# Source code for brian2.devices.cpp_standalone.device

    """
    Module implementing the C++ "standalone" device.
    """

    import inspect
    import itertools
    import numbers
    import os
    import shutil
    import subprocess
    import sys
    import tempfile
    import time
    import zlib
    from collections import Counter, defaultdict
    from collections.abc import Mapping
    from distutils import ccompiler
    from hashlib import md5

    import numpy as np

    from brian2.codegen.codeobject import check_compiler_kwds
    from brian2.codegen.cpp_prefs import get_compiler_and_args, get_msvc_env
    from brian2.codegen.generators.cpp_generator import c_data_type
    from brian2.core.functions import Function
    from brian2.core.namespace import get_local_namespace
    from brian2.core.network import Network
    from brian2.core.preferences import BrianPreference, prefs
    from brian2.core.variables import (
        ArrayVariable,
        Constant,
        DynamicArrayVariable,
        Variable,
        VariableView,
    )
    from brian2.devices.device import Device, all_devices, reset_device, set_device
    from brian2.groups.group import Group
    from brian2.input import TimedArray
    from brian2.parsing.rendering import CPPNodeRenderer
    from brian2.synapses.synapses import Synapses
    from brian2.units import second
    from brian2.units.fundamentalunits import Quantity, fail_for_dimension_mismatch
    from brian2.utils.filelock import FileLock
    from brian2.utils.filetools import copy_directory, ensure_directory, in_directory
    from brian2.utils.logger import get_logger, std_silent
    from brian2.utils.stringtools import word_substitute

    from .codeobject import CPPStandaloneCodeObject, openmp_pragma

    __all__ = []

    logger = get_logger(__name__)

    # Preferences
    prefs.register_preferences(
        "devices.cpp_standalone",
        "C++ standalone preferences ",
        openmp_threads=BrianPreference(
            default=0,
            docs="""
            The number of threads to use if OpenMP is turned on. By default, this value is set to 0 and the C++ code
            is generated without any reference to OpenMP. If greater than 0, then the corresponding number of threads
            are used to launch the simulation.
            """,
        ),
        openmp_spatialneuron_strategy=BrianPreference(
            default=None,
            validator=lambda val: val in [None, "branches", "systems"],
            docs="""
            DEPRECATED. Previously used to chose the strategy to parallelize the
            solution of the three tridiagonal systems for multicompartmental
            neurons. Now, its value is ignored.
            """,
        ),
        make_cmd_unix=BrianPreference(
            default="make",
            docs="""
            The make command used to compile the standalone project. Defaults to the
            standard GNU make commane "make".""",
        ),
        run_cmd_unix=BrianPreference(
            default="./main",
            validator=lambda val: isinstance(val, str) or isinstance(val, list),
            docs="""
            The command used to run the compiled standalone project. Defaults to executing
            the compiled binary with "./main". Must be a single binary as string or a list
            of command arguments (e.g. ["./binary", "--key", "value"]).
            """,
        ),
        extra_make_args_unix=BrianPreference(
            default=["-j"],
            docs="""
            Additional flags to pass to the GNU make command on Linux/OS-X.
            Defaults to "-j" for parallel compilation.""",
        ),
        extra_make_args_windows=BrianPreference(
            default=[],
            docs="""
            Additional flags to pass to the nmake command on Windows. By default, no
            additional flags are passed.
            """,
        ),
        run_environment_variables=BrianPreference(
            default={"LD_BIND_NOW": "1"},
            docs="""
            Dictionary of environment variables and their values that will be set
            during the execution of the standalone code.
            """,
        ),
    )

    class CPPWriter:
        def __init__(self, project_dir):
            self.project_dir = project_dir
            self.source_files = set()
            self.header_files = set()

        def write(self, filename, contents):
            logger.diagnostic(f"Writing file {filename}:\n{contents}")
            if filename.lower().endswith(".cpp") or filename.lower().endswith(".c"):
                self.source_files.add(filename)
            elif filename.lower().endswith(".h"):
                self.header_files.add(filename)
            elif filename.endswith(".*"):
                self.write(f"{filename[:-1]}cpp", contents.cpp_file)
                self.write(f"{filename[:-1]}h", contents.h_file)
                return
            fullfilename = os.path.join(self.project_dir, filename)
            if os.path.exists(fullfilename):
                with open(fullfilename) as f:
                    if f.read() == contents:
                        return
            with open(fullfilename, "w") as f:
                f.write(contents)

    def invert_dict(x):
        return {v: k for k, v in x.items()}

    class CPPStandaloneDevice(Device):
        """
        The `Device` used for C++ standalone simulations.
        """

        def __init__(self):
            super().__init__()
            #: Dictionary mapping `ArrayVariable` objects to their globally
            #: unique name
            self.arrays = {}
            #: Dictionary mapping `ArrayVariable` objects to their value or to
            #: ``None`` if the value (potentially) depends on executed code. This
            #: mechanism allows to access state variables in standalone mode if
            #: their value is known at run time
            self.array_cache = {}
            #: List of all dynamic arrays
            #: Dictionary mapping `DynamicArrayVariable` objects with 1 dimension to
            #: their globally unique name
            self.dynamic_arrays = {}
            #: Dictionary mapping `DynamicArrayVariable` objects with 2 dimensions
            #: to their globally unique name
            self.dynamic_arrays_2d = {}
            #: List of all arrays to be filled with zeros (list of (var, varname) )
            self.zero_arrays = []
            #: List of all arrays to be filled with numbers (list of
            #: (var, varname, start) tuples
            self.arange_arrays = []
            #: Set of all existing synapses
            self.synapses = set()
            #: Whether the simulation has been run
            self.has_been_run = False

            #: Whether apply_run_args has been called
            self.run_args_applied = False

            #: Whether a run should trigger a build
            self.build_on_run = False

            #: build options
            self.build_options = None

            #: The directory which contains the generated code and results
            self.project_dir = None

            #: The directory which contains the results (relative to `project_dir``)
            self.results_dir = None

            #: Whether to generate profiling information (stored in an instance
            #: variable to be accessible during CodeObject generation)
            self.enable_profiling = False

            #: CodeObjects that use profiling (users can potentially enable
            #: profiling only for a subset of runs)
            self.profiled_codeobjects = []

            #: Dict of all static saved arrays
            self.static_arrays = {}

            #: Names of static arrays used for run_args given as lists of values
            self.run_args_arrays = []

            #: Dict of all TimedArray objects
            self.timed_arrays = {}

            self.code_objects = {}
            self.main_queue = []
            self.runfuncs = {}
            self.networks = set()
            self.static_array_specs = []
            self.report_func = ""

            #: Code lines that have been manually added with `device.insert_code`
            #: Dictionary mapping slot names to lists of lines.
            #: Note that the main slot is handled separately as part of `main_queue`
            self.code_lines = {
                "before_start": [],
                "after_start": [],
                "before_network_run": [],
                "after_network_run": [],
                "before_end": [],
                "after_end": [],
            }

            #: Dictionary storing compile and binary execution times
            self.timers = {"run_binary": None, "compile": {"clean": None, "make": None}}

            self.clocks = set()

            self.extra_compile_args = []
            self.define_macros = []
            self.headers = []
            self.include_dirs = []
            self.library_dirs = []
            self.runtime_library_dirs = []
            self.run_environment_variables = {}
            if sys.platform.startswith("darwin"):
                if "DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH" in os.environ:
                    dyld_library_path = f"{os.environ['DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH']}:{os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'lib')}"
                else:
                    dyld_library_path = os.path.join(sys.prefix, "lib")
                self.run_environment_variables["DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH"] = dyld_library_path
            self.libraries = []
            if sys.platform == "win32":
                self.libraries += ["advapi32"]
            self.extra_link_args = []
            self.writer = None

        def reinit(self):
            # Remember the build_on_run setting and its options -- important during
            # testing
            build_on_run = self.build_on_run
            build_options = self.build_options
            self.__init__()
            super().reinit()
            self.build_on_run = build_on_run
            self.build_options = build_options

        def spike_queue(self, source_start, source_end):
            return None  # handled differently

        def freeze(self, code, ns):
            # TODO: Remove this function at some point
            logger.warn(
                "The CPPStandaloneDevice.freeze function should no longer "
                "be used, add constant definitions directly to the "
                'code in the "CONSTANTS" section instead.',
                name_suffix="deprecated_freeze_use",
                once=True,
            )
            # this is a bit of a hack, it should be passed to the template somehow
            for k, v in ns.items():
                if isinstance(v, Variable) and v.scalar and v.constant and v.read_only:
                    try:
                        v = v.get_value()
                    except NotImplementedError:
                        continue
                if isinstance(v, str):
                    code = word_substitute(code, {k: v})
                elif isinstance(v, numbers.Number):
                    # Use a renderer to correctly transform constants such as True or inf
                    renderer = CPPNodeRenderer()
                    string_value = renderer.render_expr(repr(v))
                    if prefs.core.default_float_dtype == np.float32 and isinstance(
                        v, (float, np.float32, np.float64)
                    ):
                        string_value += "f"
                    if v < 0:
                        string_value = f"({string_value})"
                    code = word_substitute(code, {k: string_value})
                else:
                    pass  # don't deal with this object
            return code

        def insert_code(self, slot, code):
            """
            Insert code directly into main.cpp
            """
            if slot == "main":
                self.main_queue.append(("insert_code", code))
            elif slot in self.code_lines:
                self.code_lines[slot].append(code)
            else:
                logger.warn(f"Ignoring device code, unknown slot: {slot}, code: {code}")

        def apply_run_args(self):
            if self.run_args_applied:
                raise RuntimeError(
                    "The 'apply_run_args()' function can only be called once."
                )
            self.insert_code("main", "set_from_command_line(args);")
            self.run_args_applied = True

        def static_array(self, name, arr):
            arr = np.atleast_1d(arr)
            assert len(arr), f"length for {name}: {len(arr)}"
            name = f"_static_array_{name}"
            basename = name
            i = 0
            while name in self.static_arrays:
                i += 1
                name = f"{basename}_{str(i)}"
            self.static_arrays[name] = arr.copy()
            return name

        def get_array_name(self, var, access_data=True):
            """
            Return a globally unique name for `var`.

            Parameters
            ----------
            access_data : bool, optional
                For `DynamicArrayVariable` objects, specifying `True` here means the
                name for the underlying data is returned. If specifying `False`,
                the name of object itself is returned (e.g. to allow resizing).
            """
            if isinstance(var, DynamicArrayVariable):
                if access_data:
                    return self.arrays[var]
                elif var.ndim == 1:
                    return self.dynamic_arrays[var]
                else:
                    return self.dynamic_arrays_2d[var]
            elif isinstance(var, ArrayVariable):
                return self.arrays[var]
            else:
                raise TypeError(f"Do not have a name for variable of type {type(var)}.")

        def get_array_filename(self, var, basedir=None):
            """
            Return a file name for a variable.

            Parameters
            ----------
            var : `ArrayVariable`
                The variable to get a filename for.
            basedir : str
                The base directory for the filename, defaults to ``'results'``.
                DEPRECATED: Will raise an error if specified.
            Returns
            -------
            filename : str
                A filename of the form
                ``varname+'_'+str(zlib.crc32(varname))``, where varname
                is the name returned by `get_array_name`.

            Notes
            -----
            The reason that the filename is not simply ``varname`` is
            that this could lead to file names that are not unique in file systems
            that are not case sensitive (e.g. on Windows).
            """
            if basedir is not None:
                raise ValueError("Specifying 'basedir' is no longer supported.")
            varname = self.get_array_name(var, access_data=False)
            return f"{varname}_{str(zlib.crc32(varname.encode('utf-8')))}"

        def add_array(self, var):
            # Note that a dynamic array variable is added to both the arrays and
            # the _dynamic_array dictionary
            if isinstance(var, DynamicArrayVariable):
                # The code below is slightly more complicated than just looking
                # for a unique name as above for static_array, the name has
                # potentially to be unique for more than one dictionary, with
                # different prefixes. This is because dynamic arrays are added to
                # a ``dynamic_arrays`` dictionary (with a `_dynamic` prefix) and to
                # the general ``arrays`` dictionary. We want to make sure that we
                # use the same name in the two dictionaries, not for example
                # ``_dynamic_array_source_name_2`` and ``_array_source_name_1``
                # (this would work fine, but it would make the code harder to read).
                orig_dynamic_name = dynamic_name = (
                    f"_dynamic_array_{var.owner.name}_{var.name}"
                )
                orig_array_name = array_name = f"_array_{var.owner.name}_{var.name}"
                suffix = 0

                if var.ndim == 1:
                    dynamic_dict = self.dynamic_arrays
                elif var.ndim == 2:
                    dynamic_dict = self.dynamic_arrays_2d
                else:
                    raise AssertionError(
                        "Did not expect a dynamic array with {var.ndim} dimensions."
                    )
                while (
                    dynamic_name in dynamic_dict.values()
                    or array_name in self.arrays.values()
                ):
                    suffix += 1
                    dynamic_name = f"{orig_dynamic_name}_{int(suffix)}"
                    array_name = f"{orig_array_name}_{int(suffix)}"
                dynamic_dict[var] = dynamic_name
                self.arrays[var] = array_name
            else:
                orig_array_name = array_name = f"_array_{var.owner.name}_{var.name}"
                suffix = 0
                while array_name in self.arrays.values():
                    suffix += 1
                    array_name = f"{orig_array_name}_{int(suffix)}"
                self.arrays[var] = array_name

        def init_with_zeros(self, var, dtype):
            if isinstance(var, DynamicArrayVariable):
                varname = f"_dynamic{self.arrays[var]}"
            else:
                varname = self.arrays[var]
            self.zero_arrays.append((var, varname))
            self.array_cache[var] = np.zeros(var.size, dtype=dtype)

        def init_with_arange(self, var, start, dtype):
            if isinstance(var, DynamicArrayVariable):
                varname = f"_dynamic{self.arrays[var]}"
            else:
                varname = self.arrays[var]
            self.arange_arrays.append((var, varname, start))
            self.array_cache[var] = np.arange(0, var.size, dtype=dtype) + start

        def fill_with_array(self, var, arr):
            arr = np.asarray(arr)
            if arr.size == 0:
                return  # nothing to do
            array_name = self.get_array_name(var, access_data=False)
            if isinstance(var, DynamicArrayVariable):
                # We can never be sure about the size of a dynamic array, so
                # we can't do correct broadcasting. Therefore, we do not cache
                # them at all for now.
                self.array_cache[var] = None
            else:
                new_arr = np.empty(var.size, dtype=var.dtype)
                new_arr[:] = arr
                self.array_cache[var] = new_arr

            if arr.size == 1:
                if var.size == 1:
                    value = CPPNodeRenderer().render_expr(repr(arr.item(0)))
                    # For a single assignment, generate a code line instead of storing the array
                    self.main_queue.append(("set_by_single_value", (array_name, 0, value)))
                else:
                    self.main_queue.append(
                        (
                            "set_by_constant",
                            (array_name, arr.item(), isinstance(var, DynamicArrayVariable)),
                        )
                    )
            else:
                # Using the std::vector instead of a pointer to the underlying
                # data for dynamic arrays is fast enough here and it saves us some
                # additional work to set up the pointer
                static_array_name = self.static_array(array_name, arr)
                self.main_queue.append(
                    (
                        "set_by_array",
                        (
                            array_name,
                            static_array_name,
                            isinstance(var, DynamicArrayVariable),
                        ),
                    )
                )

        def resize(self, var, new_size):
            array_name = self.get_array_name(var, access_data=False)
            self.main_queue.append(("resize_array", (array_name, new_size)))

        def variableview_set_with_index_array(self, variableview, item, value, check_units):
            if isinstance(item, slice) and item == slice(None):
                item = "True"
            value = Quantity(value)

            if (
                isinstance(item, int) or (isinstance(item, np.ndarray) and item.shape == ())
            ) and value.size == 1:
                array_name = self.get_array_name(variableview.variable, access_data=False)
                value_str = CPPNodeRenderer().render_expr(repr(np.asarray(value).item(0)))
                if self.array_cache.get(variableview.variable, None) is not None:
                    self.array_cache[variableview.variable][item] = value
                # For a single assignment, generate a code line instead of storing the array
                self.main_queue.append(
                    ("set_by_single_value", (array_name, item, value_str))
                )
            # Simple case where we don't have to do any indexing
            elif item == "True" and variableview.index_var in ("_idx", "0"):
                self.fill_with_array(variableview.variable, value)
            else:
                # We have to calculate indices. This will not work for synaptic
                # variables
                try:
                    indices = np.asarray(
                        variableview.indexing(item, index_var=variableview.index_var)
                    )
                except NotImplementedError:
                    raise NotImplementedError(
                        f"Cannot set variable '{variableview.name}' "
                        "this way in standalone, try using "
                        "string expressions."
                    )
                # Using the std::vector instead of a pointer to the underlying
                # data for dynamic arrays is fast enough here and it saves us some
                # additional work to set up the pointer
                arrayname = self.get_array_name(variableview.variable, access_data=False)
                if indices.shape != () and (
                    value.shape == () or (value.size == 1 and indices.size > 1)
                ):
                    value = np.repeat(value, indices.size)
                elif value.shape != indices.shape and len(value) != len(indices):
                    raise ValueError(
                        "Provided values do not match the size "
                        "of the indices, "
                        f"{len(value)} != len(indices)."
                    )

                staticarrayname_index = self.static_array(f"_index_{arrayname}", indices)
                staticarrayname_value = self.static_array(f"_value_{arrayname}", value)
                self.array_cache[variableview.variable] = None
                self.main_queue.append(
                    (
                        "set_array_by_array",
                        (arrayname, staticarrayname_index, staticarrayname_value),
                    )
                )

        def get_value(self, var, access_data=True):
            # Usually, we cannot retrieve the values of state variables in
            # standalone scripts since their values might depend on the evaluation
            # of expressions at runtime. For some variables we do know the value
            # however (values that have been set with explicit values and not
            # changed in code objects)
            if self.array_cache.get(var, None) is not None:
                return self.array_cache[var]
            else:
                # After the network has been run, we can retrieve the values from
                # disk
                if self.has_been_run:
                    dtype = var.dtype
                    fname = os.path.join(self.results_dir, self.get_array_filename(var))
                    with open(fname, "rb") as f:
                        data = np.fromfile(f, dtype=dtype)
                    # This is a bit of an heuristic, but our 2d dynamic arrays are
                    # only expanding in one dimension, we assume here that the
                    # other dimension has size 0 at the beginning
                    if isinstance(var.size, tuple) and len(var.size) == 2:
                        if var.size[0] * var.size[1] == len(data):
                            size = var.size
                        elif var.size[0] == 0:
                            size = (len(data) // var.size[1], var.size[1])
                        elif var.size[1] == 0:
                            size = (var.size[0], len(data) // var.size[0])
                        else:
                            raise IndexError(
                                "Do not now how to deal with 2d "
                                f"array of size {var.size!s}, the array on "
                                f"disk has length {len(data)}."
                            )

                        var.size = size
                        return data.reshape(var.size)
                    var.size = len(data)
                    return data
                raise NotImplementedError(
                    "Cannot retrieve the values of state "
                    "variables in standalone code before the "
                    "simulation has been run."
                )

        def variableview_get_subexpression_with_index_array(
            self, variableview, item, run_namespace=None
        ):
            if not self.has_been_run:
                raise NotImplementedError(
                    "Cannot retrieve the values of state "
                    "variables in standalone code before the "
                    "simulation has been run."
                )
            # Temporarily switch to the runtime device to evaluate the subexpression
            # (based on the values stored on disk)
            set_device("runtime")
            result = VariableView.get_subexpression_with_index_array(
                variableview, item, run_namespace=run_namespace
            )
            reset_device()
            return result

        def variableview_get_with_expression(self, variableview, code, run_namespace=None):
            raise NotImplementedError(
                "Cannot retrieve the values of state "
                "variables with string expressions in "
                "standalone scripts."
            )

        def code_object_class(self, codeobj_class=None, fallback_pref=None):
            """
            Return `CodeObject` class (either `CPPStandaloneCodeObject` class or input)

            Parameters
            ----------
            codeobj_class : a `CodeObject` class, optional
                If this is keyword is set to None or no arguments are given, this method will return
                the default (`CPPStandaloneCodeObject` class).
            fallback_pref : str, optional
                For the cpp_standalone device this option is ignored.

            Returns
            -------
            codeobj_class : class
                The `CodeObject` class that should be used
            """
            # Ignore the requested pref (used for optimization in runtime)
            if codeobj_class is None:
                return CPPStandaloneCodeObject
            else:
                return codeobj_class

        def code_object(
            self,
            owner,
            name,
            abstract_code,
            variables,
            template_name,
            variable_indices,
            codeobj_class=None,
            template_kwds=None,
            override_conditional_write=None,
            compiler_kwds=None,
        ):
            if compiler_kwds is None:
                compiler_kwds = {}
            check_compiler_kwds(
                compiler_kwds,
                [
                    "headers",
                    "sources",
                    "define_macros",
                    "libraries",
                    "include_dirs",
                    "library_dirs",
                    "runtime_library_dirs",
                ],
                "C++ standalone",
            )
            if template_kwds is None:
                template_kwds = dict()
            else:
                template_kwds = dict(template_kwds)
            # In standalone mode, the only place where we use additional header
            # files is by inserting them into the template
            codeobj_headers = compiler_kwds.get("headers", [])
            template_kwds["user_headers"] = (
                self.headers + prefs["codegen.cpp.headers"] + codeobj_headers
            )
            template_kwds["profiled"] = self.enable_profiling

            do_not_invalidate = set()
            if template_name == "synapses_create_array":
                cache = self.array_cache
                if (
                    cache[variables["N"]] is None
                ):  # synapses have been previously created with code
                    # Nothing we can do
                    logger.debug(
                        f"Synapses for '{owner.name}' have previously been created with "
                        "code, we therefore cannot cache the synapses created with arrays "
                        f"via '{name}'",
                        name_suffix="code_created_synapses_exist",
                    )
                else:  # first time we create synapses, or all previous connect calls were with arrays
                    cache[variables["N"]][0] += variables["sources"].size
                    do_not_invalidate.add(variables["N"])
                    for var, value in [
                        (
                            variables["_synaptic_pre"],
                            variables["sources"].get_value()
                            + variables["_source_offset"].get_value(),
                        ),
                        (
                            variables["_synaptic_post"],
                            variables["targets"].get_value()
                            + variables["_target_offset"].get_value(),
                        ),
                    ]:
                        cache[var] = np.append(
                            cache.get(var, np.empty(0, dtype=int)), value
                        )
                        do_not_invalidate.add(var)

            codeobj = super().code_object(
                owner,
                name,
                abstract_code,
                variables,
                template_name,
                variable_indices,
                codeobj_class=codeobj_class,
                template_kwds=template_kwds,
                override_conditional_write=override_conditional_write,
                compiler_kwds=compiler_kwds,
            )
            self.code_objects[codeobj.name] = codeobj
            if self.enable_profiling:
                self.profiled_codeobjects.append(codeobj.name)

            for var in codeobj.variables.values():
                if isinstance(var, TimedArray):
                    self.timed_arrays[var] = var.name
            # We mark all writeable (i.e. not read-only) variables used by the code
            # as "dirty" to avoid that the cache contains incorrect values. This
            # might remove a number of variables from the cache unnecessarily,
            # since many variables are only read in the code.
            # On the other hand, there are also *read-only* variables that can be
            # changed by code (the "read-only" attribute only refers to the user
            # being able to change values directly). For example, synapse creation
            # write source and target indices, and monitors write the shared values.
            # To correctly mark these values as changed, templates can include a
            # "WRITES_TO_READ_ONLY_VARIABLES" comment, stating the name of the
            # changed variables. For a monitor, this would for example state that
            # the number of recorded values "N" changes. For the recorded variables,
            # however, this information cannot be included in the template because
            # it is up to the user to define which variables are recorded. For such
            # cases, the "owner" object (e.g. a SpikeMonitor) can define a
            # "written_readonly_vars" attribute, storing a set of `Variable` objects
            # that will be changed by the owner's code objects.
            template = getattr(codeobj.templater, template_name)
            written_readonly_vars = {
                codeobj.variables[varname] for varname in template.writes_read_only
            } | getattr(owner, "written_readonly_vars", set())
            for var in codeobj.variables.values():
                if (
                    isinstance(var, ArrayVariable)
                    and var not in do_not_invalidate
                    and (not var.read_only or var in written_readonly_vars)
                ):
                    self.array_cache[var] = None

            return codeobj

        def check_openmp_compatible(self, nb_threads):
            if nb_threads > 0:
                logger.warn(
                    "OpenMP code is not yet well tested, and may be inaccurate.",
                    "openmp",
                    once=True,
                )
                logger.diagnostic(f"Using OpenMP with {int(nb_threads)} threads ")
                if prefs.devices.cpp_standalone.openmp_spatialneuron_strategy is not None:
                    logger.warn(
                        "The devices.cpp_standalone.openmp_spatialneuron_strategy "
                        "preference is no longer used and will be removed in "
                        "future versions of Brian.",
                        "openmp_spatialneuron_strategy",
                        once=True,
                    )

        def generate_objects_source(
            self,
            writer,
            arange_arrays,
            synapses,
            static_array_specs,
            networks,
            timed_arrays,
        ):
            arr_tmp = self.code_object_class().templater.objects(
                None,
                None,
                array_specs=self.arrays,
                dynamic_array_specs=self.dynamic_arrays,
                dynamic_array_2d_specs=self.dynamic_arrays_2d,
                zero_arrays=self.zero_arrays,
                arange_arrays=arange_arrays,
                synapses=synapses,
                clocks=self.clocks,
                static_array_specs=static_array_specs,
                networks=networks,
                get_array_filename=self.get_array_filename,
                get_array_name=self.get_array_name,
                profiled_codeobjects=self.profiled_codeobjects,
                code_objects=list(self.code_objects.values()),
                timed_arrays=timed_arrays,
            )
            writer.write("objects.*", arr_tmp)

        def generate_main_source(self, writer):
            main_lines = []
            procedures = [("", main_lines)]
            runfuncs = {}
            for func, args in self.main_queue:
                if func == "before_run_code_object":
                    (codeobj,) = args
                    main_lines.append(f"_before_run_{codeobj.name}();")
                elif func == "run_code_object":
                    (codeobj,) = args
                    main_lines.append(f"_run_{codeobj.name}();")
                elif func == "after_run_code_object":
                    (codeobj,) = args
                    main_lines.append(f"_after_run_{codeobj.name}();")
                elif func == "run_network":
                    net, netcode = args
                    main_lines.extend(netcode)
                elif func == "set_by_constant":
                    arrayname, value, is_dynamic = args
                    size_str = f"{arrayname}.size()" if is_dynamic else f"_num_{arrayname}"
                    code = f"""
                    {openmp_pragma('static')}
                    for(int i=0; i<{size_str}; i++)
                    {{
                        {arrayname}[i] = {CPPNodeRenderer().render_expr(repr(value))};
                    }}
                    """
                    main_lines.extend(code.split("\n"))
                elif func == "set_by_array":
                    arrayname, staticarrayname, is_dynamic = args
                    size_str = f"{arrayname}.size()" if is_dynamic else f"_num_{arrayname}"
                    code = f"""
                    {openmp_pragma('static')}
                    for(int i=0; i<{size_str}; i++)
                    {{
                        {arrayname}[i] = {staticarrayname}[i];
                    }}
                    """
                    main_lines.extend(code.split("\n"))
                elif func == "set_by_single_value":
                    arrayname, item, value = args
                    code = f"{arrayname}[{item}] = {value};"
                    main_lines.extend([code])
                elif func == "set_array_by_array":
                    arrayname, staticarrayname_index, staticarrayname_value = args
                    code = f"""
                    {openmp_pragma('static')}
                    for(int i=0; i<_num_{staticarrayname_index}; i++)
                    {{
                        {arrayname}[{staticarrayname_index}[i]] = {staticarrayname_value}[i];
                    }}
                    """
                    main_lines.extend(code.split("\n"))
                elif func == "resize_array":
                    array_name, new_size = args
                    main_lines.append(f"{array_name}.resize({new_size});")
                elif func == "insert_code":
                    main_lines.append(args)
                elif func == "start_run_func":
                    name, include_in_parent = args
                    if include_in_parent:
                        main_lines.append(f"{name}();")
                    main_lines = []
                    procedures.append((name, main_lines))
                elif func == "end_run_func":
                    name, include_in_parent = args
                    name, main_lines = procedures.pop(-1)
                    runfuncs[name] = main_lines
                    name, main_lines = procedures[-1]
                elif func == "seed":
                    seed = args
                    nb_threads = prefs.devices.cpp_standalone.openmp_threads
                    if nb_threads == 0:  # no OpenMP
                        nb_threads = 1
                    main_lines.append(f"for (int _i=0; _i<{nb_threads}; _i++)")
                    if seed is None:  # random
                        main_lines.append("    brian::_random_generators[_i].seed();")
                    else:
                        main_lines.append(
                            f"    brian::_random_generators[_i].seed({seed!r}L + _i);"
                        )
                else:
                    raise NotImplementedError(f"Unknown main queue function type {func}")

            self.runfuncs = runfuncs

            # generate the finalisations
            for codeobj in self.code_objects.values():
                if hasattr(codeobj.code, "main_finalise"):
                    main_lines.append(codeobj.code.main_finalise)

            user_headers = self.headers + prefs["codegen.cpp.headers"]
            main_tmp = self.code_object_class().templater.main(
                None,
                None,
                main_lines=main_lines,
                code_lines=self.code_lines,
                code_objects=list(self.code_objects.values()),
                report_func=self.report_func,
                dt=float(self.defaultclock.dt),
                user_headers=user_headers,
            )
            writer.write("main.cpp", main_tmp)

        def generate_codeobj_source(self, writer):
            # Generate data for non-constant values
            renderer = CPPNodeRenderer()
            code_object_defs = defaultdict(list)
            for codeobj in self.code_objects.values():
                lines = []
                for k, v in codeobj.variables.items():
                    if isinstance(v, ArrayVariable):
                        try:
                            if isinstance(v, DynamicArrayVariable):
                                if v.ndim == 1:
                                    dyn_array_name = self.dynamic_arrays[v]
                                    array_name = self.arrays[v]
                                    c_type = c_data_type(v.dtype)
                                    line = (
                                        f"{c_type}* const {array_name} ="
                                        f" {dyn_array_name}.empty()? 0 :"
                                        f" &{dyn_array_name}[0];"
                                    )
                                    lines.append(line)
                                    line = (
                                        f"const size_t _num{k} = {dyn_array_name}.size();"
                                    )
                                    lines.append(line)
                            else:
                                lines.append(f"const size_t _num{k} = {v.size};")
                        except TypeError:
                            pass
                    elif isinstance(v, Constant):
                        value = renderer.render_expr(repr(v.value))
                        c_type = c_data_type(v.dtype)
                        line = f"const {c_type} {k} = {value};"
                        lines.append(line)
                for line in lines:
                    # Sometimes an array is referred to by to different keys in our
                    # dictionary -- make sure to never add a line twice
                    if line not in code_object_defs[codeobj.name]:
                        code_object_defs[codeobj.name].append(line)

            # Generate the code objects
            for codeobj in self.code_objects.values():
                # Before/after run code
                for block in codeobj.before_after_blocks:
                    cpp_code = getattr(codeobj.code, f"{block}_cpp_file")
                    cpp_code = cpp_code.replace(
                        "%CONSTANTS%", "\n".join(code_object_defs[codeobj.name])
                    )
                    h_code = getattr(codeobj.code, f"{block}_h_file")
                    writer.write(f"code_objects/{block}_{codeobj.name}.cpp", cpp_code)
                    writer.write(f"code_objects/{block}_{codeobj.name}.h", h_code)

                # Main code
                code = codeobj.code.cpp_file
                code = code.replace(
                    "%CONSTANTS%", "\n".join(code_object_defs[codeobj.name])
                )

                writer.write(f"code_objects/{codeobj.name}.cpp", code)
                writer.write(f"code_objects/{codeobj.name}.h", codeobj.code.h_file)

        def generate_network_source(self, writer, compiler):
            maximum_run_time = self._maximum_run_time
            if maximum_run_time is not None:
                maximum_run_time = float(maximum_run_time)
            network_tmp = self.code_object_class().templater.network(
                None, None, maximum_run_time=maximum_run_time
            )
            writer.write("network.*", network_tmp)

        def generate_synapses_classes_source(self, writer):
            synapses_classes_tmp = self.code_object_class().templater.synapses_classes(
                None, None
            )
            writer.write("synapses_classes.*", synapses_classes_tmp)

        def generate_run_source(self, writer):
            run_tmp = self.code_object_class().templater.run(
                None,
                None,
                run_funcs=self.runfuncs,
                code_objects=list(self.code_objects.values()),
                user_headers=self.headers,
                array_specs=self.arrays,
                clocks=self.clocks,
            )
            writer.write("run.*", run_tmp)

        def generate_makefile(
            self, writer, compiler, compiler_flags, linker_flags, nb_threads, debug
        ):
            if compiler == "msvc":
                if nb_threads > 1:
                    openmp_flag = "/openmp"
                else:
                    openmp_flag = ""
                if debug:
                    compiler_debug_flags = "/DEBUG /DDEBUG"
                    linker_debug_flags = "/DEBUG"
                else:
                    compiler_debug_flags = ""
                    linker_debug_flags = ""
                # Generate the visual studio makefile
                source_bases = [
                    fname.replace(".cpp", "").replace(".c", "").replace("/", "\\")
                    for fname in sorted(writer.source_files)
                ]
                win_makefile_tmp = self.code_object_class().templater.win_makefile(
                    None,
                    None,
                    source_files=sorted(writer.source_files),
                    source_bases=source_bases,
                    compiler_flags=compiler_flags,
                    compiler_debug_flags=compiler_debug_flags,
                    linker_flags=linker_flags,
                    linker_debug_flags=linker_debug_flags,
                    openmp_flag=openmp_flag,
                )
                writer.write("win_makefile", win_makefile_tmp)
                # write the list of sources
                source_list = " ".join(source_bases)
                source_list_fname = os.path.join(self.project_dir, "sourcefiles.txt")
                if os.path.exists(source_list_fname):
                    with open(source_list_fname) as f:
                        if f.read() == source_list:
                            return
                with open(source_list_fname, "w") as f:
                    f.write(source_list)
            else:
                # Generate the makefile
                if os.name == "nt":
                    rm_cmd = "del *.o /s\n\tdel main.exe $(DEPS)"
                else:
                    rm_cmd = "rm $(OBJS) $(PROGRAM) $(DEPS)"
                if debug:
                    compiler_debug_flags = "-g -DDEBUG"
                    linker_debug_flags = "-g"
                else:
                    compiler_debug_flags = ""
                    linker_debug_flags = ""
                makefile_tmp = self.code_object_class().templater.makefile(
                    None,
                    None,
                    source_files=" ".join(sorted(writer.source_files)),
                    header_files=" ".join(sorted(writer.header_files)),
                    compiler_flags=compiler_flags,
                    compiler_debug_flags=compiler_debug_flags,
                    linker_debug_flags=linker_debug_flags,
                    linker_flags=linker_flags,
                    rm_cmd=rm_cmd,
                )
                writer.write("makefile", makefile_tmp)

        def copy_source_files(self, writer, directory):
            # Copy the brianlibdirectory
            brianlib_dir = os.path.join(
                os.path.split(inspect.getsourcefile(CPPStandaloneCodeObject))[0], "brianlib"
            )
            brianlib_files = copy_directory(
                brianlib_dir, os.path.join(directory, "brianlib")
            )
            for file in brianlib_files:
                if file.lower().endswith(".cpp"):
                    writer.source_files.add(f"brianlib/{file}")
                elif file.lower().endswith(".h"):
                    writer.header_files.add(f"brianlib/{file}")

            # Copy the CSpikeQueue implementation
            shutil.copy2(
                os.path.join(
                    os.path.split(inspect.getsourcefile(Synapses))[0], "cspikequeue.cpp"
                ),
                os.path.join(directory, "brianlib", "spikequeue.h"),
            )
            shutil.copy2(
                os.path.join(
                    os.path.split(inspect.getsourcefile(Synapses))[0], "stdint_compat.h"
                ),
                os.path.join(directory, "brianlib", "stdint_compat.h"),
            )

        def _insert_func_namespace(self, func, code_object, namespace):
            impl = func.implementations[self.code_object_class()]
            func_namespace = impl.get_namespace(code_object.owner)
            if func_namespace is not None:
                namespace.update(func_namespace)
            if impl.dependencies is not None:
                for dep in impl.dependencies.values():
                    self._insert_func_namespace(dep, code_object, namespace)

        def write_static_arrays(self, directory):
            # Write Function namespaces as static arrays
            for code_object in self.code_objects.values():
                for var in code_object.variables.values():
                    if isinstance(var, Function):
                        self._insert_func_namespace(var, code_object, self.static_arrays)

            logger.diagnostic(f"static arrays: {str(sorted(self.static_arrays.keys()))}")

            static_array_specs = []
            for name, arr in sorted(self.static_arrays.items()):
                arr.tofile(os.path.join(directory, "static_arrays", name))
                static_array_specs.append((name, c_data_type(arr.dtype), arr.size, name))
            self.static_array_specs = static_array_specs

        def compile_source(self, directory, compiler, debug, clean):
            with in_directory(directory):
                if compiler == "msvc":
                    msvc_env, vcvars_cmd = get_msvc_env()
                    make_cmd = "nmake /f win_makefile"
                    make_args = " ".join(
                        prefs.devices.cpp_standalone.extra_make_args_windows
                    )
                    if os.path.exists("winmake.log"):
                        os.remove("winmake.log")
                    if vcvars_cmd:
                        with open("winmake.log", "w") as f:
                            f.write(f"{vcvars_cmd}\n")
                    else:
                        with open("winmake.log", "w") as f:
                            f.write("MSVC environment: \n")
                            for key, value in msvc_env.items():
                                f.write(f"{key}={value}\n")
                    with std_silent(debug):
                        if vcvars_cmd:
                            if clean:
                                start_time = time.time()
                                os.system(
                                    f"{vcvars_cmd} >>winmake.log 2>&1 && {make_cmd} clean >"
                                    " NUL 2>&1"
                                )
                                self.timers["compile"]["clean"] = time.time() - start_time
                            start_time = time.time()
                            x = os.system(
                                f"{vcvars_cmd} >>winmake.log 2>&1 &&"
                                f" {make_cmd} {make_args}>>winmake.log 2>&1"
                            )
                            self.timers["compile"]["make"] = time.time() - start_time
                        else:
                            os.environ.update(msvc_env)
                            if clean:
                                start_time = time.time()
                                os.system(f"{make_cmd} clean > NUL 2>&1")
                                self.timers["compile"]["clean"] = time.time() - start_time
                            start_time = time.time()
                            x = os.system(f"{make_cmd} {make_args}>>winmake.log 2>&1")
                            self.timers["compile"]["make"] = time.time() - start_time

                        if x != 0:
                            error_message = f"Project compilation failed (error code: {x}), consider having a look at 'winmake.log'."
                            if not clean:
                                error_message += (
                                    " Consider running with "
                                    '"clean=True" to force a complete '
                                    "rebuild."
                                )
                            raise RuntimeError(error_message)
                else:
                    with std_silent(debug):
                        if clean:
                            start_time = time.time()
                            os.system("make clean >/dev/null 2>&1")
                            self.timers["compile"]["clean"] = time.time() - start_time
                        make_cmd = prefs.devices.cpp_standalone.make_cmd_unix
                        make_args = " ".join(
                            prefs.devices.cpp_standalone.extra_make_args_unix
                        )
                        start_time = time.time()
                        x = os.system(f"{make_cmd} {make_args}")
                        self.timers["compile"]["make"] = time.time() - start_time
                        if x != 0:
                            error_message = (
                                "Project compilation failed (error code: %u)." % x
                            )
                            if not clean:
                                error_message += (
                                    " Consider running with "
                                    '"clean=True" to force a complete '
                                    "rebuild."
                                )
                            raise RuntimeError(error_message)

        def seed(self, seed=None):
            """
            Set the seed for the random number generator.

            Parameters
            ----------
            seed : int, optional
                The seed value for the random number generator, or ``None`` (the
                default) to set a random seed.
            """
            self.main_queue.append(("seed", seed))

        def run(
            self, directory=None, results_directory=None, with_output=True, run_args=None
        ):
            if directory is None:
                directory = self.project_dir
            if results_directory is None:
                results_directory = self.results_dir
            else:
                if os.path.isabs(results_directory):
                    raise TypeError(
                        "The 'results_directory' argument needs to be a relative path but"
                        f" was '{results_directory}'."
                    )
                # Translate path to absolute path which ends with /
                self.results_dir = os.path.join(
                    os.path.abspath(os.path.join(directory, results_directory)), ""
                )
            ensure_directory(self.results_dir)

            self.run_args_arrays.clear()  # forget about arrays from previous runs
            if run_args is None:
                run_args = []
            elif isinstance(run_args, Mapping):
                list_rep = []
                for key, value in run_args.items():
                    if isinstance(key, VariableView):
                        (
                            name,
                            string_value,
                            value_name,
                            value_ar,
                        ) = self._prepare_variableview_run_arg(key, value)
                    elif isinstance(key, TimedArray):
                        (
                            name,
                            string_value,
                            value_name,
                            value_ar,
                        ) = self._prepare_timed_array_run_arg(key, value)
                    else:
                        raise TypeError(
                            "The keys for 'run_args' need to be 'VariableView' objects,"
                            " i.e. attributes of groups such as 'neurongroup.v', or a"
                            f" 'TimedArray'. Key has type '{type(key)}' instead."
                        )
                    if value_name:
                        fname = os.path.join(self.project_dir, "static_arrays", value_name)
                        # Make sure processes trying to write the same file don't clash
                        with FileLock(fname + ".lock"):
                            if not os.path.exists(fname):
                                value_ar.tofile(fname)
                        self.run_args_arrays.append(value_name)
                    list_rep.append(f"{name}={string_value}")

                run_args = list_rep

            # Invalidate array cache for all variables set on the command line
            for arg in run_args:
                s = arg.split("=")
                if len(s) == 2:
                    for var in self.array_cache:
                        if (
                            hasattr(var.owner, "name")
                            and var.owner.name + "." + var.name == s[0]
                        ):
                            self.array_cache[var] = None
            run_args = ["--results_dir", self.results_dir] + run_args
            # Invalidate the cached end time of the clock and network, to deal with stopped simulations
            for clock in self.clocks:
                self.array_cache[clock.variables["t"]] = None

            with in_directory(directory):
                # Set environment variables

                for key, value in itertools.chain(
                    prefs["devices.cpp_standalone.run_environment_variables"].items(),
                    self.run_environment_variables.items(),
                ):
                    if key in os.environ and os.environ[key] != value:
                        logger.info(
                            f'Overwriting environment variable "{key}"',
                            name_suffix="overwritten_env_var",
                            once=True,
                        )
                    os.environ[key] = value
                if not with_output:
                    stdout = open(os.path.join(self.results_dir, "stdout.txt"), "w")
                else:
                    stdout = None
                if os.name == "nt":
                    start_time = time.time()
                    Network._globally_running = True
                    x = subprocess.call(["main"] + run_args, stdout=stdout)
                    self.timers["run_binary"] = time.time() - start_time
                    Network._globally_running = False
                else:
                    run_cmd = prefs.devices.cpp_standalone.run_cmd_unix
                    if isinstance(run_cmd, str):
                        run_cmd = [run_cmd]
                    start_time = time.time()
                    Network._globally_running = True
                    x = subprocess.call(run_cmd + run_args, stdout=stdout)
                    self.timers["run_binary"] = time.time() - start_time
                    Network._globally_running = False
                if stdout is not None:
                    stdout.close()
                if x:
                    stdout_fname = os.path.join(self.results_dir, "stdout.txt")
                    if os.path.exists(stdout_fname):
                        with open(stdout_fname) as f:
                            print(f.read())
                    raise RuntimeError(
                        "Project run failed (project directory:"
                        f" {os.path.abspath(directory)})"
                    )
                self.has_been_run = True
                run_info_fname = os.path.join(self.results_dir, "last_run_info.txt")
                if os.path.isfile(run_info_fname):
                    with open(run_info_fname) as f:
                        last_run_info = f.read()
                    run_time, completed_fraction = last_run_info.split()
                    self._last_run_time = float(run_time)
                    self._last_run_completed_fraction = float(completed_fraction)

            # Make sure that integration did not create NaN or very large values
            owners = [var.owner for var in self.arrays]
            # We don't want to check the same owner twice but var.owner is a
            # weakproxy which we can't put into a set. We therefore store the name
            # of all objects we already checked. Furthermore, under some specific
            # instances a variable might have been created whose owner no longer
            # exists (e.g. a `_sub_idx` variable for a subgroup) -- we ignore the
            # resulting reference error.
            already_checked = set()
            for owner in owners:
                try:
                    if not hasattr(owner, "name") or owner.name in already_checked:
                        continue
                    if isinstance(owner, Group):
                        owner._check_for_invalid_states()
                        already_checked.add(owner.name)
                except ReferenceError:
                    pass

        def _prepare_variableview_run_arg(self, key, value):
            fail_for_dimension_mismatch(key.dim, value)  # TODO: Give name of variable
            value_ar = np.asarray(value, dtype=key.dtype)
            if value_ar.ndim == 0 or value_ar.size == 1:
                # single value, give value directly on command line
                string_value = repr(value_ar.item())
                value_name = None
            else:
                if value_ar.ndim != 1 or (
                    not key.variable.dynamic and value_ar.size != key.shape[0]
                ):
                    raise TypeError(
                        "Incorrect size for variable"
                        f" '{key.group_name}.{key.name}'. Shape {key.shape} ≠"
                        f" {value_ar.shape}."
                    )
                value_name = (
                    f"init_{key.group_name}_{key.name}_{md5(value_ar.data).hexdigest()}.dat"
                )
                string_value = os.path.join("static_arrays", value_name)
            name = f"{key.group_name}.{key.name}"
            return name, string_value, value_name, value_ar

        def _prepare_timed_array_run_arg(self, key, value):
            fail_for_dimension_mismatch(key.dim, value)  # TODO: Give name of variable
            value_ar = np.asarray(value, dtype=key.values.dtype)
            if value_ar.ndim == 0 or value_ar.size == 1:
                # single value, give value directly on command line
                string_value = repr(value_ar.item())
                value_name = None
            elif value_ar.shape == key.values.shape:
                value_name = f"init_{key.name}_values_{md5(value_ar.data).hexdigest()}.dat"
                string_value = os.path.join("static_arrays", value_name)
            else:
                raise TypeError(
                    "Incorrect size for variable"
                    f" '{key.name}.values'. Shape {key.values.shape} ≠"
                    f" {value_ar.shape}."
                )
            name = f"{key.name}.values"
            return name, string_value, value_name, value_ar

        def build(
            self,
            directory="output",
            results_directory="results",
            compile=True,
            run=True,
            debug=False,
            clean=False,
            with_output=True,
            additional_source_files=None,
            run_args=None,
            direct_call=True,
            **kwds,
        ):
            """
            Build the project

            TODO: more details

            Parameters
            ----------
            directory : str, optional
                The output directory to write the project to, any existing files
                will be overwritten. If the given directory name is ``None``, then
                a temporary directory will be used (used in the test suite to avoid
                problems when running several tests in parallel). Defaults to
                ``'output'``.
            compile : bool, optional
                Whether or not to attempt to compile the project. Defaults to
                ``True``.
            run : bool, optional
                Whether or not to attempt to run the built project if it
                successfully builds. Defaults to ``True``.
            debug : bool, optional
                Whether to compile in debug mode. Defaults to ``False``.
            with_output : bool, optional
                Whether or not to show the ``stdout`` of the built program when run.
                Output will be shown in case of compilation or runtime error.
                Defaults to ``True``.
            clean : bool, optional
                Whether or not to clean the project before building. Defaults to
                ``False``.
            additional_source_files : list of str, optional
                A list of additional ``.cpp`` files to include in the build.
            direct_call : bool, optional
                Whether this function was called directly. Is used internally to
                distinguish an automatic build due to the ``build_on_run`` option
                from a manual ``device.build`` call.
            """
            if self.build_on_run and direct_call:
                raise RuntimeError(
                    "You used set_device with build_on_run=True "
                    "(the default option), which will automatically "
                    "build the simulation at the first encountered "
                    "run call - do not call device.build manually "
                    "in this case. If you want to call it manually, "
                    "e.g. because you have multiple run calls, use "
                    "set_device with build_on_run=False."
                )
            if self.has_been_run:
                raise RuntimeError(
                    "The network has already been built and run "
                    "before. To build several simulations in "
                    'the same script, call "device.reinit()" '
                    'and "device.activate()". Note that you '
                    "will have to set build options (e.g. the "
                    "directory) and defaultclock.dt again."
                )
            renames = {
                "project_dir": "directory",
                "compile_project": "compile",
                "run_project": "run",
            }
            if len(kwds):
                msg = ""
                for kwd in kwds:
                    if kwd in renames:
                        msg += (
                            f"Keyword argument '{kwd}' has been renamed to "
                            f"'{renames[kwd]}'. "
                        )
                    else:
                        msg += f"Unknown keyword argument '{kwd}'. "
                raise TypeError(msg)

            if additional_source_files is None:
                additional_source_files = []
            if run_args is None:
                run_args = []
            if directory is None:
                directory = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="brian_standalone_")
            self.project_dir = directory
            ensure_directory(directory)
            if os.path.isabs(results_directory):
                raise TypeError(
                    "The 'results_directory' argument needs to be a relative path but was "
                    f"'{results_directory}'."
                )
            # Translate path to absolute path which ends with /
            self.results_dir = os.path.join(
                os.path.abspath(os.path.join(directory, results_directory)), ""
            )

            # Determine compiler flags and directories
            compiler, default_extra_compile_args = get_compiler_and_args()
            extra_compile_args = self.extra_compile_args + default_extra_compile_args
            extra_link_args = self.extra_link_args + prefs["codegen.cpp.extra_link_args"]

            codeobj_define_macros = [
                macro
                for codeobj in self.code_objects.values()
                for macro in codeobj.compiler_kwds.get("define_macros", [])
            ]
            define_macros = (
                self.define_macros
                + prefs["codegen.cpp.define_macros"]
                + codeobj_define_macros
            )

            codeobj_include_dirs = [
                include_dir
                for codeobj in self.code_objects.values()
                for include_dir in codeobj.compiler_kwds.get("include_dirs", [])
            ]
            include_dirs = (
                self.include_dirs + prefs["codegen.cpp.include_dirs"] + codeobj_include_dirs
            )

            codeobj_library_dirs = [
                library_dir
                for codeobj in self.code_objects.values()
                for library_dir in codeobj.compiler_kwds.get("library_dirs", [])
            ]
            library_dirs = (
                self.library_dirs + prefs["codegen.cpp.library_dirs"] + codeobj_library_dirs
            )

            codeobj_runtime_dirs = [
                runtime_dir
                for codeobj in self.code_objects.values()
                for runtime_dir in codeobj.compiler_kwds.get("runtime_library_dirs", [])
            ]
            runtime_library_dirs = (
                self.runtime_library_dirs
                + prefs["codegen.cpp.runtime_library_dirs"]
                + codeobj_runtime_dirs
            )

            codeobj_libraries = [
                library
                for codeobj in self.code_objects.values()
                for library in codeobj.compiler_kwds.get("libraries", [])
            ]
            libraries = self.libraries + prefs["codegen.cpp.libraries"] + codeobj_libraries

            compiler_obj = ccompiler.new_compiler(compiler=compiler)

            # Distutils does not use the shell, so it does not need to quote filenames/paths
            # Since we include the compiler flags in the makefile, we need to quote them
            include_dirs = [f'"{include_dir}"' for include_dir in include_dirs]
            library_dirs = [f'"{library_dir}"' for library_dir in library_dirs]
            runtime_library_dirs = [
                f'"{runtime_dir}"' for runtime_dir in runtime_library_dirs
            ]

            compiler_flags = (
                ccompiler.gen_preprocess_options(define_macros, include_dirs)
                + extra_compile_args
            )

            linker_flags = (
                ccompiler.gen_lib_options(
                    compiler_obj,
                    library_dirs=library_dirs,
                    runtime_library_dirs=runtime_library_dirs,
                    libraries=libraries,
                )
                + extra_link_args
            )

            codeobj_source_files = [
                source_file
                for codeobj in self.code_objects.values()
                for source_file in codeobj.compiler_kwds.get("sources", [])
            ]
            additional_source_files += codeobj_source_files

            for d in ["code_objects", "results", "static_arrays"]:
                ensure_directory(os.path.join(directory, d))

            self.writer = CPPWriter(directory)

            # Get the number of threads if specified in an openmp context
            nb_threads = prefs.devices.cpp_standalone.openmp_threads
            # If the number is negative, we need to throw an error
            if nb_threads < 0:
                raise ValueError("The number of OpenMP threads can not be negative !")

            logger.diagnostic(
                "Writing C++ standalone project to directory "
                f"'{os.path.normpath(directory)}'."
            )

            self.check_openmp_compatible(nb_threads)

            self.write_static_arrays(directory)

            # Check that all names are globally unique
            names = [obj.name for net in self.networks for obj in net.sorted_objects]
            non_unique_names = [name for name, count in Counter(names).items() if count > 1]
            if len(non_unique_names):
                formatted_names = ", ".join(f"'{name}'" for name in non_unique_names)
                raise ValueError(
                    "All objects need to have unique names in "
                    "standalone mode, the following name(s) were used "
                    f"more than once: {formatted_names}"
                )

            self.generate_objects_source(
                self.writer,
                self.arange_arrays,
                self.synapses,
                self.static_array_specs,
                self.networks,
                self.timed_arrays,
            )
            self.generate_main_source(self.writer)
            self.generate_codeobj_source(self.writer)
            self.generate_network_source(self.writer, compiler)
            self.generate_synapses_classes_source(self.writer)
            self.generate_run_source(self.writer)
            self.copy_source_files(self.writer, directory)

            self.writer.source_files.update(additional_source_files)

            self.generate_makefile(
                self.writer,
                compiler,
                compiler_flags=" ".join(compiler_flags),
                linker_flags=" ".join(linker_flags),
                nb_threads=nb_threads,
                debug=debug,
            )

            if compile:
                self.compile_source(directory, compiler, debug, clean)
                if run:
                    self.run(directory, results_directory, with_output, run_args)
            time_measurements = {
                "'make clean'": self.timers["compile"]["clean"],
                "'make'": self.timers["compile"]["make"],
                "running 'main'": self.timers["run_binary"],
            }
            logged_times = [
                f"{task}: {measurement:.2f}s"
                for task, measurement in time_measurements.items()
                if measurement is not None
            ]
            logger.debug(f"Time measurements: {', '.join(logged_times)}")

        def delete(self, code=True, data=True, run_args=True, directory=True, force=False):
            if self.project_dir is None:
                return  # Nothing to delete

            if directory and not all([code, data, run_args]):
                raise ValueError(
                    "When deleting the directory, code and data will"
                    "be deleted as well. Set the corresponding "
                    "parameters to True."
                )

            fnames = []

            # Delete data
            if data:
                results_dir = self.results_dir
                logger.debug(f"Deleting data files in '{results_dir}'")
                fnames.append(os.path.join(results_dir, "last_run_info.txt"))
                if self.profiled_codeobjects:
                    fnames.append(os.path.join(results_dir, "profiling_info.txt"))
                for var in self.arrays:
                    fnames.append(os.path.join(results_dir, self.get_array_filename(var)))

            # Delete code
            if code:
                logger.debug(f"Deleting code files in '{self.project_dir}'")
                if sys.platform == "win32":
                    fnames.extend(
                        [
                            "sourcefiles.txt",
                            "win_makefile",
                            "main.exe",
                            "main.ilk",
                            "main.pdb",
                            "winmake.log",
                        ]
                    )
                else:
                    fnames.extend(["make.deps", "makefile", "main"])

                fnames.extend(
                    [
                        os.path.join("brianlib", "spikequeue.h"),
                        os.path.join("brianlib", "stdint_compat.h"),
                    ]
                )
                fnames.extend(self.writer.header_files)

                for source_file in self.writer.source_files:
                    fnames.append(source_file)
                    base_name, _ = os.path.splitext(source_file)
                    if sys.platform == "win32":
                        fnames.append(f"{base_name}.obj")
                    else:
                        fnames.append(f"{base_name}.o")

                for static_array_name in self.static_arrays:
                    fnames.append(os.path.join("static_arrays", static_array_name))

            if run_args:
                for fname in self.run_args_arrays:
                    fnames.append(os.path.join("static_arrays", fname))

            for fname in fnames:
                full_fname = os.path.join(self.project_dir, fname)
                try:
                    os.remove(full_fname)
                except OSError as ex:
                    logger.warn(f'File "{full_fname}" could not be deleted: {str(ex)}')

            # Delete directories

            if directory:
                directories = [
                    "brianlib",
                    "code_objects",
                    "results",
                    "static_arrays",
                    "",
                ]
                full_directories = [
                    os.path.join(self.project_dir, directory) for directory in directories
                ]
                for full_directory in full_directories:
                    try:
                        os.rmdir(full_directory)
                    except OSError:
                        if not os.path.exists(full_directory):
                            continue

                        # The directory is not empty:
                        if force:
                            logger.debug(
                                'Directory "{}" is not empty, but '
                                "deleting it due to the use of the force "
                                "option."
                            )
                            shutil.rmtree(full_directory)
                        else:
                            # We only give a warning if there is a file or a
                            # directory we do not know about. We do not want to e.g.
                            # complain about an unknown file in the results
                            # directory and then again complain about the results
                            # directory when deleting the main directory
                            still_present = [
                                name
                                for name in os.listdir(full_directory)
                                if os.path.isfile(name)
                                or os.path.join(full_directory, name)
                                not in full_directories
                            ]
                            if len(still_present):
                                still_present = ", ".join(
                                    f'"{name}"' for name in still_present
                                )
                                logger.warn(
                                    f"Not deleting the '{full_directory}' directory, "
                                    "because it contains files/directories "
                                    f"not added by Brian: {still_present}",
                                    name_suffix="delete_skips_directory",
                                )

        def network_run(
            self,
            net,
            duration,
            report=None,
            report_period=10 * second,
            namespace=None,
            profile=None,
            level=0,
            **kwds,
        ):
            if duration < 0:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Function 'run' expected a non-negative duration but got '{duration}'"
                )

            self.networks.add(net)
            if kwds:
                logger.warn(
                    "Unsupported keyword argument(s) provided for run: %s"
                    % ", ".join(kwds.keys())
                )
            # We store this as an instance variable for later access by the
            # `code_object` method
            self.enable_profiling = profile

            # Allow setting `profile` in the `set_device` call (used e.g. in brian2cuda
            # SpeedTest configurations)
            if profile is None:
                self.enable_profiling = self.build_options.get("profile", False)

            all_objects = net.sorted_objects
            net._clocks = {obj.clock for obj in all_objects}
            t_end = net.t + duration
            for clock in net._clocks:
                clock.set_interval(net.t, t_end)

            # Get the local namespace
            if namespace is None:
                namespace = get_local_namespace(level=level + 2)

            net.before_run(namespace)
            self.synapses |= {s for s in net.objects if isinstance(s, Synapses)}
            self.clocks.update(net._clocks)
            net.t_ = float(t_end)

            # TODO: remove this horrible hack
            for clock in self.clocks:
                if clock.name == "clock":
                    clock._name = "_clock"

            # Extract all the CodeObjects
            # Note that since we ran the Network object, these CodeObjects will be sorted into the right
            # running order, assuming that there is only one clock
            code_objects = []
            for obj in all_objects:
                if obj.active:
                    for codeobj in obj._code_objects:
                        code_objects.append((obj.clock, codeobj))

            # Code for a progress reporting function
            standard_code = """
            std::string _format_time(float time_in_s)
            {
                float divisors[] = {24*60*60, 60*60, 60, 1};
                char letters[] = {'d', 'h', 'm', 's'};
                float remaining = time_in_s;
                std::string text = "";
                int time_to_represent;
                for (int i =0; i < sizeof(divisors)/sizeof(float); i++)
                {
                    time_to_represent = int(remaining / divisors[i]);
                    remaining -= time_to_represent * divisors[i];
                    if (time_to_represent > 0 || text.length())
                    {
                        if(text.length() > 0)
                        {
                            text += " ";
                        }
                        text += (std::to_string(time_to_represent)+letters[i]);
                    }
                }
                //less than one second
                if(text.length() == 0)
                {
                    text = "< 1s";
                }
                return text;
            }
            void report_progress(const double elapsed, const double completed, const double start, const double duration)
            {
                if (completed == 0.0)
                {
                    %STREAMNAME% << "Starting simulation at t=" << start << " s for duration " << duration << " s";
                } else
                {
                    %STREAMNAME% << completed*duration << " s (" << (int)(completed*100.) << "%) simulated in " << _format_time(elapsed);
                    if (completed < 1.0)
                    {
                        const int remaining = (int)((1-completed)/completed*elapsed+0.5);
                        %STREAMNAME% << ", estimated " << _format_time(remaining) << " remaining.";
                    }
                }

                %STREAMNAME% << std::endl << std::flush;
            }
            """
            if report is None:
                report_func = ""
            elif report == "text" or report == "stdout":
                report_func = standard_code.replace("%STREAMNAME%", "std::cout")
            elif report == "stderr":
                report_func = standard_code.replace("%STREAMNAME%", "std::cerr")
            elif isinstance(report, str):
                report_func = """
                void report_progress(const double elapsed, const double completed, const double start, const double duration)
                {
                %REPORT%
                }
                """.replace(
                    "%REPORT%", report
                )
            else:
                raise TypeError(
                    "report argument has to be either 'text', "
                    "'stdout', 'stderr', or the code for a report "
                    "function"
                )

            if report_func != "":
                if self.report_func != "" and report_func != self.report_func:
                    raise NotImplementedError(
                        "The C++ standalone device does not "
                        "support multiple report functions, "
                        "each run has to use the same (or "
                        "none)."
                    )
                self.report_func = report_func

            if report is not None:
                report_call = "report_progress"
            else:
                report_call = "NULL"

            # Generate the updaters
            run_lines = [f"{net.name}.clear();"]
            all_clocks = set()
            for clock, codeobj in code_objects:
                run_lines.append(f"{net.name}.add(&{clock.name}, _run_{codeobj.name});")
                all_clocks.add(clock)

            # Under some rare circumstances (e.g. a NeuronGroup only defining a
            # subexpression that is used by other groups (via linking, or recorded
            # by a StateMonitor) *and* not calculating anything itself *and* using a
            # different clock than all other objects) a clock that is not used by
            # any code object should nevertheless advance during the run. We include
            # such clocks without a code function in the network.
            for clock in net._clocks:
                if clock not in all_clocks:
                    run_lines.append(f"{net.name}.add(&{clock.name}, NULL);")

            run_lines.extend(self.code_lines["before_network_run"])
            if not self.run_args_applied:
                run_lines.append("set_from_command_line(args);")
                self.run_args_applied = True
            run_lines.append(
                f"{net.name}.run({float(duration)!r}, {report_call},"
                f" {float(report_period)!r});"
            )
            run_lines.extend(self.code_lines["after_network_run"])
            self.main_queue.append(("run_network", (net, run_lines)))

            net.after_run()

            # Manually set the cache for the clocks, simulation scripts might
            # want to access the time (which has been set in code and is therefore
            # not accessible by the normal means until the code has been built and
            # run)
            for clock in net._clocks:
                self.array_cache[clock.variables["timestep"]] = np.array([clock._i_end])
                self.array_cache[clock.variables["t"]] = np.array(
                    [clock._i_end * clock.dt_]
                )

            if self.build_on_run:
                if self.has_been_run:
                    raise RuntimeError(
                        "The network has already been built and run "
                        "before. Use set_device with "
                        "build_on_run=False and an explicit "
                        "device.build call to use multiple run "
                        "statements with this device."
                    )
                self.build(direct_call=False, **self.build_options)

        def network_store(self, net, *args, **kwds):
            raise NotImplementedError(
                "The store/restore mechanism is not supported in the C++ standalone"
            )

        def network_restore(self, net, *args, **kwds):
            raise NotImplementedError(
                "The store/restore mechanism is not supported in the C++ standalone"
            )

        def network_get_profiling_info(self, net):
            fname = os.path.join(self.project_dir, "results", "profiling_info.txt")
            if not os.path.exists(fname):
                raise ValueError(
                    "No profiling info collected (did you run with 'profile=True'?)"
                )
            net._profiling_info = []
            with open(fname) as f:
                for line in f:
                    (key, val) = line.split()
                    net._profiling_info.append((key, float(val) * second))
            return sorted(net._profiling_info, key=lambda item: item[1], reverse=True)

        def run_function(self, name, include_in_parent=True):
            """
            Context manager to divert code into a function

            Code that happens within the scope of this context manager will go into the named function.

            Parameters
            ----------
            name : str
                The name of the function to divert code into.
            include_in_parent : bool
                Whether or not to include a call to the newly defined function in the parent context.
            """
            return RunFunctionContext(name, include_in_parent)

    class RunFunctionContext:
        def __init__(self, name, include_in_parent):
            self.name = name
            self.include_in_parent = include_in_parent

        def __enter__(self):
            cpp_standalone_device.main_queue.append(
                ("start_run_func", (self.name, self.include_in_parent))
            )

        def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
            cpp_standalone_device.main_queue.append(
                ("end_run_func", (self.name, self.include_in_parent))
            )

    cpp_standalone_device = CPPStandaloneDevice()
    all_devices["cpp_standalone"] = cpp_standalone_device