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img2dcm: Convert standard image formats into DICOM format

# SYNOPSIS

    img2dcm [options] imgfile-in... dcmfile-out

# DESCRIPTION

The img2dcm tool serves as a conversion tool from a standard image format like JPEG (including JPEG-LS) or BMP to DICOM. Different output SOP Classes can be selected. The additional information (regarding patients, series, etc.) stored in the DICOM output file can be extracted from other DICOM files which serve as a "template" for the resulting DICOM object. img2dcm can also be configured to invent missing DICOM type 1 and type 2 attributes to work even without any template dataset.

# PARAMETERS

    imgfile-in   image input filename

    dcmfile-out  DICOM output filename ("-" for stdout)

# OPTIONS

## general options

      -h    --help
              print this help text and exit

            --version
              print version information and exit

            --arguments
              print expanded command line arguments

      -q    --quiet
              quiet mode, print no warnings and errors

      -v    --verbose
              verbose mode, print processing details

      -d    --debug
              debug mode, print debug information

      -ll   --log-level  [l]evel: string constant
              (fatal, error, warn, info, debug, trace)
              use level l for the logger

      -lc   --log-config  [f]ilename: string
              use config file f for the logger

## input options

    general:

      -i    --input-format  [i]nput file format: string
              supported formats: JPEG (default), BMP

      -df   --dataset-from  [f]ilename: string
              use dataset from DICOM file f

      -dx   --dataset-from-xml  [f]ilename: string
              use dataset from XML file f

      -stf  --study-from  [f]ilename: string
              read patient/study from DICOM file f

      -sef  --series-from  [f]ilename: string
              read patient/study/series from DICOM file f

      -ii   --instance-inc
              increase instance number read from DICOM file

    JPEG format:

      -dp   --disable-progr
              disable support for progressive JPEG

      -de   --disable-ext
              disable support for extended sequential JPEG

      -jf   --insist-on-jfif
              insist on JFIF header existence

      -ka   --keep-appn
              keep APPn sections (except JFIF)

      -rc   --remove-com
              remove COM segment

    XML validation:

      +Vd   --validate-document
              validate XML document against DTD

      +Vn   --check-namespace
              check XML namespace in document root

## processing options

    attribute checking:

            --do-checks
              enable attribute validity checking (default)

            --no-checks
              disable attribute validity checking

      +i2   --insert-type2
              insert missing type 2 attributes (default)
              (only with --do-checks)

      -i2   --no-type2-insert
              do not insert missing type 2 attributes
              (only with --do-checks)

      +i1   --invent-type1
              invent missing type 1 attributes (default)
              (only with --do-checks)

      -i1   --no-type1-invent
              do not invent missing type 1 attributes
              (only with --do-checks)

    character set conversion of study/series file:

      -Ct   --transliterate
              try to approximate characters that cannot be
              represented through similar looking characters

      -Cd   --discard-illegal
              discard characters that cannot be represented
              in destination character set

    other processing options:

      -k    --key  [k]ey: gggg,eeee="str", path or dictionary name="str"
              add further attribute

## output options

    target SOP class:

      -sc   --sec-capture
              write Secondary Capture SOP class (default)

      -nsc  --new-sc
              write new Secondary Capture SOP classes

      -vlp  --vl-photo
              write Visible Light Photographic SOP class

      -oph  --oph-photo
              write Ophthalmic Photography SOP classes

    output file format:

      +F    --write-file
              write file format (default)

      -F    --write-dataset
              write data set without file meta information

    group length encoding:

      +g=   --group-length-recalc
              recalculate group lengths if present (default)

      +g    --group-length-create
              always write with group length elements

      -g    --group-length-remove
              always write without group length elements

    length encoding in sequences and items:

      +e    --length-explicit
              write with explicit lengths (default)

      -e    --length-undefined
              write with undefined lengths

    data set trailing padding (not with --write-dataset):

      -p    --padding-off
              no padding (implicit if --write-dataset)

      +p    --padding-create  [f]ile-pad [i]tem-pad: integer
              align file on multiple of f bytes
              and items on multiple of i bytes

# NOTES

## Attribute Sources

For converting a general image format into DICOM format, the img2dcm application may be fed with some additional input for filling mandatory (and optional) attributes in the new DICOM file like patient, study and series information. This information can be collected using different approaches, which can be combined and are applied to the result file in the following order:

- Using the --dataset-from option img2dcm is forced to import attributes from an existing DICOM file. The given DICOM file is fully imported and serves as the basis for all further export operations. As an exception, the SOP Instance UID is not copied by this option. Also image related data like Rows, Columns etc. is exchanged during conversion. Note that img2dcm does not check any other attribute values for validity, e.g. it does not look into sequences to adapt any attributes to the new object (referenced images etc.). Therefore, it is recommended to use the templates in the data directory for (old) SC and VLP objects. See also section "Input Templates". As an alternative to option --dataset-from the mutually exclusive option --dataset-from-xml can be used. In this case, however, the file must contain XML data in the format as produced by dcm2xml.
- The --study-from and --series-from options can be used to import patient, study and series information from an existing DICOM file. If --series-from is specified, then the given DICOM file is opened by img2dcm and all mandatory information down to the series level is imported. Note that this includes patient, study and series information. In case of --study-from, the series information is excluded. Using --study-from and --series-from at the same time does make sense. If both options are provided on the command line, the rightmost option wins. The following attributes are taken over:

            Patient Level:
              Patient's Name
              Patient ID
              Patient's Sex
              Patient's Birth Date
              Specific Character Set

            Study Level:
              Study Instance UID
              Study Date
              Study Time
              Referring Physician's Name
              Study ID
              Accession Number

            Series Level (only in case of option --series-from):
              Series Instance UID
              Series Number
              Manufacturer

- With the --insert-type2 and --invent-type1 options (both enabled per default), missing attributes (type 2 attributes) and/or missing attribute values (for type 1 attributes) are automatically added and invented by img2dcm. Please note that these options are only evaluated if option --do-checks is enabled (default). If the --no-checks options is enabled, no automatic attribute insertion will take place.
- The --key option can be used to add further attributes to the DICOM output file. It is also possible to specify sequences, items and nested attributes using the --key option. In these cases, a special "path" notation has to be used. Details on this path notation can be found in the documentation of dcmodify. The --key option can be present more than once. The value part (after the '=') may be absent causing the attribute to be set with zero length. Please be advised that the --key option is applied at the very end, just before saving the DICOM file, so there is no value checking whatsoever.

## UIDs

New Study and Series Instance UIDs are generated if necessary after applying the --study-from and --series-from options. If Study Instance UID or Series Instance UID are not present after these steps, they are newly generated, independently from each other.

A contrary behavior is chosen for the SOP Instance UID that one could expect to be taken over when using the --dataset-from or --dataset-from-xml option. This is not the case, the SOP Instance UID is not copied to the new object. This should be the desirable behavior for most use cases. However, if a certain SOP Instance UID should be inserted into the new object, the --key option should be used.

## Input Templates

For supporting the conversion into DICOM, img2dcm comes with some pre-defined templates which can be used for the --dataset-from option (see sample files SC.dump and VLP.dump). These templates should be filled with the desired values and then must be dumped (converted) to a DICOM file before actually being used with img2dcm. Use dump2dcm to convert the dump to DICOM. Example:

      dump2dcm SC.dump SC.dcm

For Ophthalmic Photography images, XML templates are provided (see sample file OP_template_utf_8.xml and OP_template_latin_1.xml).

It is possible to use any DICOM file as a template. Please note that the complete DICOM dataset is imported; hence, it should be assured that only attributes are present which should be part of the constructed DICOM object. The SOP Class UID and the Pixel Data attributes (including attributes like Rows, Columns etc.) are not copied but replaced by img2dcm during conversion.

## Multiframe Images

It is possible to convert multiple input files into one DICOM multiframe image if the selected DICOM SOP class supports multiframe. In particular, the Multi-frame Secondary Capture SOP Classes support this feature. They are selected through the --new-sc command line option.

## Character Sets

When an input template is loaded using --dataset-from or --dataset-from-xml, the specific character set of that template is used for the generated DICOM file. If the --study-from or --series-from options are used additionally, img2dcm will try to convert the character set of these attributes to that of the template, and will report an error if that is not possible.

If the --study-from or --series-from options are used without a template, the specific character set of this source is used for the generated DICOM file. Any keys specified on the command line with the --key option are treated as raw bytes and override any attributes that may already be present due to a template or study/series file. Therefore, care should be taken to not specify a specific character set on the command line if one might be loaded from another file. It is also the user's responsibility to ensure that attribute values specified on the command line use the correct encoding, as no conversion will take place before the values are stored in the DICOM file.

## Input Plugins

The img2dcm application currently supports the JPEG, JPEG-LS and the BMP image format as input.

### JPEG Input Plugin

For JPEG, the original JPEG from the source file is not decoded but extracted and slightly transformed (e.g. JFIF header is cut off) to allow fast conversion of even big JPEG files without the need of decoding and re-encoding. The JPEG plugin chooses the necessary output transfer syntax automatically depending on the actual encoding of the data inside the JPEG file. Therefore, the following Transfer Syntaxes (and their corresponding JPEG encodings) are used by the JPEG plugin:

- JPEG Coding Process 1
  Baseline, Lossy, Non-Hierarchical, Sequential, DCT, Huffman, 8 Bit
  Transfer Syntax UID = 1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.50
- JPEG Coding Process 2 (8-bit) and 4 (12-bit)
  Extended, Lossy, Non-Hierarchical, Sequential, DCT, Huffman, 8/12 Bit
  Transfer Syntax UID = 1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.51
- JPEG Coding Process 10 (8-bit) and 12 (12-bit)
  Full Progression, lossy, Non-Hierarch., Progressive, DCT, Huffman, 8/12 Bit
  Transfer Syntax UID = 1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.55

Color and grayscale images are supported.

The support for the Extended JPEG Transfer Syntax can be disabled (--disable-ext option) as well as the support for the (retired) Progressive JPEG Transfer Syntax (--disable-progr option).

JPEG lossless encoding as well as any arithmetic or hierarchical JPEG encoding modes are not supported by the plugin.

JFIF (JPEG File Interchange Format) information facilitates optional APPn markers in a JPEG file. Many digital cameras do not integrate such JFIF information into the JPEG output they create. For example, JFIF contains information about the pixel aspect ratio of the compressed image. If you want the img2dcm application to insist on a JFIF header in the JPEG stream, you can use the option --insist-on-jfif which will abort if no JFIF information can be found. By default, missing JFIF information is ignored.

For DICOM it is kind of a "gray zone", whether the integration of JFIF (or any other APPn) data into the DICOM object's internal JPEG stream is allowed or not. However, the most reliable approach is to cut those markers and their information off the JPEG stream. This approach is also taken by the img2dcm application. By default, all APPn markers are cut off from the original JPEG stream. However, if you want to keep other APPn markers than JFIF (e.g. EXIF information) inside the DICOM stream, the option --keep-appn does the trick. It should also be slightly faster than cutting off APPn information, because it is not necessary to scan the whole JPEG stream for such data. As stated before, JFIF information is always removed by img2dcm. However, when using this option, the APP2 marker is retained, but img2dcm does not create an equivalent ICC Profile (0028,2000) attribute.

### JPEG-LS Input Plugin

The JPEG-LS plugin has been integrated directly into the main JPEG plugin. There is no need for the user to explicitly state in advance if input is JPEG or JPEG-LS.

For JPEGL-LS, the original JPEG-LS from the source file is not decoded but extracted and slightly transformed (e. g. APP8 marker is cut off) to allow fast conversion of even big JPEG-LS files without the need of decoding and re-encoding.

The JPEG-LS plugin chooses the necessary output transfer syntax automatically depending on the actual encoding of the data inside the JPEG-LS file. Therefore, the following Transfer Syntaxes (and there corresponding JPEG-LS encodings) are used by the JPEG-LS plugin:

- JPEG-LS Lossless Image Compression
  Transfer Syntax UID = 1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.80
- JPEG-LS Lossy (Near-Lossless) Image Compression
  Transfer Syntax UID = 1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.81

Color and grayscale images are supported. CP-1843 enforce that the value of Planar Configuration (0028,0006) is irrelevant since the manner of encoding components is specified in the JPEG-LS bit stream as component, line or sample interleaved, hence it shall be set to 0. Since no color transformation specific for JPEG-LS is currently defined in DICOM, it is assumed that the JPEG-LS stream is encoded in RGB color space.

For DICOM it is clear that SPIFF header should not be present in the DICOM object's internal JPEG-LS stream. The plugin will simply rejects any input JPEG-LS file containing a SPIFF header at marker APP8.

By default, all APPn markers are cut off from the original JPEG-LS stream. However, if you want to keep APPn markers (e.g. APP8/HP color transform information, aka 'mrfx') inside the DICOM stream, the option --keep-appn does the trick. Pay attention that the plugin will check the actual color transform specified in the APP8/HP marker. Since DICOM does not allow any color transform to be specified in the APP8 marker, only a value of 0 (no color transform) is accepted.

### BMP Input Plugin

img2dcm supports BMP as input format. However, so far only the most common BMP images are supported. In particular, BMP images which use bit fields or run length encoding will be rejected. Such images are uncommon. Input images will either be converted into a DICOM image with RGB color model and a bit depth of 24, or into an image with MONOCHROME2 color model an 8 bits per pixel. There are no specific options for fine-tuning BMP format conversion.

## Output Plugins

The desired output SOP Class can be selected on the command line. Currently, export plugins for the Secondary Capture Image SOP Class (default, option -sc), the Multi-frame Secondary Capture Image SOP Classes (option -nsc), Visible Light Photographic Image SOP Class (option -vl), and the Ophthalmic Photography Image SOP Classes (option -oph) are available. Please note that the first one is deprecated according to the DICOM standard but is selected as a default because it is widely supported. Future versions of img2dcm might provide further output plugins for other SOP Classes.

For the new Secondary Capture SOP Classes, it is not possible to specify which specific SOP Class should be used for output. That is because these new SOP classes are differentiated from each other by color depth (1/8/16) and the fact whether the image is black/white or color. That is why img2dcm decides during conversion, which output SOP Class is suitable for a given source image.

# EXAMPLES

Here are some examples that show how the img2dcm application can be used.

1. img2dcm image.jpg out.dcm
   Read JPEG file "image.jpg", convert to the old Secondary Capture SOP Class and save the result to DICOM file "out.dcm". This is the easiest way of using img2dcm. Any type 1 and type 2 attributes required for writing valid objects of this SOP Class are inserted automatically.
2. img2dcm -i BMP image.bmp out.dcm
   Same as above but tells img2dcm to read a BMP file instead of JPEG.
3. img2dcm image.jpg out.dcm -vlp -k "PatientName=Bond^James"
   Same as first example, but writes Visible Light Photographic Image object to "out.dcm" and sets PatientName to "Bond^James" which otherwise would be left empty.
4. img2dcm image.jpg out.dcm –series-from template.dcm -k "PatientName=Bond^James"
   Same as 1), but imports patient/study/series information from DICOM file "template.dcm". Please note that attribute PatientName will contain "Bond^James" at the end, any value from "template.dcm" will be overwritten. That is, because the -k option is applied at the very end of the conversion pipeline (see above).
5. img2dcm image.jpg out.dcm –no-checks
   Same as 1), but does not perform any attribute checking and no type 1 and type 2 attribute insertion! So in this case, an invalid DICOM object would be generated. This can be interesting if the output file is not meant to be completed but will undergo further transformations, e.g. adding attributes using dcmodify. Only use option --no-checks if you know what you are doing!
6. img2dcm image.jpg out.dcm –no-type1-invent
   Same as 1), but does not insert missing type 1 attributes and/or their values. Type 2 attributes will be inserted. Note that in this case it must be assured that all type 1 attributes are provided by other means, i.e. by adding them with the --key option. Otherwise, img2dcm will report an error and will stop converting.
7. img2dcm image.jpg out.dcm –keep-appn –insist-on-jfif
   Same as 1), but takes over APPn information like EXIF into the DICOM object's resulting JPEG stream. Further, --insist-on-jfif will force img2dcm to abort if no JFIF information is existent in the source file.
8. img2dcm image1.jpg image2.jpg out.dcm –new-sc
   Read the JPEG files "image1.jpg" and "image2.jpg", convert to a multiframe image of the appropriate Multi-frame Secondary Capture SOP Class, and save the result to DICOM file "out.dcm".

# LOGGING

The level of logging output of the various command line tools and underlying libraries can be specified by the user. By default, only errors and warnings are written to the standard error stream. Using option --verbose also informational messages like processing details are reported. Option --debug can be used to get more details on the internal activity, e.g. for debugging purposes. Other logging levels can be selected using option --log-level. In --quiet mode only fatal errors are reported. In such very severe error events, the application will usually terminate. For more details on the different logging levels, see documentation of module "oflog".

In case the logging output should be written to file (optionally with logfile rotation), to syslog (Unix) or the event log (Windows) option --log-config can be used. This configuration file also allows for directing only certain messages to a particular output stream and for filtering certain messages based on the module or application where they are generated. An example configuration file is provided in <etcdir>/logger.cfg.

# COMMAND LINE

All command line tools use the following notation for parameters: square brackets enclose optional values (0-1), three trailing dots indicate that multiple values are allowed (1-n), a combination of both means 0 to n values.

Command line options are distinguished from parameters by a leading '+' or '-' sign, respectively. Usually, order and position of command line options are arbitrary (i.e. they can appear anywhere). However, if options are mutually exclusive the rightmost appearance is used. This behavior conforms to the standard evaluation rules of common Unix shells.

In addition, one or more command files can be specified using an '@' sign as a prefix to the filename (e.g. @command.txt). Such a command argument is replaced by the content of the corresponding text file (multiple whitespaces are treated as a single separator unless they appear between two quotation marks) prior to any further evaluation. Please note that a command file cannot contain another command file. This simple but effective approach allows one to summarize common combinations of options/parameters and avoids longish and confusing command lines (an example is provided in file <datadir>/dumppat.txt).

# ENVIRONMENT

The img2dcm utility will attempt to load DICOM data dictionaries specified in the DCMDICTPATH environment variable. By default, i.e. if the DCMDICTPATH environment variable is not set, the file <datadir>/dicom.dic will be loaded unless the dictionary is built into the application (default for Windows).

The default behavior should be preferred and the DCMDICTPATH environment variable only used when alternative data dictionaries are required. The DCMDICTPATH environment variable has the same format as the Unix shell PATH variable in that a colon (":") separates entries. On Windows systems, a semicolon (";") is used as a separator. The data dictionary code will attempt to load each file specified in the DCMDICTPATH environment variable. It is an error if no data dictionary can be loaded.

# FILES

<datadir>/SC.dump - Sample dump file for Secondary Capture images
<datadir>/VLP.dump - Sample dump file for Visible Light Photographic images
<datadir>/OP_template.xml - Sample XML template for Ophthalmic Photography images

# SEE ALSO

dcm2pnm(1), dcmj2pnm(1), dump2dcm(1), dcmconv(1), dcmodify(1), dcm2xml(1)

# COPYRIGHT

Copyright (C) 2007-2025 by OFFIS e.V., Escherweg 2, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany.

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