# Package org.apache.commons.math3.dfp

package org.apache.commons.math3.dfp
Decimal floating point library for Java

Another floating point class. This one is built using radix 10000 which is 104, so its almost decimal.

The design goals here are:

1. Decimal math, or close to it
2. Settable precision (but no mix between numbers using different settings)
3. Portability. Code should be keep as portable as possible.
4. Performance
5. Accuracy - Results should always be +/- 1 ULP for basic algebraic operation
6. Comply with IEEE 854-1987 as much as possible. (See IEEE 854-1987 notes below)

Trade offs:

1. Memory foot print. I'm using more memory than necessary to represent numbers to get better performance.
2. Digits are bigger, so rounding is a greater loss. So, if you really need 12 decimal digits, better use 4 base 10000 digits there can be one partially filled.

Numbers are represented in the following form:

     n  =  sign × mant × (radix)exp;

where sign is ±1, mantissa represents a fractional number between zero and one. mant[0] is the least significant digit. exp is in the range of -32767 to 32768

IEEE 854-1987 Notes and differences

IEEE 854 requires the radix to be either 2 or 10. The radix here is 10000, so that requirement is not met, but it is possible that a subclassed can be made to make it behave as a radix 10 number. It is my opinion that if it looks and behaves as a radix 10 number then it is one and that requirement would be met.

The radix of 10000 was chosen because it should be faster to operate on 4 decimal digits at once instead of one at a time. Radix 10 behavior can be realized by add an additional rounding step to ensure that the number of decimal digits represented is constant.

The IEEE standard specifically leaves out internal data encoding, so it is reasonable to conclude that such a subclass of this radix 10000 system is merely an encoding of a radix 10 system.

IEEE 854 also specifies the existence of "sub-normal" numbers. This class does not contain any such entities. The most significant radix 10000 digit is always non-zero. Instead, we support "gradual underflow" by raising the underflow flag for numbers less with exponent less than expMin, but don't flush to zero until the exponent reaches MIN_EXP-digits. Thus the smallest number we can represent would be: 1E(-(MIN_EXP-digits-1)∗4), eg, for digits=5, MIN_EXP=-32767, that would be 1e-131092.

IEEE 854 defines that the implied radix point lies just to the right of the most significant digit and to the left of the remaining digits. This implementation puts the implied radix point to the left of all digits including the most significant one. The most significant digit here is the one just to the right of the radix point. This is a fine detail and is really only a matter of definition. Any side effects of this can be rendered invisible by a subclass.

Related Packages
Package
Description
org.apache.commons.math3
Common classes used throughout the commons-math library.
Class
Description
BracketingNthOrderBrentSolverDFP
Deprecated.
as of 3.6 replaced with `FieldBracketingNthOrderBrentSolver`
Dfp
Decimal floating point library for Java
DfpDec
Subclass of `Dfp` which hides the radix-10000 artifacts of the superclass.
DfpField
Field for Decimal floating point instances.
DfpField.RoundingMode
Enumerate for rounding modes.
DfpMath
Mathematical routines for use with `Dfp`.
UnivariateDfpFunction
Deprecated.
as of 3.6, replaced with `RealFieldUnivariateFunction`