# while loop

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< cpp‎ | language

Executes a statement repeatedly, until the value of condition becomes false. The test takes place before each iteration.

### Syntax

attr(optional) `while (` condition `)` statement |  |

attr(C++11) | - | any number of attributes

condition

-

any expression which is contextually convertible to bool or a declaration of a single variable with a brace-or-equals initializer. This expression is evaluated before each iteration, and if it yields false, the loop is exited. If this is a declaration, the initializer is evaluated before each iteration, and if the value of the declared variable converts to false, the loop is exited.

statement | - | any statement, typically a compound statement, which is the body of the loop

### Explanation

If statement is a single statement (not a compound statement), the scope of variables declared in it is limited to the while loop as if it was a compound statement, in other words,

    while (--x >= 0)
        int i;
    // i goes out of scope

is the same as

    while (--x >= 0) {
        int i;
    } // i goes out of scope

If condition is a declaration such as T t = x, the declared variable is only in scope in the body of the loop, and is destroyed and recreated on every iteration, in other words, such while loop is equivalent to

    label:
    { // start of condition scope
        T t = x;
        if (t) {
            statement
            goto label; // calls the destructor of t
        }
    }

If the execution of the loop needs to be terminated at some point, break statement can be used as terminating statement.

If the execution of the loop needs to be continued at the end of the loop body, continue statement can be used as shortcut.

### Notes

As part of the C++ forward progress guarantee, the behavior is undefined if a loop that has no observable behavior (does not make calls to I/O functions, access volatile objects, or perform atomic or synchronization operations) does not terminate. Compilers are permitted to remove such loops.

### Keywords

`while`

### Example

Run this code

    #include <iostream>

    int main() {
        // while loop with a single statement
        int i = 0;
        while (i < 10)
             i++;
        std::cout << i << '\n';

        // while loop with a compound statement
        int j = 2;
        while (j < 9) {
            std::cout << j << ' ';
            j += 2;
        }
        std::cout << '\n';

       // while loop with a declaration condition
       char cstr[] = "Hello";
       int k = 0;
       while (char c = cstr[k++])
           std::cout << c;
       std::cout << '\n';
    }

Output:

    10
    2 4 6 8
    Hello

### See also

C documentation for while

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