the filesystem; however,
    systems using the older layout would be converted during the
    upgrade.

    Thanks to the combined work of the Debian Security team and the
    Debian Long Term Support team, bookworm will be supported on four
    architectures until June 2028 (5 years after release).

    Debian 13 Trixie (as of August 2024 the testing distribution):
    Trixie is a blue toy Triceratops that appeared in Toy Story 3.


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    ^[1] usr-merge (or merged-usr or /usr-move) is a filesystem
    layout where the traditional unix directories /bin, /sbin, /lib
    and /lib64 are replaced by symbolic links to their counterparts
    under /usr. So e.g. /bin is replaced by a symlink to /usr/bin .
    In 2012, usr-merge was implemented by Fedora Linux as well as by
    Ubuntu Linux. See also The Case For The Usr Merge and the
    Bookworm Release Notes.

Skyrius 4. Detali istorija

4.1. Laidos 0.x

    Debian was begun in August 1993 by Ian Murdock, then an
    undergraduate at Purdue University. Debian was sponsored by the
    GNU Project of The Free Software Foundation, the organization
    started by Richard Stallman and associated with the General
    Public License (GPL), for one year -- from November 1994 to
    November 1995.

    Laikotarpyje nuo 1993 m. rugpjūčio iki gruodžio buvo išleistos
    laidos nuo Debian 0.01 iki Debian 0.90. Ianas Murdockas rašė:

    „Debian 0.91 laida buvo išleista 1994 m. sausio mėnesyje. Ji
    turėjo primityvią paketų sistemą, kuri leido naudotojams
    manipuliuoti paketais, bet ne daugiau (žinoma, neturėjo paketų
    priklausomybių ir panašių dalykų). Tuo metu prie Debian'o dirbo
    keli tuzinai žmonių, tačiau šią laidą į vieną visumą daugiausiai
    sudėjau aš pats. 0.91 laida buvo paskutinioji, atlikta tokiu
    būdu.

    1994 metai pagrinde buvo išnaudoti Debian'o projekto
    perorganizavimui taip, kad kiti galėtų efektyviau padėti
    projektui, bei programos dpkg kūrimui (už tai didžia dalimi buvo
    atsakingas Ianas Jacksonas). Kiek aš pamenu, 1994 metais mes
    neišleidome viešų laidų, tačiau tam, kad nukreiptumėme procesą
    teisinga linkme, išleidome keletą vidinių laidų.

    Debian 0.93 5-tos laidos išleidimas įvyko 1995 m. kovo men., ir
    tai buvo pirma „moderni“ Debian'o laida: dalyvavo daug daugiau
    kūrėjų (tačiau nepamenu tiksliai, kiek), kiekvienas prižiūrėjo
    savo paketus, ir dpkg buvo naudojamas visų šių paketų įdiegimui
    ir tvarkymui, po to, kai bazinė sistema būdavo įdiegta.

    Debian 0.93 Release 6 happened in November 1995 and was the last
    a.out release. There were about sixty developers maintaining
    packages in 0.93R6. If I remember correctly, dselect first
    appeared in 0.93R6."

    Ianas Murdockas taip pat pažymėjo, kad Debian 0.93R6 „...
    visuomet buvo mano mėgiamiausia Debian'o laida“, nors jis spėja,
    kad tai galbūt dėl jo galimybės turėti asmeninę įtaka, kadangi
    1996 m. kovo mėn. jis nustojo aktyviai dirbti projekte. Tuo metu
    buvo ruošiamasi Debian 1.0 laidos išleidimui, kuri iš tikrųjų
    buvo išleista kaip Debian 1.1 laida, tam kad būtų išvengta
    nesusipratimų po to, kai CD-ROM gamintojas klaidingai pažymėjo
    dar neišleistą versiją kaip Debian 1.0. Šis incidentas įvedė
    „oficialių“ CD-ROM'ų sąvoką, kaip projekto būdą padėti
    prekiautojams išvengti šios rūšies klaidų.

    1995 m. rugpjūtyje (tarp Debian 0.93R5 ir Debian 0.93R6 laidų),
    Hartmut Koptein pradėjo pirmąjį Debiana'o pritaikymą (port)
    Motorola m68k šeimai. Jis pranešė, kad „Daug, daug paketų buvo
    i386-orientuotų (little endian, -m486, -O6 ir viskas libc4
    bibliotekai), ir tai buvo sunkus laikas ruošiant paradinę paketų
    bazę mano kompiuteryje (Atari Medusa 68040, 32 MHz). Po trijų
    mėnesių (1995 m. lapkrityje) aš įkėliau į archyvą 200 paketų iš
    250 galimų, ir visi jie libc5 bibliotekai!“. Veliau jis, kartu su
    Vincent Renardias ir Martin Schulze pradėjo kitą pritaikymą,
    skirtą PowerPC šeimai.

    Since this time, the Debian Project has grown to include several
    ports to other architectures, a port to a new (non-Linux) kernel,
    the GNU Hurd microkernel, and at least one flavor of BSD kernel.

    To laikotarpio projekto narys Bill Mitchell, atsimena apie Linux
    branduolį

    „... mes pradėjome dirbti tarp 0.99r8 ir 0.99r15 laidų. Ilgą
    laiką aš galėjau sukompiliuoti branduolį greičiau nei per 30
    minučių ant 20 MHz 386 procesoriaus mašinos, ir taip pat galėjau
    įdiegti Debian'ą per tokį patį laiko tarpą į 10Mb disko vietos.

    „... Aš prisimenu pradinę kūrėjų grupę, įskaitant Ianą Murdocką,
    mane patį, kitą Ianą, kurio pavardės neatmenu, Daną Quinlaną, ir
    dar keletą kitų žmonių, kurių vardų neatsimenu. Mattas Welshas
    buvo arba pradinės grupės narys, arba prisijungė prie jos gana
    anksti (jis palikęs projektą nuo to laiko). Kažkas suderino pašto
    konferenciją (mailing list) ir mes pradėjome veikti.

    Kiek aš pamenu, mes nepradėjome nuo kažkokio plano, ir
    nepradėjome labai organizuotai sudarinėti bendro plano. Pačioje
    pradžioje, kiek pamenu, mes pradėjome rinkti gana atsitiktinį
    išeities tekstų paketų rinkinį. Po kurio laiko, mes sutelkėme
    dėmesį į dalykus, kurie kartu turėtų įeiti į distributyvo
    pagrindą: branduolį, apvalkalą (shell), update, getty, įvairias
    kitas programas ir failus, reikiamus sistemos paleidimui, ir į
    svarbiausių pagalbinių programų (utilities) rinkinį.“

4.2. Ankstyvoji Debian'o paketų sistema

    Ankstyvojoje projekto stadijoje jo nariai nusprendė platinti tik
    išeities tekstų paketus. Kiekvienas paketas turėtų būti sudarytas
    iš pagrindinių autorių (upstream) išeities teksto ir debianizuoto
    patch failo, o naudotojas turėtų išarchyvuoti išeities tekstus,
    pritaikyti patch failus ir pats susikompiliuoti binarinius
    failus. Tačiau greitai jie suprato, kad tam tikra binarinių failų
    platinimo schema turėtų būti reikalinga. Ankstyviausias paketų
    įrankis, parašytas Iano Murdocko, ir pavadintas dpkg, sukūręs
    Debian'ui specifinį binarinių paketų formatą, ir šis įrankis
    galėjo būti naudojamas paketų išpakavimui ir jo failų įdiegimui.

    Netrukus Ianas Jacksonas perėmė paketų įrankio kūrimą, pervadino
    jį dpkg-deb vardu, o jo naudojimo palengvinimui parašė front-end
    programą pavadindamas ją dpkg. Šis įrankis suteikė tokias
    šiandieninio Debian'o sistemos savybes, kaip priklausomybės
    (Dependencies) ir konfliktai (Conflicts). Šių įrankių sukurti
    paketai turėjo antraštę (header), kurioje buvo nurodyta paketą
    sukūrusio įrankio versija bei poslinkis iki tar programa sukurto
    archyvo, atskirto nuo antraštės tam tikra valdymo informacija.

    Tuo metu tarp projekto narių užsimezgė diskusija -- kai kurie
    manė, kad specialaus Debian'o formato, sukurto su dpkg-deb,
    turėtų būti atsisakyta, ir reikėtų naudoti formatą sukuriamą
    programos ar pagalba. Po keleto peržiūrėtų failų formatų ir
    peržiūrėtų atitinkamų paketų tvarkymo įrankių, buvo pasirinktas 
    ar formatas. Šio pakeitimo esminė vertybė ta, kad Debian'o paketą
    galima išpakuoti bet kurioje Unix tipo sistemoje, nenaudojant
    nepatikimų programų. Kitais žodžiais tariant, tik standartiniai
    įrankiai, egzistuojantys bet kurioje Unix sistemoje, tokie kaip
    'ar' ir 'tar', yra reikalingi Debian'o paketo išpakavimui ir jo
    turinio analizei.

4.3. Laidos 1.x

    Kuomet Ianas Murdockas paliko Debian'ą, jis paskyrė Bruce Perens
    sekančiu projekto vadovu. Pirmiausia Bruce susidomėjo Debian'u,
    kuomet jis bandė sukurti Linux distributyvo CD, vadinamą "Linux
    for Hams", kuris turėtų visą Linux programinę įranga naudingą
    radijo mėgėjų sporto operatoriams. Supratęs, kad šiam sumanymui
    įgyvendinti teks įdėti daug darbo tobulinant Debian'o bazinę
    sistemos dalį, Bruce atidėjo savo sumanymą ir aktyviai ėmėsi
    dirbti prie bazinės sistemos dalies ir atitinkamų įdiegimo
    įrankių, įskaitant ir pirmąjį Debian'o įdiegimo scenarijų
    (scripts) rinkinį (kartu su Ianu Murdocku), galų gale tapusiu
    tuo, ką mes šiandien vadiname Debian'o atstatymo diskeliu (Debian
    Rescue Floppy), kuris keletui Debian'o laidų buvo esminiu
    įdiegimo įrankių rinkinio komponentu.

    Ianas Murdockas pareiškė:

    „Bruce pasirinkimas mano įpėdiniu buvo natūralus, kadangi jis
    beveik metus laiko prižiūrėjo sistemos bazinę dalį, ir
    užpildydavo visas spragas tuo metu, kai aš galėjau skirti
    Debian'ui vis mažiau laiko.“

    He initiated several important facets of the project, including
    coordinating the effort to produce the Debian Free Software
    Guidelines and the Debian Social Contract, and initiating an Open
    Hardware Project. During his time as Project Leader, Debian
    gained market share and a reputation as a platform for serious,
    technically-capable Linux users.

    Bruce Perens also spearheaded the effort to create Software in
    the Public Interest, Inc.. Originally intended to provide the
    Debian Project with a legal entity capable of accepting
    donations, its aims quickly expanded to include supporting free
    software projects outside the Debian Project.

    Šiuo laikotarpiu buvo išleistos tokios Debian'o versijos:

      * 1.1 Buzz išleista 1996 m. birželyje (474 paketai, 2.0
        branduolys, pilnai ELF, dpkg)

      * 1.2 Rex išleista 1996 m. gruodyje (848 paketai, 120 kūrėjų)

      * 1.3 Bo išleista 1997 m. liepos mėnesyje (974 paketai, 200
        kūrėjų)

    Po 1.3 laidos buvo išleistos kelios tarpinės laidos, iš kurių
    paskutinioji buvo 1.3.1R6.

    1998 m. sausyje Debian'o lyderio poste Bruce Perens pakeitė Ianas
    Jacksonas, kuris vadovavo projektui 2.0 laidos ruošimo
    laikotarpiu.

4.4. Laidos 2.x

    Ianas Jacksonas tapo Debian'o projekto vadovu 1998 m. pradžioje,
    ir greitai po to buvo įtrauktas į organizacijos Software in the
    Public Interest komitetą, viceprezidento pareigose. Atleidus
    iždininką (Tim Sailer), prezidentą (Bruce Perens) ir sekretorių
    (Ian Murdock), jis tapo komiteto prezidentu, ir kartu buvo
    pasirinkti trys nauji nariai: Martin Schulze (viceprezidentas),
    Dale Scheetz (sekretorius) ir Nils Lohner (iždininkas).

    Debian 2.0 (Hamm) laida išleista 1998 m. liepos mėnesyje. Intel
    i386 ir Motorola 68000 serijos architektūroms. Ši laida pažymėta
    perėjimu prie naujos C bibliotekų sistemos versijos (glibc2 arba
    istoriniais sumetimais - libc6). Laidos išleidimo metu projekte
    buvo virš 1500 paketų, prižiūrimų daugiau nei 400 Debian'o
    kūrėjų.

    Wichert Akkerman succeeded Ian Jackson as Debian Project Leader
    in January of 1999. Debian 2.1 was released on 09 March, 1999,
    after being delayed by a week when a few last-minute issues
    arose.

    Debian 2.1 (Slink) featured official support for two new
    architectures: Alpha and Sparc. The X-Windows packages included
    with Debian 2.1 were greatly reorganized from previous releases,
    and 2.1 included apt, the next-generation Debian package manager
    interface. Also, this release of Debian was the first to require
    2 CD-ROMs for the "Official Debian CD set"; the distribution
    included about 2250 packages.

    On 21 April 1999, Corel Corporation and the K Desktop Project
    effectively formed an alliance with Debian when Corel announced
    its intentions to release a Linux distribution based on Debian
    and the desktop environment produced by the KDE group. During the
    following spring and summer months, another Debian-based
    distribution, Storm Linux, appeared, and the Debian Project chose
    a new logo, featuring both an Official version for use on
    Debian-sanctioned materials such as CD-ROMs and official Project
    web sites, and an Unofficial logo for use on material mentioning
    or derived from Debian.

    A new, unique, Debian port also began at this time, for the Hurd
    port. This is the first port to use a non-Linux kernel, instead
    using the GNU Hurd, a version of the GNU Mach microkernel.

    Debian developers joined formally for the first time in an annual
    meeting called DebConf. The first meeting, called Debconf0, took
    place in Bordeaux, France from the 5th to the 9th of July 2000.
    The conference aim was to join developers and advanced users in a
    single place to talk about Debian and work together developing
    parts of the distribution.

    Debian 2.2 (Potato) laida išleista 2000 m. rugpjūčio mėn. 15 d.
    Intel i386, Motorola 68000 serijos, alpha, SUN Sparc, PowerPC ir
    ARM architektūroms. Tai buvo pirmoji laida turinti PowerPC ir ARM
    pritaikymus. Išleidimo metu buvo virš 3900 binarinių paketų ir
    virš 2600 išeities tekstų paketų, prižiūrimų daugiau nei 450-ties
    Debian'o kūrėjų.

    An interesting fact about Debian 2.2 is that it showed how a free
    software effort could lead to a modern operating system despite
    all the issues around it. This was studied thoroughly by a group
    of interested people in an article called Counting potatoes: The
    size of Debian 2.2, by Jesús González Barahona, quoting from this
    article:

    „[...] mes naudojam A. Wheeler'io sloccount sistemą Debian'o 2.2
    (aka potato) išeities teksto fiziniam eilučių (source lines of
    code (SLOC)) skaičiui nustatyti. Mes rodome, kad Debian'as 2.2
    apima virš 55,000,000 fizinių SLOC (beveik dvigubai daugiau, nei
    Red Hat 7.1, išleistas apie 8-nis mėnesius vėliau), tuo
    parodydami, kad Debian'o kūrimo modelis (paremtas didelės grupės
    savanorišku kūrėjų, pasklidusių po visą pasaulį, darbu) yra ne
    mažiau veiksnus, nei kiti kūrimo modeliai [...] Tai taip pat
    rodo, kad jei Debian'as naudotų tradicinius nuosavybinius
    metodus, COCOMO modelio apskaičiavimais, Debian'o 2.2 kūrimas
    kainuotų netoli 1.9 milijardų JAV dolerių. Šalia to, mes siūlome
    distributyve naudojamų programavimo kalbų (C kiekis sudaro apie
    70%, C++ apie 10%, LISP ir Shell apie 5%, ir toliau seka daug
    kitų) ir didžiausių paketų (Mozilla, Linux branduolys, PM3,
    XFree86, ir t.t.) analizę.“

4.5. Laidos 3.x

    Before woody could even begin to be prepared for release, a
    change to the archive system on ftp-master had to be made.
    Package pools, which enabled special purpose distributions, such
    as the new "Testing" distribution used for the first time to get
    woody ready for release, were activated on ftp-master in mid
    December 2000. A package pool is just a collection of different
    versions of a given package, from which multiple distributions
    (currently experimental, unstable, testing, and stable) can draw
    packages, which are then included in that distribution's Packages
    file.

    Tuo paču metu buvo įvestas naujas testing distributyvas.
    Pagrindinai paketai iš unstable, kurie laikomi jau stabiliais,
    perkeliami į testing šaką (po kelių savaičių periodo). Šio
    įvedimo tikslas buvo sumažinti sustabdymo (freeze) laiką ir
    suteikti projektui galimybę ruošti naują laidą bet kuriuo metu.

    Tuo metu kai kurios kompanijos, platinančios modifikuotą Debian'o
    versiją, užsidarė. Corel pardavė savo Linux skyrių 2001 m.
    pirmame ketvirtyje, Stormix paskelbė apie bankrotą 2001 m. sausio
    17 d., o Progeny liovėsi kurti savo distributyvą 2001 m. spalio
    mėn. 1d.

    The freeze for the next release started on July 1st 2001.
    However, it took the project a little more than a year to get to
    the next release, due to problems in boot-floppies, because of
    the introduction of cryptographic software in the main archive
    and due to the changes in the underlying architecture (the
    incoming archive and the security architecture). In that time,
    however, the stable release (Debian 2.2) was revised up to seven
    times, and two Project Leaders were elected: Ben Collins (in
    2001) and Bdale Garbee. Also, work in many areas of Debian
    besides packaging kept growing, including internationalization,
    Debian's web site (over a thousand web pages) was translated into
    over 20 different languages, and installation for the next
    release was ready in 23 languages. Two internal projects: Debian
    Junior (for children) and Debian Med (for medical practice and
    research) started during the woody release time frame providing
    the project with different focuses to make Debian suitable for
    those tasks.

    The work around Debian didn't stop the developers from joining
    the annual DebConf meeting. The second meeting Debconf1 was held
    from the 2nd to the 5th of July together with the Libre Software
    Meeting (LSM) at Bordeaux (France) gathered around forty Debian
    developers. The third conference, Debconf2 took place in Toronto
    (Canada) July 5th 2002 with over eighty participants.

    Debian 3.0 (woody) laida išleista 2002 m. liepos mėn. 19 d. Intel
    i386, Motorola 68000 serjos, alpha, SUN Sparc, PowerPC, ARM, HP
    PA-RISC, IA-64, MIPS, MIPS (DEC) ir IBM s/390 architektūroms. Tai
    pirmoji laida turinti HP PA-RISC, IA-64, MIPS, MIPS (DEC) ir IBM
    s/390 pritaikymus. Išleidimo metu buvo apie 8500 binarinių
    paketų, prižiūrimų daugiau virš devynių šimtų Debian'o kūrėjų. Ji
    tapo pirmąja laida platinama ne tik CD-ROM laikmenose, bet ir DVD
    informacijos nešėjais.

    Before the next release the DebConf annual meeting continued with
    the fourth conference, DebConf3 taking place in Oslo from July
    18th to July 20th 2003 with over one hundred and twenty
    participants, with a DebCamp preceding it, from July 12th to July
    17th. The fifth conference, DebConf4, took place from May 26th to
    June 2nd 2004 in Porto Alegre, Brazil with over one hundred and
    sixty participants from twenty six different countries.

    Debian 3.1 (sarge) was released June 6th, 2005 for the same
    architectures as woody, although an unofficial AMD64 port was
    released at the same time using the project hosting
    infrastructure provided for the distribution and available at
    Alioth (formerly at https://alioth.debian.org). There were around
    15,000 binary packages maintained by more than nine hundred
    Debian developers.

    Šioje sarge laidoje buvo daug svarbių pakeitimų, ir tai buvo
    pagrindinė priežastis, kodėl taip ilgai truko distributyvo
    „užšaldymas“ ir išleidimas. Šioje laidoje buvo atnaujinta ne tik
    virš 73% programinės įrangos, tiektos ankstesnėje versijoje, bet
    ji taip pat talpino daug daugiau programinės įrangos, nei
    ankstesnės laidos. Tai beveik padvigubino jos dydį 9.000 naujų
    paketų, įskaitant OpenOffice rinkinį, interneto naršyklę Firefox
    ir e-pašto klientą Thunderbird.

    This release shipped with the 2.4 and 2.6 Linux kernel series,
    XFree86 4.3, GNOME 2.8 and KDE 3.3 and with a brand new
    installer. This new installer replaced the aging boot-floppies
    installer with a modular design with provided for more advanced
    installations (with RAID, XFS and LVM support) including hardware
    detection and making installations easier for novice users of all
    the architectures. It also switched to aptitude as the selected
    tool for package management. But the installation system also
    boasted full internationalization support as the software was
    translated into almost forty languages. The supporting
    documentation: installation manual and release notes, were made
    available with the release in ten and fifteen different languages
    respectively.

    Ši laida laida apjungė Debian-Edu/Skolelinux, Debian-Med ir
    Debian-Accessibility subprojektų pastangas, kurios išplėtė
    mokomųjų programų skaičių, medicininės paskirties programų ir
    taip pat paketų, sukurtų specialiai žmonėms su negalia, skaičių.

    The sixth DebConf, Debconf5 was held in Espoo, Finland, from July
    10th to July 17th, 2005 with over three hundred participants.
    Videos from this conference are available online.

    The seventh DebConf, Debconf6 was held in Oaxtepec, Mexico, from
    May 14th to May 22nd, 2006 with around two hundred participants.
    Videos and pictures from this conference are available online.

4.6. Laidos 4.x

    Debian 4.0 (etch) was released April 8th, 2007 for the same
    number of architectures as in sarge. This included the AMD64 port
    but dropped support for m68k. The m68k port was, however, still
    available in the unstable distribution. There were around 18,200
    binary packages maintained by more than one thousand and thirty
    Debian developers.

4.7. Laidos 5.x

    Debian 5.0 (lenny) was released February 14th, 2009 for one more
    architecture than its predecessor, etch. This included the port
    for newer ARM processors. As with the previous release, support
    for the m68k architecture was still available in unstable. There
    were around 23,000 binary packages (built from over 12,000 source
    packages) maintained by more than one thousand and ten Debian
    developers.

    With the release of Debian lenny, the naming scheme for point
    releases was changed: point releases will use a true micro
    version number, so the first point release of Debian lenny will
    be 5.0.1. In the past point releases were named by an r plus the
    number appended to major and minor number, e.g. 4.0r1.

    The eighth DebConf, Debconf7, was held in Edinburgh, Scotland,
    from June 17th to 23th, 2007 with over four hundred participants.
    Videos and pictures from this conference are available online.

    The ninth DebConf, Debconf8, was held in Mar de Plata, Argentina,
    from August 10th to 16th, 2008 with over two hundred
    participants. Videos and pictures from this conference are
    available online.

    The tenth DebConf, Debconf9, was held in Cáceres, Spain, from
    July 23th to 30th, 2009 with over two hundred participants.
    Videos and pictures from this conference are available online.

    The eleventh DebConf, Debconf10, was held in New York City,
    United States of America, from August 1st to 7th, 2010 with
    DebCamp preceding it from July 25th to 31st. Over 200 people
    including Debian developers, maintainers, users gathered at the
    Columbia Campus to participate in the conference. Videos and
    pictures from this conference are available online.

4.8. The 6.x Releases

    Debian 6.0 (squeeze) was released February 6th, 2011.

    After the project decided, the 29th of July 2009, to adopt
    time-based freezes so that new releases would be published the
    first half of every even year. Squeeze was a one-time exception
    to the two-year policy in order to get into the new time
    schedule.

    This policy was adopted in order to provide better predictability
    of releases for users of the Debian distribution, and also allow
    Debian developers to do better long-term planning. A two-year
    release cycle provided more time for disruptive changes, reducing
    inconveniences caused for users. Having predictable freezes was
    expected also to reduce overall freeze time.

    However, even though the freeze was expected in December 2009,
    the announcement that squeeze had frozen came in August 2010,
    coinciding with the celebration of the 10th annual DebConf
    meeting in New York.

    New features include:

      * Linux Kernel 2.6.32, now completely free and without
        problematic firmware files.

      * libc: eglibc 2.11

      * GNOME 2.30.0 with some pieces of 2.32

      * KDE 4.4.5

      * X.org 7.5

      * Xfce 4.6

      * OpenOffice.org 3.2.1

      * Apache 2.2.16

      * PHP 5.3.3

      * MySQL 5.1.49
   
      * PostgreSQL 8.4.6

      * Samba 3.5.6

      * GCC 4.4

      * Perl 5.10

      * Python 2.6 and 3.1

      * 10,000 new packages, for more than 29,000 binary packages
        built from nearly 15,000 source packages.

      * DKMS, a framework to generate Linux kernel modules whose
        sources do not reside in the Linux kernel source tree.

      * Dependency-based ordering of init scripts using insserv,
        allowing parallel execution to shorten the time needed to
        boot the system.

      * Two new ports, kfreebsd-i386 and kfreebsd-amd64.

    Many packages started using a new source package format based on
    quilt. This new format, called "3.0 (quilt)" for non-native
    packages, separates Debian patches from the distributed source
    code. A new format, "3.0 (native)", was also introduced for
    native packages. New features in these formats include support
    for multiple upstream tarballs, support for bzip2 and lzma
    compressed tarballs and the inclusion of binary files.

    The twelfth DebConf, Debconf11, was held in Banja Luka, Republic
    of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, from 24 to 30 July 2011, with
    DebCamp preceding it from 17 to 23 July.

    The thirteenth DebConf, Debconf12, was held in Managua,
    Nicaragua, from 8 to 14 July 2012, with DebCamp preceding it from
    1 to 6 July, and a Debian Day on 7 July.

4.9. The 7.x Releases

    Debian 7.0 (wheezy) was released May 4th, 2013. This new version
    of Debian included various interesting features such as multiarch
    support, several specific tools to deploy private clouds, an
    improved installer, and a complete set of multimedia codecs and
    front-ends which removed the need for third-party repositories.

    After the release of Debian wheezy, the naming scheme for point
    releases was changed once again: point releases will be named by
    the minor version number, e.g. 7.1. In the past point releases
    were named by the micro number appended to major and minor
    number, e.g. 6.0.1.

    During the Debian Conference DebConf11, in July 2011, the
    "multiarch support" was introduced. This feature was a release
    goal for this release. Multiarch is a radical rethinking of the
    filesystem hierarchy with respect to library and header paths, to
    make programs and libraries of different hardware architectures
    easily installable in parallel on the very same system. This
    allows users to install packages from multiple architectures on
    the same machine. This is useful in various ways, but the most
    common is installing both 64 and 32-bit software on the same
    machine and having dependencies correctly resolved automatically.
    This feature is described extensively in the Multiarch manual.

    The installation process was greatly improved. The system could
    be installed using software speech, above all by visually
    impaired people who do not use a Braille device. Thanks to the
    combined efforts of a huge number of translators, the
    installation system was available in 73 languages, and more than
    a dozen of them were available for speech synthesis too. In
    addition, for the first time, Debian supported installation and
    booting using UEFI for new 64-bit PCs, although there was no
    support for Secure Boot yet.

    Other new features and updated software packages included:

      * Linux Kernel 3.2

      * kFreeBSD kernel 8.3 and 9.0

      * libc: eglibc 2.13

      * the GNOME 3.4 desktop environment

      * KDE Plasma Workspaces and KDE Applications 4.8.4

      * the Xfce 4.8 desktop environment

      * X.org 7.7

      * LibreOffice 3.5.4 (replacing OpenOffice)

      * Xen Hypervisor 4.1.4

      * Apache 2.2.22

      * Tomcat 6.0.35 and 7.0.28

      * PHP 5.4

      * MySQL 5.5.30

      * PostgreSQL 9.1

      * Samba 3.6.6

      * GCC 4.7 on PCs (4.6 elsewhere)

      * Perl 5.14

      * Python 2.7

      * 12,800 new packages, for more than 37,400 binary packages
        built from nearly 17,500 source packages.

    For more information on the new features introduced in this
    release, see the What's new in Debian 7.0 chapter of Wheezy
    Release Notes.

    The fourteenth DebConf Debconf13, was held in Vaumarcus,
    Switzerland, from 11 to 18 August 2013, with DebCamp preceding it
    from 6 to 10 August, and a Debian Day on 11 August.

    The fifteenth DebConf Debconf14, was held in Portland, United
    States of America, from 23 to 31 August 2014. With 301 attendees
    it was the largest Debconf in the Western hemisphere to date.

4.10. The 8.x Releases

    Debian 8.0 (Jessie) was released April 25th, 2015.

    A major change in this release was the replacement of the init
    system: systemd replaced sysvinit. This new init system featured
    many improvements and faster boot times. Its inclusion, however,
    sparked a lot of debate in the different mailing lists and even
    led to a General Resolution titled init system coupling. which
    was voted by close to half of the developers^[2].

    Other new features and updated software packages included:

      * Apache 2.4.10

      * Asterisk 11.13.1

      * GIMP 2.8.14

      * an updated version of the GNOME desktop environment 3.14

      * GNU Compiler Collection 4.9.2

      * Icedove 31.6.0 (an unbranded version of Mozilla Thunderbird)

      * Iceweasel 31.6.0esr (an unbranded version of Mozilla Firefox)

      * KDE Plasma Workspaces and KDE Applications 4.11.13

      * LibreOffice 4.3.3

      * Linux 3.16.7-ctk9

      * MariaDB 10.0.16 and MySQL 5.5.42
   
      * Nagios 3.5.1

      * OpenJDK 7u75

      * Perl 5.20.2

      * PHP 5.6.7

      * PostgreSQL 9.4.1

      * Python 2.7.9 and 3.4.2

      * Samba 4.1.17

      * Tomcat 7.0.56 and 8.0.14

      * Xen Hypervisor 4.4.1

      * the Xfce 4.10 desktop environment

      * more than 43,000 other ready-to-use software packages, built
        from nearly 20,100 source packages.

    For more information on the new features introduced in this
    release, see the What's new in Debian 8.0 chapter of Jessie
    Release Notes.

    The sixteenth DebConf Debconf15, with DebCamp and the Open
    Weekend, took place in Heidelberg, Germany, from 9 to 22 August
    2015.

    The seventeenth DebConf Debconf16 was held in Cape Town, South
    Africa, from 23 June to 9 July 2016 (preceded by DebCamp and
    DebianDay). It was the first DebConf in Africa.

4.11. The 9.x Releases

    Debian 9.0 (Stretch) was released June 17th, 2017.

    New features and updated software packages included:

      * Apache 2.4.23

      * Bind 9.10

      * Calligra 2.9

      * Emacs 25.1

      * Firefox 50.0

      * GNOME desktop environment 3.22

      * GNU Compiler Collection 6.3

      * GnuPG 2.1

      * KDE Plasma Workspaces and KDE Applications 5.8

      * LibreOffice 5.2.7

      * Linux 4.9

      * MariaDB 10.1

      * OpenJDK 8

      * OpenSSH 7.4p1

      * Perl 5.24

      * PHP 7.0

      * Postfix 3.1

      * PostgreSQL 9.6

      * Python 3.5

      * Samba 4.5.8

      * Xen Hypervisor 4.8.1

      * the Xfce 4.12 desktop environment

      * more than 51,000 other ready-to-use software packages, built
        from nearly 25,000 source packages.

    For more information on the new features introduced in this
    release, see the What's new in Debian 9.0 chapter of Stretch
    Release Notes.

    The eighteenth DebConf Debconf17 took place in Montreal, Canada,
    from 31 July to 12 August 2017, preceded by its DebCamp and the
    DebianDay.

    The nineteenth DebConf Debconf18 - the first DebConf in Asia -
    was held in Hsinchu, Taiwan, from 21 July to 5 August 2018,
    traditionally preceded by the DebCamp and an Open Day for the
    public.

4.12. The 10.x Releases

    Debian 10.0 (Buster) was released July 6th, 2019.

    New features and updated software packages included:

      * Apache 2.4.38

      * Bind 9.11

      * Calligra 3.1

      * Emacs 26.1

      * Firefox 60.7

      * GNOME desktop environment 3.30

      * GNU Compiler Collection 8.3

      * GnuPG 2.2

      * KDE Plasma Workspaces and KDE Applications 5.14

      * LibreOffice 6.1

      * Linux 4.19

      * MariaDB 10.3

      * OpenJDK 11

      * OpenSSH 7.9p1

      * Perl 5.28

      * PHP 7.3

      * Postfix 3.3.2

      * PostgreSQL 11

      * Python 3.7.3

      * Rustc 1.34

      * Samba 4.9

      * the Xfce 4.12 desktop environment

      * more than 57,700 other ready-to-use software packages, built
        from nearly 25,000 source packages.

    For more information on the new features introduced in this
    release, see the What's new in Debian 10.0 chapter of Buster
    Release Notes.

    Right after the release of Buster, the twentieth DebConf
    Debconf19 took place in Curitiba, Brazil, from 14 to 28 July
    2019, together with DebCamp and an Open Day.

    The twenty-first DebConf Debconf20 was held online - due to
    COVID-19 - from August 23rd to 29th, 2020.

4.13. The 11.x Releases

    Debian 11.0 (Bullseye) was released August 14th, 2021.

    New features and updated software packages included:

      * Apache 2.4.48

      * Bind 9.16

      * Calligra 3.2

      * Emacs 27.1

      * Firefox 78

      * GNOME desktop environment 3.38

      * GNU Compiler Collection 10.2

      * GnuPG 2.2.27

      * KDE Plasma Workspaces and KDE Applications 5.20

      * LibreOffice 7.0

      * Linux 5.10

      * MariaDB 10.5

      * OpenJDK 11

      * OpenSSH 8.4p1

      * Perl 5.32

      * PHP 7.4

      * Postfix 3.5

      * PostgreSQL 13

      * Python 3.9.1

      * Rustc 1.48

      * Samba 4.13

      * the Xfce 4.16 desktop environment

      * more than 59,500 other ready-to-use software packages, built
        from more than 25,000 source packages.

    For more information on the new features introduced in this
    release, see the What's new in Debian 11.0 chapter of Bullseye
    Release Notes.

    Right after the release of Bullseye, the twenty-second DebConf
    Debconf21 was held online - due to COVID-19 - from August 24 to
    August 28, 2021. It was preceded by an (online) DebCamp from
    August 15 to August 23, 2021.

    DebConf22, the 23rd annual Debian Conference, took place in
    Prizren, Kosovo from July 17th to 24th, 2022. We've hosted 260
    attendees from 38 different countries participating in 91 event
    talks, discussion sessions, Birds of a Feather (BoF) gatherings,
    workshops, and other activities.

    DebConf23, took place in Kochi, India from September 10th to
    17th, 2023. Over 474 attendees representing 35 countries from
    around the world came together for a combined 89 events made up
    of Talks, Discussions, Birds of a Feather (BoF) gatherings,
    workshops, and other activities.


---------------------------------------------------------------------

    ^[2] In the Debian Project Leader Elections of the previous four
    years the number of voters had been usually around 40% of the
    existing Debian Developers

Skyrius 5. Some Important Events

5.1. 2000 m. spalis: paketų klanų (Package Pools) įgyvendinimas

    James Troup reported that he has been working on re-implementing
    the archive maintenance tools and switching to package pools.
    From this date, files are stored in a directory named after the
    corresponding source package inside of the pools directory. The
    distribution directories will only contain Packages files that
    contain references to the pool. This simplifies overlapping
    distributions such as testing and unstable. The archive is also
    database-driven using PostgreSQL which also speeds up lookups.

    This concept of managing Debian's archives sort of like a package
    cache was first introduced by Bdale Garbee in this email to the
    debian-devel list in May of 1998.

5.2. 2002 m. lapkritis: sudegė Debian'o serveris

    2002 m. lapkričio mėn. 20 d. apie 08:00 CET, Twente universiteto
    Tinklo operacijų centre (Network Operations Center (NOC)) kilo
    gaisras. Pastatas sudegė iki pamatų. Gaisrininkai prarado
    betkokią viltį išgelbėti serverių zoną. Be kitų dalykų čia buvo
    satie.debian.org serveris, kuris talpino abu, security ir non-US
    archyvus, o taip pat naujų paketų prižiūrėtojų (new-maintainer
    (nm)) ir kokybės užtikrinimo (quality assurance (qa)) duomenų
    bazes. Debian'as atstatė šias tarnybas klecker kompiuteryje,
    kuris nesenai buvo perkeltas iš JAV į Olandiją.

5.3. November 2003: Several Debian servers hacked

    Starting 17:00 UTC on November 19th, 2003, four of the project's
    main Web servers for bug tracking, mailing lists, security and
    Web searches have been compromised. The services were taken down
    for inspection and fortunately it could be confirmed, that the
    package archive was not affected by this compromise. On November
    25th, all services were recovered and back online.

Skyrius 6. Remembering People We Have Lost

6.1. 2000 m. liepa: mirė Joel Klecker

    On July 11th, 2000, Joel Klecker, who was also known as Espy,
    passed away at 21 years of age. No one who saw 'Espy' in #
    mklinux, the Debian lists or channels knew that behind this
    nickname was a young man suffering from a form of Duchenne
    muscular dystrophy. Most people only knew him as 'the Debian
    glibc and powerpc guy' and had no idea of the hardships Joel
    fought. Though physically impaired, he shared his great mind with
    others.

    Mes ilgėsimės Joel Klecker (taip pat žinomo kaip Espy).

6.2. 2001 m. kovas: mirė Christopher Rutter

    2001 m. kovo mėn. 1 d. Christopher Matthew Rutter (taip pat
    žinomas kaip cmr) žuvo būdamas 19 metų nuo automobilio smūgio.
    Christopheris buvo jaunas ir gerai žinomas Debian'o projekto
    narys, padėjęs daryti ARM pritaikymą (port). Svetainė
    buildd.debian.org yra dedikuota jo atminimui.

    Mes pasigesime Chris Rutter.

6.3. 2001 m. kovas: mirė Fabrizio Polacco

    2001 m. kovo mėn. 28 d. po ilgos ligos mirė Fabrizio Polacco.
    Debian'o projektas gerbė jo gerą darbą ir tvirtą pasišventimą
    Debian'ui ir laisvai programinei įrangai. Fabrizio indėlis nebus
    užmirštas ir kiti kūrėjai seks jo pėdomis ir tęs jo darbą.

    Mes pasigesime Fabrizio Polacco.

6.4. 2002 m. liepa: mirė Martin Butterweck

    2002 m. liepos mėn. 21 d. po kovos su leukemija mirė Martinas
    Butterweck (taip pat žinomas kaip blendi). Martinas buvo jaunas,
    nesenai prisijungęs, Debian'o projekto narys.

    Mes pasigesime Martino Butterweck.

6.5. 2004 m. gegužis: mirė Manuel Estrada Sainz ir Andrés García
Solier

    Gegužės mėn. 9 d. Manuel Estrada Sainz (ranty) ir Andrés García
    Solier (ErConde), grįždami iš laisvos programinės įrangos
    konferencijos, vykusios Valencijoje (Ispanija), žuvo tragiško
    automobilio avarijos metu.

    Mes pasigesime Manuel Estrada Sainz ir Andrés García Solier.

6.6. 2005 m. liepa: mirė Jens Schmalzing

    Liepos 30 d. Jens Schmalzing (jensen) žuvo tragiško įvykio jo
    darbo vietoje metu Miunchene, Vokietijoje. Jis buvo susietas su
    Debian'u kaip keleto paketų prižiūrėtojas, kaip PowerPC
    pritaikymo šalininkas, kaip branduolio komandos narys, ir buvo
    svarbus asmuo pervedant PowerPC branduolio paketą į versiją 2.6.
    Jis taip pat prižiūrėjo Mac-on-Linux emuliatorių ir jo branduolio
    modulius, padėjo įdiegiklio kūrime ir Miuncheno vietinės veiklos
    reikaluose.

    Mes pasigesime Jens Schmalzing.

6.7. 2008 m. gruodis: mirė Thiemo Seufer

    On December 26th Thiemo Seufer (ths) died in a car accident. He
    was the lead maintainer of the MIPS and MIPSEL port and he had
    also contributed at length in the debian-installer long before he
    became a Debian developer in 2004. As a member of the QEMU team
    he wrote most of the MIPS emulation layer.

    Mes pasigesime Thiemo Seufer.

6.8. July 2009: Steve Greenland died

    On July 18th Steve Greenland (stevegr) died of cancer. He was the
    maintainer of many core packages (such as cron) since he joined
    Debian in 1999.

    Steve Greenland will be missed.

6.9. August 2010: Frans Pop died

    Frans Pop (fjp) died on August 20th. Frans was involved in Debian
    as a maintainer of several packages, a supporter of the S/390
    port, and one of the most involved members of the Debian
    Installer team. He was a Debian listmaster, editor and release
    manager of the Installation Guide and the release notes, as well
    as a Dutch translator.

    Frans Pop will be missed.

6.10. April 2011: Adrian von Bidder died

    Adrian von Bidder (cmot) died on April 17th. Adrian was one of
    the founding members and secretary of debian.ch, he sparked many
    ideas that made Debian Switzerland be what it is today. Adrian
    also actively maintained software in the Debian package archive,
    and represented the project at numerous events.

    Mes pasigesime Adrian von Bidder.

6.11. May 2013: Ray Dassen died

    Ray Dassen (jdassen) died on May 18th. Ray was a Debian Developer
    for incredible 19 years. He joined the project in 1994, and
    continued to be an active contributor until his passing. Ray was
    one of the founding members of the Debian GNOME team, his
    friendliness and willingness to help fostered a spirit of
    collaboration within the GNOME team. He continued his involvement
    within Debian as the maintainer of several packages, most notably
    the Gnumeric spreadsheet.

    Mes pasigesime Ray Dassen.

6.12. June 2013: Paul Cupis died

    Paul Cupis died on 17th June 2013, he was 32 years old. He joined
    Debian in 2003. Paul (cupis@debian.org) was active in maintaining
    the doctorj (analyzing Javadoc comments) and other packages in
    Debian.

    Paul Cupis will be missed.

6.13. 2014 m. liepa: mirė Peter Miller

    Peter Miller died on July 27th. Peter was a relative newcomer to
    the Debian project, but his contributions to Free and Open Source
    Software go back to the late 1980s. Peter was significant
    contributor to GNU gettext as well as being the main upstream
    author and maintainer of other projects that ship as part of
    Debian, including, but not limited to srecord, aegis and cook.
    Peter was also the author of the paper Recursive Make Considered
    Harmful.

    Mes pasigesime Peter Miller.

6.14. February 2015: Clytie Siddall died

    Clytie Siddall died in February 2015. Clytie was a contributor of
    Vietnamese translations to Debian and other projects for many
    years. Within Debian she worked on translations for the
    installer, dpkg, apt and various documentation. She also
    contributed translations within the GNOME community and many
    other projects. Clytie was also a GNOME foundation member between
    2005 and 2007.

    Mes pasigesime Clytie Siddall.

6.15. 2015 m. gruodis: mirė Ian Murdock

    Ian Murdock, the founder of the Debian Project and its community,
    died in December 2015. Ian was introduced to computers early in
    his life, he started actively programming at nine years of age.
    With the idea and the opportunity to make something better, he
    started the Debian Project in August of 1993. At that time, the
    whole concept of a "distribution" of Linux was new. Inspired as
    he said by Linus Torvalds' own sharing of Linux, he released
    Debian with the intention that this distribution should be made
    openly, in the spirit of Linux and GNU. Ian's dream lives on:
    Debian is made up of a strong community that has fostered
    development, growth, and wonder. It remains incredibly active
    with thousands of developers working untold hours to bring the
    world a reliable and secure operating system. Debian has sparked
    the interest, curiosity, and passion of those who want to make
    something better. Then, now, and far into the future.

    The Debian 9 Stretch release was dedicated in his memory.

    Mes pasigesime Ian Murdock.

6.16. September 2016: Kristoffer H. Rose died

    Kristoffer H. Rose died on September 17th 2016 after a long
    battle with myelofibrosis. Kristoffer was a Debian contributor
    from the very early days of the project, and the upstream author
    of several packages, such as the LaTeX package Xy-pic and FlexML.
    On his return to the project after several years' absence, many
    of us had the pleasure of meeting Kristoffer during DebConf15 in
    Heidelberg.

    Kristoffer H. Rose will be missed.

6.17. September 2018: Innocent de Marchi died

    Innocent was a math teacher and a free software developer. One of
    his passions was tangram puzzles, which led him to write a
    tangram-like game that he later packaged and maintained in
    Debian. Soon his contributions expanded to other areas, and he
    also worked as a tireless translator into Catalan. Innocent de
    Marchi will be missed.

6.18. March 2019: Lucy Wayland died

    Lucy was a contributor within the Cambridge (UK) Debian
    community, helping to organise the Cambridge Mini-DebConf since
    several years. She was a strong fighter for diversity and
    inclusion, and participated in the creation of the Debian
    Diversity Team, working on increasing the visibility of
    under-represented groups and providing support with respect to
    diversity issues within the community. Lucy Wayland will be
    missed.

6.19. June 2020: Robert Lemmen died

    In June 2020, Robert Lemmen passed away after a serious illness.
    Robert had been regularly attending the Debian Munich meetups
    since the early 00s and helped with local booths. He had been a
    Debian Developer since 2007. Among other contributions, he
    packaged modules for Raku (Perl6 at that time) and helped other
    contributors to get involved in the Raku Team. He also put effort
    into tracking down circular dependencies in Debian. Robert Lemmen
    will be missed.

6.20. June 2020: Karl Ramm died

    Karl Ramm passed away in June 2020, after complications due to
    metastatic colon cancer. He had been a Debian Developer since
    2001 and packaged several components of MIT's Project Athena. He
    was passionate about technology and Debian, and always interested
    in helping others to find and promote their passions. Karl Ramm
    will be missed.

6.21. January 2021: Adam Conrad died

    Adam "infinity" Conrad (formerly adconrad@d.o) passed away 26
    January 2021 at the age of 43 years. Adam Conrad will be missed.

6.22. April 2021: Rogério Theodoro de Brito died

    In April 2021, we lost Rogério Theodoro de Brito due to the
    COVID-19 pandemic. Rogério enjoyed coding small tools and had
    been a Debian contributor for more than 15 years. Among other
    projects, he contributed toward the use of Kurobox/Linkstation
    devices in Debian and maintained the youtube-dl tool. He also
    participated and was "Debian contact" in several upstream
    projects. Rogério Theodoro de Brito will be missed.

6.23. September 2023: Abraham Raji died

    On 13th September 2023 Abraham Raji was involved in a fatal
    accident during a kayaking trip.

    Abraham was a popular and respected Debian Developer as well a
    prominent free software champion in his home state of Kerala,
    India. He was a talented graphic designer and led design and
    branding work for DebConf23 and several other local events in
    recent years. Abraham gave his time selflessly when mentoring new
    contributors to the Debian project, and he was instrumental in
    creating and maintaining the Debian India website.

    The Debian Project honors his good work and strong dedication to
    Debian and Free Software. Abraham’s contributions will not be
    forgotten, and the high standards of his work will continue to
    serve as an inspiration to others.

6.24. December 2023: Gunnar Hjalmarsson died

    Debian Developer Gunnar Hjalmarsson passed away in 2023. Gunnar
    was a consistent and valued contributor to Ubuntu since 2010
    particularly on internationalization efforts and became similarly
    involved in Debian. He was an active maintainer in the Debian
    GNOME and Input Method teams.

    Gunnar Hjalmarsson (1958-10-06 - 2023-12-20, Sweden) will be
    missed.

6.25. July 2024: Peter De Schrijver died

    Debian Developer (since 2004) and Linux kernel hacker Peter "p2"
    De Schrijver passed away in July 2024. Many of us knew Peter as a
    very helpful and dedicated person and we valued his contributions
    to our project and the Linux community. Peter was a regular and
    familiar face in many conferences and meets across the world.
    Peter was highly regarded for his technical expertise in problem
    solving and for his willingness to share that knowledge. When
    asked "what are you working on?", Peter would often take the time
    to explain something you thought was extremely complicated
    understandably, or show you in- person his high technical
    proficiency in action on such tasks as translating a disassembled
    binary into C source code.

    Peter's work, ideals, and memory leave a remarkable legacy and a
    loss that is felt around the world not only in the many
    communities he interacted with but in those he inspired and
    touched as well.

    Peter De Schrijver (1970-09-17, Antwerp - 2024-07-12, Finland)
    will be missed.

6.26. November 2024: Jérémy Bobbio died

    Jérémy "lunar" Bobbio, 41 years old, died on November 8, 2024.
    Lunar was very active as a Debian Developer, worked on the Tor
    project, and was one of the founders of the Reproducible Builds
    movement. They are remembered as a creative, thoughtful, smart
    activist; who made a huge impact on very thriving Free Software
    projects. Jérémy Bobbio will be missed.

6.27. January 2025: Steve Langasek died

    Steve Langasek, 45, of Portland, Oregon, passed away on January
    1, 2025, at Oregon Health and Science University Hospital. Steve
    was one of the Release Managers during the Debian 3.1 "sarge"
    release, in 2005 as well as during the 4.0 "etch" release in
    2007. Steve Langasek (1979-04-27 - 2025-01-01, Portland) will be
    missed.

Skyrius 7. Kas toliau?

    The Debian Project continues to work on the unstable distribution
    (codenamed sid, after the evil and "unstable" kid next door from
    the Toy Story 1 who should never be let out into the world). Sid
    is the permanent name for the unstable distribution and is always
    'Still In Development'. Most new or updated packages are uploaded
    into this distribution.

    The testing release is intended to become the next stable release
    and is currently (as of July 2024) codenamed Trixie.

Priedas A. Debian'o manifestas

    Parašė Ianas A. Murdockas, Pataisyta 1994-01-06

A.1. Kas tai - Debian Linux?

    Debian Linux yra visiškai nauja Linux distributyvo rūšis. Vietoje
    to, kad būtų kuriamas vieno izoliuoto asmens ar grupės, kaip kiti
    Linux distributyvai buvo kuriami pastaruoju metu, Debian'as yra
    kuriamas atvirai, Linux ir GNU dvasioje. Svarbiausias Debian'o
    projekto tikslas yra galiausiai sukurti distributyvą, kuris būtų
    vertas Linux vardo. Debian'as yra kruopščiai ir sąžiningai
    surinktas į vieną visumą, ir prižiūrimas bei palaikomas panašiu
    atidumu.

    Tai taip pat yra mėginimas sukurti nekomercinį distributyvą,
    galinti efektyviai konkuruoti rinkoje su komerciniais. Pagaliau
    jį platins Laisvos programinės įrangos fondas (The Free Software
    Foundation) CD-ROM laikmenose. O Debian Linux asociacija pasiūlys
    distributyvą lanksčiuose diskeliuose ir magnetinėse juostose
    kartu su atspausdintais sistemos naudojimo vadovais, techninį
    palaikymą ir kitus naudojimui svarbius dalykus. Visa tai bus
    prieinama už truputį didesnę kainą nei savikaina, ir pelnas bus
    panaudotas tolimesniam laisvos programinės įrangos, skirtos
    visiems naudotojams, kūrimui.

A.2. Kodėl Debian'as buvo sukurtas?

    Distributyvai yra būtini Linux ateičiai. Iš esmės, jie eliminuoja
    poreikį naudotojui parsisiųsti, pasidėti, kompiliuoti, įdiegti ir
    integruoti gana didelį kieki esminių įrankiu, kurių reikia
    veikiančios Linux sistemos surinkimui. Vietoje to konstravimu
    rūpinasi distributyvo kūrėjas, kurio darbu gali pasinaudoti
    tūkstančiai naudotojų. Beveik visi pradeda pažintį su Linux per
    distributyvą, o kai jau bus pažįstami su operacine sistema, ir
    toliau dauguma naudos distributyvą dėl patogumo. Taigi
    distributyvas iš tikrųjų atlieka labai svarbų vaidmenį.

    Nepaisant akivaizdaus distributyvų svarbumo, jie pritraukia mažai
    kūrėjų. Tam yra paprasta priežastis: nėra nei lengva, nei
    patrauklu jį konstruoti, ir tas darbas reikalauja daug kūrėjo
    pastangų, kad distributyvas būtų šiuolaikiškas ir be klaidų.
    Viena yra sukurti sistemą nuo nulio, ir visai kita - užtikrinti,
    kad sistemą būtų lengva įdiegti, ji veiktų esant įvairioms
    techninės įrangos konfigūracijoms ir turėtų veikiančią, nuolat
    atnaujinamą, atsiradus sistemos komponentų patobulinimams,
    programinę įrangą.

    Daugelis distributyvų buvo pradėti kaip gana geros sistemos, bet
    lakui bėgant, distributyvo priežiūra tampa antraeilis dalykas.
    Pavyzdžiui, Softlanding Linux System (geriau žinomas kaip SLS).
    Tikriausiai tai labiausiai pažeidžiamas ir blogiausiai
    prižiūrimas distributyvas; deja, jis turbūt yra ir pats
    populiariausias. Tai, be abejo, distributyvas, kuris pritraukia
    daugiausia komercinių Linux'ų platintojų, kurie savo ruožtu
    pelnosi iš didėjančio šios operacinės sistemos populiarumo.

    Tai iš tikrųjų yra blogas derinys, nes dauguma žmonių, kurie
    įsigyja Linux'ą iš tokių „platintojų“, gauna pažeidžiamą ir
    blogai prižiūrimą Linux distributyvą. Negana to, šie
    „platintojai“ kelia nerimą reklamuodami neveikiančius arba labai
    nestabilius produktus. Daugelis pirkėjų, žinoma, tikisi, kad
    produktas atitinka reklamą ir mano, kad tai komercinė operacine
    sistema (dabar dažnai neminima, kad Linux yra laisvas ir
    platinamas pagal bendrąją viešąją licenciją GPL). Ir galiausiai,
    šių „platintojų“ pastangos pasiteisina, jie iš to uždirbai
    pakankamai, kad galėtų geriau išreklamuoti produktą didesniame
    kiekyje žurnalų. Tai klasikinis nepriimtino elgesio pavyzdys,
    kuomet pelnomasi iš tų, kurie paprasčiausiai nežino nieko
    geresnio. Žinoma, reikia kažką daryti, kad ši situacija
    pasikeistų.

A.3. Kaip Debian'as stengsis įveikti šias problemas?

    Debian'o kūrimo procesas yra atviras, tam kad būtų užtikrinta
    aukšta sistemos kokybė ir ji atspindėtų vartotojų bendruomenės
    poreikius. Įtraukdamas kitus, turinčius sugebėjimų ir patirties,
    Debian'as gali būti kuriamas moduliniu būdu. Jo komponentai yra
    aukštos kokybės, kadangi turintys kompetencijos tam tikroje
    srityje, gali konstruoti ir tvarkyti atskirus Debian'o
    komponentus. Kitų įtraukimas taip pat garantuoja, kad reikšmingi
    patobulinimo pasiūlymai bus panaudoti distributyvo tolesnio
    vystymo metu; taigi distributyvas yra kuriamas remiantis
    naudotojų, o ne kūrėjo norais ir poreikiais. Vienam asmeniui arba
    nedideliai grupei šiuos poreikius ir norus numatyti iš anksto yra
    labai sunku, kai prie to tiesiogiai neprisideda kiti.

    Debian Linux distributyvą fizinėse laikmenose platins Laisvos
    programinės įrangos fondas (The Free Software Foundation) ir
    Debian Linux asociacija. Šios organizacijos sudarys sąlygas
    Debian'u naudotis ir neturintiems prieigos prie Interneto ar FTP,
    papildomai siūlys produktus (pvz.,vartotojo vadovus) ir paslaugas
    (pvz., techninį aptarnavimą) visiems sistemos vartotojams. Tokiu
    būdu Debian'ą galės naudoti daug daugiau pavienių asmenų ar
    organizacijų, dėmesys bus sutelktas ne į pelną ir apyvartą, bet į
    aukštos klasės produktų tiekimą, o už produktus ir paslaugas
    gautos pajamos galės būti naudojamos programinės įrangos, skirtos
    visiems vartotojams, nepriklausomai ar jie mokėjo ją įsigydami ar
    ne, tobulinimui.

    Laisvos programinės įrangos fondas (The Free Software Foundation)
    yra labai svarbus Debian'o ateičiai. Tuo, kad jis platins šį
    distributyvą, pasauliui bus pranešama, kad Linux nėra ir niekada
    nebus komercinis produktas, bet tai nereiškia, kad Linux niekada
    negalės konkuruoti su komerciniais produktais. Tuos, kurie su tuo
    nesutinkate, aš siūlau pasidomėti apie GNU Emacs ir GCC,
    programų, kurios nėra komercinės, bet kurios, nepaisant to, turi
    gana nemažą įtaką komercinėje rinkoje, sėkmę.

    Atėjo laikas labiau koncentruotis į Linux ateitį, negu į
    destruktyvų praturtėjimą visos Linux bendruomenės ir jos ateities
    sąskaita. Debian'o kūrimas ir platinimas galbūt nėra atsakymas į
    šiame manifeste iškeltas problemas, bet aš tikiuosi, kad tai
    atkreips pakankamą dėmesį į šias problemas, tam, kad jos galėtų
    būti sprendžiamos.

