# Extensions for ranges

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The C++ Extensions for Ranges, ISO/IEC TS 21425:XXXX, specifies one modification to the core language and defines new components for the C++ standard library listed on this page.

The Ranges TS is based on the C++14 standard as modified by the Concepts TS.

#### Core language changes

The Ranges TS modifies the specification of the range-based for loop to permit differently typed begin and end iterators. This change permits the use of sentinels and is also present in C++17.

#### Concepts

##### Core language concepts

Defined in header `<experimental/ranges/concepts>`
Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
Same | specifies that a type is the same as another type (concept)
DerivedFrom | specifies that a type is derived from another type (concept)
ConvertibleTo | specifies that a type is implicitly convertible to another type (concept)
CommonReference | specifies that two types share a common reference type (concept)
Common | specifies that two types share a common type (concept)
Integral | specifies that a type is an integral type (concept)
SignedIntegral | specifies that a type is a integral type that is signed (concept)
UnsignedIntegral | specifies that a type is an integral type that is not signed (concept)
Assignable | specifies that a type is assignable from another type (concept)
Swappable | specifies that a type can be swapped or that two types can be swapped with each other (concept)

##### Comparison concepts

Defined in header `<experimental/ranges/concepts>`
Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
Boolean | specifies that a type can be used in Boolean contexts (concept)
WeaklyEqualityComparable | specifies that two types can be compared for equality using operators == and != (concept)
EqualityComparable | specifies that operator == is an equivalence relation (concept)
StrictTotallyOrdered | specifies that the comparison operators on the type yield a total order (concept)

##### Object concepts

Defined in header `<experimental/ranges/concepts>`
Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
Destructible | specifies that an object of the type can be destroyed and have its address taken with unary & (concept)
Constructible | specifies that a variable of the type can be constructed from or bound to a set of argument types (concept)
DefaultConstructible | specifies that an object of a type can be default constructed (concept)
MoveConstructible | specifies that an object of a type can be move constructed (concept)
CopyConstructible | specifies that an object of a type can be copy constructed and move constructed (concept)
Movable | specifies that an object of a type can be moved and swapped (concept)
Copyable | specifies that an object of a type can be copied, moved, and swapped (concept)
Semiregular | specifies that an object of a type can be copied, moved, swapped, and default constructed (concept)
Regular | specifies that a type is regular, that is, it is both `Semiregular` and `EqualityComparable` (concept)

##### Callable concepts

Defined in header `<experimental/ranges/concepts>`
Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
Invocable RegularInvocable | specifies that a callable type can be invoked with a given set of argument types (concept)
Predicate | specifies that a callable type is a Boolean predicate (concept)
Relation | specifies that a callable type is a binary relation (concept)
StrictWeakOrder | specifies that a `Relation` imposes a strict weak ordering (concept)

##### Random number generator concept

Defined in header `<experimental/ranges/random>`
Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
UniformRandomNumberGenerator | specifies that a type qualifies as a uniform random number generator (concept)

#### General utilities

##### Utility components

Defined in header `<experimental/ranges/utility>`
Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
swap | swaps the value of two objects (customization point object)
exchange | replaces the argument with a new value and returns its previous value (function template)

##### Function objects

Defined in header `<experimental/ranges/functional>`
Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
invoke | invokes a `Callable` object with the given arguments (function template)
equal_to | function object implementing x == y (class template)
not_equal_to | function object implementing x != y (class template)
greater | function object implementing x > y (class template)
less | function object implementing x < y (class template)
greater_equal | function object implementing x >= y (class template)
less_equal | function object implementing x <= y (class template)
identity | function object that returns its argument unchanged (class)

##### Metaprogramming and type traits

Defined in header `<type_traits>`
Defined in namespace `std`
is_swappable_with is_swappable is_nothrow_swappable_with is_nothrow_swappable | checks if objects of a type can be swapped with objects of same or different type (class template)
basic_common_reference common_reference | determine the common reference type of a set of types (class template)
common_type | determine the common type of a set of types (class template)

##### Tagged pairs and tuples

Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
Defined in header `<experimental/ranges/utility>`
TagSpecifier | specifies that a type is a tag specifier (concept)
TaggedType | specifies that a type represents a tag specifier and its element type (concept)
tagged | augument a tuple-like type with named accessors (class template)
tagged_pair | alias template for a tagged std::pair (alias template)
make_tagged_pair | convenience function for creating a `tagged_pair` (function template)
Defined in header `<experimental/ranges/tuple>`
tagged_tuple | alias template for a tagged std::tuple (alias template)
make_tagged_tuple | convenience function for creating a `tagged_tuple` (function template)
Defined in header `<experimental/ranges/algorithm>`
Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges::tag`
in in1 in2 out out1 out2 fun min max begin end | tag specifiers for use with ranges::tagged (class)

#### Iterators

Defined in header `<experimental/ranges/iterator>`

##### Iterator and range concepts

Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`

###### Iterator concepts

Readable | specifies that a type is readable by applying operator `*` (concept)
Writable | specifies that a value can be written to an iterator's referenced object (concept)
WeaklyIncrementable | specifies that a type can be incremented with pre- and post-increment operators (concept)
Incrementable | specifies that the increment operation on a `WeaklyIncrementable` type is equality-preserving and that the type is `EqualityComparable` (concept)
Iterator | specifies that objects of a type can be incremented and dereferenced (concept)
Sentinel | specifies that objects of a type is a sentinel for an `Iterator` type (concept)
SizedSentinel | specifies that the `-` operator can be applied to an iterator and a sentinel to calculate their difference in constant time (concept)
InputIterator | specifies that a type is an input iterator, that is, its referenced values can be read and it can be both pre- and post-incremented (concept)
OutputIterator | specifies that a type is an output iterator for a given value type, that is, values of that type can be written to it and it can be both pre- and post-incremented (concept)
ForwardIterator | specifies that an `InputIterator` is a forward iterator, supporting equality comparison and multi-pass (concept)
BidirectionalIterator | specifies that a `ForwardIterator` is a bidirectional interator, supporting movement backwards (concept)
RandomAccessIterator | specifies that a `BidirectionalIterator` is a random-access interator, supporting advancement in constant time and subscripting (concept)

###### Indirect callable concepts

IndirectInvocable IndirectRegularInvocable | specifies that a callable type can be invoked with the result of dereferencing some `Readable` types (concept)
IndirectPredicate | specifies that a callable object, when invoked with the result of dereferencing some `Readable` types, satisfies `Predicate` (concept)
IndirectRelation | specifies that a callable object, when invoked with the result of dereferencing some `Readable` types, satisfies `Relation` (concept)
IndirectStrictWeakOrder | specifies that a callable object, when invoked with the result of dereferencing some `Readable` types, satisfies `StrictWeakOrder` (concept)

###### Common algorithm requirements

IndirectlyMovable | specifies that values may be moved from a `Readable` type to a `Writable` type (concept)
IndirectlyMovableStorable | specifies that values may be moved from a `Readable` type to a `Writable` type and that the move may be performed via an intermediate object (concept)
IndirectlyCopyable | specifies that values may be copied from a `Readable` type to a `Writable` type (concept)
IndirectlyCopyableStorable | specifies that values may be copied from a `Readable` type to a `Writable` type and that the copy may be performed via an intermediate object (concept)
IndirectlySwappable | specifies that the values referenced by two `Readable` types can be swapped (concept)
IndirectlyComparable | specifies that the values referenced by two `Readable` types can be compared (concept)
Permutable | specifies the common requirements of algorithms that reorder elements in place (concept)
Mergeable | specifies the requirements of algorithms that merge sorted sequences into an output sequence by copying elements (concept)
Sortable | specifies the common requirements of algorithms that permute sequences into ordered sequences (concept)

###### Range concepts

Range | specifies that a type is a range, that is, it provides a `begin` iterator and an `end` sentinel (concept)
SizedRange | specifies that a range knows its size in constant time (concept)
View | specifies that a range is a view, that is, it has constant time copy/move/assignment (concept)
BoundedRange | specifies that a range has identical iterator and sentinel types (concept)
InputRange | specifies a range whose iterator type satisfies `InputIterator` (concept)
OutputRange | specifies a range whose iterator type satisfies `OutputIterator` (concept)
ForwardRange | specifies a range whose iterator type satisfies `ForwardIterator` (concept)
BidirectionalRange | specifies a range whose iterator type satisfies `BidirectionalIterator` (concept)
RandomAccessRange | specifies a range whose iterator type satisfies `RandomAccessIterator` (concept)

###### Concept utilities

indirect_result_of | compute the result of invoking a callable object on the result of dereferencing some set of `Readable` types (class template)
projected | helper template for specifying the constraints on algorithms that accept projections (class template)
disable_sized_sentinel | provides a mechanism to declare that an iterator-sentinel pair does not satisfy `SizedSentinel` (variable template)
disable_sized_range | Provide a mechanism to declare that a range does not meet `SizedRange` (variable template)
view_base | empty base class to signify that a class is a view (class)
enable_view | helper trait to differentiate views from other ranges (class template)

##### Iterator primitives

###### Iterator utilities

Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
iter_move | casts the result of dereferencing an object to its associated rvalue reference type (customization point object)
iter_swap | swap the values referenced by two dereferenceable objects (customization point object)

###### Iterator traits

Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
difference_type | obtains the difference type of a `WeaklyIncrementable` type (class template)
value_type | obtains the value type of a `Readable` type (class template)
iterator_category | obtains the iterator category of an input iterator type (class template)
iterator_traits | compatibility traits class that collects an iterator’s associated types (alias template)
reference_t | obtains a dereferenceable object's reference type (alias template)
rvalue_reference_t | obtains a dereferenceable object's rvalue reference type (alias template)
iter_common_reference_t | compute the common reference type of a `Readable` object's reference type and an lvalue reference to its value type (alias template)
is_indirectly_movable is_nothrow_indirectly_movable | tests whether two types satisfy `IndirectlyMovable` (class template)
is_indirectly_swappable is_nothrow_indirectly_swappable | tests whether two types satisfy `IndirectlySwappable` (class template)

###### Iterator category tags

Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
input_iterator_tag output_iterator_tag forward_iterator_tag bidirectional_iterator_tag random_access_iterator_tag | empty class types used to indicate iterator categories (class)

###### std::iterator_traits specializations

Defined in namespace `std`
std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>std::iterator_traits<OutputIterator> | specializes std::iterator_traits for ranges TS iterators (class template specialization)

###### Iterator operations

Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
advance | advances an iterator by given distance (function template)
distance | returns the distance between an iterator and a sentinel, or between the beginning and the end of a range (function template)
next | increment an iterator (function template)
prev | decrement an iterator (function template)

##### Iterator adaptors

Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
reverse_iterator | iterator adaptor for reverse-order traversal (class template)
back_insert_iterator | iterator adaptor for insertion at the end of a container (class template)
front_insert_iterator | iterator adaptor for insertion at the front of a container (class template)
insert_iterator | iterator adaptor for insertion into a container (class template)
move_iterator | iterator adaptor which dereferences to an rvalue reference (class template)
move_sentinel | sentinel adaptor for use with `move_iterator` (class template)
common_iterator | adapt an iterator-sentinel pair into a common iterator type for use with legacy algorithms (class template)
counted_iterator | iterator adaptor that keeps track of its distance from its starting position (class template)
default_sentinel | empty sentinel type for use with iterator types that know the bound of their range (class)
dangling | wrapper for a possibly dangling iterator (class template)
safe_iterator_t | alias template that wraps the iterator type of an rvalue range with `dangling` (alias template)
unreachable | sentinel type used with any iterator to denote an infinite range (class)

##### Stream iterators

Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
istream_iterator | input iterator that reads from std::basic_istream (class template)
ostream_iterator | output iterator that writes to std::basic_ostream (class template)
istreambuf_iterator | input iterator that reads from std::basic_streambuf (class template)
ostreambuf_iterator | output iterator that writes to std::basic_streambuf (class template)

##### Range access

Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
begin cbegin | returns an iterator to the beginning of a range (customization point object)
end cend | returns an iterator to the end of a range (customization point object)
rbegin crbegin | returns a reverse iterator to a range (customization point object)
rend crend | returns a reverse end iterator to a range (customization point object)

##### Range primitives

Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
iterator_t | obtains the iterator type of a range (alias template)
sentinel_t | obtains the sentinel type of a range (alias template)
distance | returns the distance between an iterator and a sentinel, or between the beginning and the end of a range (function template)
size | obtains the size of a range whose size can be calculated in constant time (customization point object)
empty | checks whether a range is empty (customization point object)
data cdata | obtains a pointer to the beginning of a contiguous range (customization point object)

#### Algorithms

Defined in header `<experimental/ranges/algorithm>`

##### Non-modifying sequence operations

Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
all_of any_of none_of | checks if a predicate is true for all, any or none of the elements in a range (function template)
for_each | applies a function to a range of elements (function template)
count count_if | returns the number of elements satisfying specific criteria (function template)
mismatch | finds the first position where two ranges differ (function template)
equal | determines if two sets of elements are the same (function template)
find find_if find_if_not | finds the first element satisfying specific criteria (function template)
find_end | finds the last sequence of elements in a certain range (function template)
find_first_of | searches for any one of a set of elements (function template)
adjacent_find | finds the first two adjacent items that are equal (or satisfy a given predicate) (function template)
search | searches for a range of elements (function template)
search_n | searches for a number consecutive copies of an element in a range (function template)

##### Modifying sequence operations

Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
copy copy_if | copies a range of elements to a new location (function template)
copy_n | copies a number of elements to a new location (function template)
copy_backward | copies a range of elements in backwards order (function template)
move | moves a range of elements to a new location (function template)
move_backward | moves a range of elements to a new location in backwards order (function template)
fill | assigns a range of elements a certain value (function template)
fill_n | assigns a value to a number of elements (function template)
transform | applies a function to a range of elements (function template)
generate | saves the result of a function in a range (function template)
generate_n | saves the result of N applications of a function (function template)
remove remove_if | removes elements satisfying specific criteria (function template)
remove_copy remove_copy_if | copies a range of elements omitting those that satisfy specific criteria (function template)
replace replace_if | replaces all values satisfying specific criteria with another value (function template)
replace_copy replace_copy_if | copies a range, replacing elements satisfying specific criteria with another value (function template)
swap_ranges | swaps two ranges of elements (function template)
reverse | reverses the order of elements in a range (function template)
reverse_copy | creates a copy of a range that is reversed (function template)
rotate | rotates the order of elements in a range (function template)
rotate_copy | copies and rotate a range of elements (function template)
shuffle | randomly re-orders elements in a range (function template)
unique | removes consecutive duplicate elements in a range (function template)
unique_copy | creates a copy of some range of elements that contains no consecutive duplicates (function template)

##### Partitioning operations

Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
is_partitioned | determines if the range is partitioned by the given predicate (function template)
partition | divides a range of elements into two groups (function template)
partition_copy | copies a range dividing the elements into two groups (function template)
stable_partition | divides elements into two groups while preserving their relative order (function template)
partition_point | locates the partition point of a partitioned range (function template)

##### Sorting operations

Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
is_sorted | checks whether a range is sorted into ascending order (function template)
is_sorted_until | finds the largest sorted subrange (function template)
sort | sorts a range into ascending order (function template)
partial_sort | sorts the first N elements of a range (function template)
partial_sort_copy | copies and partially sorts a range of elements (function template)
stable_sort | sorts a range of elements while preserving order between equal elements (function template)
nth_element | partially sorts the given range making sure that it is partitioned by the given element (function template)

##### Binary search operations (on sorted ranges)

Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
lower_bound | returns an iterator to the first element not less than the given value (function template)
upper_bound | returns an iterator to the first element greater than a certain value (function template)
binary_search | determines if an element exists in a certain range (function template)
equal_range | returns range of elements matching a specific key (function template)

##### Set operations (on sorted ranges)

Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
merge | merges two sorted ranges (function template)
inplace_merge | merges two ordered ranges in-place (function template)
includes | returns true if one set is a subset of another (function template)
set_difference | computes the difference between two sets (function template)
set_intersection | computes the intersection of two sets (function template)
set_symmetric_difference | computes the symmetric difference between two sets (function template)
set_union | computes the union of two sets (function template)

##### Heap operations

Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
is_heap | checks if the given range is a max heap (function template)
is_heap_until | finds the largest subrange that is a max heap (function template)
make_heap | creates a max heap out of a range of elements (function template)
push_heap | adds an element to a max heap (function template)
pop_heap | removes the largest element from a max heap (function template)
sort_heap | turns a max heap into a range of elements sorted in ascending order (function template)

##### Minimum/maximum operations

Defined in namespace `std::experimental::ranges`
max | returns the greater of the given values (function template)
max_element | returns the largest element in a range (function template)
min | returns the smaller of the given values (function template)
min_element | returns the smallest element in a range (function template)
minmax | returns the smaller and larger of two elements (function template)
minmax_element | returns the smallest and the largest elements in a range (function template)
lexicographical_compare | returns true if one range is lexicographically less than another (function template)
is_permutation | determines if a sequence is a permutation of another sequence (function template)
next_permutation | generates the next greater lexicographic permutation of a range of elements (function template)
prev_permutation | generates the next smaller lexicographic permutation of a range of elements (function template)

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