# for loop

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Executes init-statement once, then executes statement and iteration_expression repeatedly, until the value of condition becomes false. The test takes place before each iteration.

### Syntax

formal syntax: |  |
attr(optional) `for (` init-statement condition(optional) `;` iteration_expression(optional) `)` statement |  |
informal syntax: |  |
attr(optional) `for (` declaration-or-expression(optional) `;` declaration-or-expression(optional) `;` expression(optional) `)` statement |  |

attr(C++11) | - | any number of attributes

init-statement

-

either

- an expression statement (which may be a null statement "`;`")
- a simple declaration, typically a declaration of a loop counter variable with initializer, but it may declare arbitrary many variables

  Note that any init-statement must end with a semicolon `;`, which is why it is often described informally as an expression or a declaration followed by a semicolon.

condition

-

either

- an expression which is contextually convertible to bool. This expression is evaluated before each iteration, and if it yields false, the loop is exited.
- a declaration of a single variable with a brace-or-equals initializer. the initializer is evaluated before each iteration, and if the value of the declared variable converts to false, the loop is exited.

iteration_expression | - | any expression, which is executed after every iteration of the loop and before re-evaluating condition. Typically, this is the expression that increments the loop counter
statement | - | any statement, typically a compound statement, which is the body of the loop

### Explanation

The above syntax produces code equivalent to:

`{`

  init_statement
  `while (` condition `) {`
    statement
    iteration_expression `;`
  `}`

`}`

Except that

1) Names declared by the init-statement (if init-statement is a declaration) and names declared by condition (if condition is a declaration) are in the same scope (which is also the scope of statement).
2) continue in the statement will execute iteration_expression
3) Empty condition is equivalent to while(true)

If the execution of the loop needs to be terminated at some point, break statement can be used as terminating statement.

If the execution of the loop needs to be continued at the end of the loop body, continue statement can be used as shortcut.

As is the case with while loop, if statement is a single statement (not a compound statement), the scope of variables declared in it is limited to the loop body as if it was a compound statement.

    for (;;)
        int n;
    // n goes out of scope

### Keywords

`for`

### Notes

As part of the C++ forward progress guarantee, the behavior is undefined if a loop that has no observable behavior (does not make calls to I/O functions, access volatile objects, or perform atomic or synchronization operations) does not terminate. Compilers are permitted to remove such loops.

While in C++, the scope of the init-statement and the scope of statement are one and the same, in C the scope of statement is nested within the scope of init-statement:

    for (int i = 0; ; ) {
        long i = 1;   // valid C, invalid C++
        // ...
    }

### Example

Run this code

    #include <iostream>
    #include <vector>

    int main()
    {
        // typical loop with a single statement as the body
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
            std::cout << i << ' ';
        std::cout << '\n';

        // init-statement can declare multiple names, as long as they
        // can use the same decl-specifier-seq
        for (int i = 0, *p = &i; i < 9; i += 2) {
            std::cout << i << ':' << *p << ' ';
        }
        std::cout << '\n';

        // condition may be a declaration
        char cstr[] = "Hello";
        for (int n = 0; char c = cstr[n]; ++n)
            std::cout << c;
        std::cout << '\n';

        // init-statement can use the auto type specifier
        std::vector<int> v = {3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9};
        for (auto iter = v.begin(); iter != v.end(); ++iter) {
            std::cout << *iter << ' ';
        }
        std::cout << '\n';

       // init-statement can be an expression
        int n = 0;
        for (std::cout << "Loop start\n";
             std::cout << "Loop test\n";
             std::cout << "Iteration " << ++n << '\n')
            if(n > 1)
                break;
        std::cout << '\n';
    }

Output:

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    0:0 2:2 4:4 6:6 8:8
    Hello
    3 1 4 1 5 9
    Loop start
    Loop test
    Iteration 1
    Loop test
    Iteration 2
    Loop test

### See also

range-for loop | executes loop over range (since C++11)
C documentation for for

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