# Source code for bleak.backends.winrt.client

    # Created on 2020-08-19 by hbldh <henrik.blidh@nedomkull.com>
    """
    BLE Client for Windows 10 systems, implemented with WinRT.
    """

    import sys
    from typing import TYPE_CHECKING

    if TYPE_CHECKING:
        if sys.platform != "win32":
            assert False, "This backend is only available on Windows"

    import asyncio
    import logging
    import uuid
    from collections.abc import Callable
    from contextvars import Context
    from ctypes import WinError  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    from typing import Any, Generic, Optional, Protocol, Sequence, TypeVar, Union, cast
    from warnings import warn

    from winrt.system import Object
    from winrt.windows.devices.bluetooth import (
        BluetoothAddressType,
        BluetoothCacheMode,
        BluetoothError,
        BluetoothLEDevice,
    )
    from winrt.windows.devices.bluetooth.genericattributeprofile import (
        GattCharacteristic,
        GattCharacteristicProperties,
        GattClientCharacteristicConfigurationDescriptorValue,
        GattCommunicationStatus,
        GattDescriptor,
        GattDeviceService,
        GattSession,
        GattSessionStatus,
        GattSessionStatusChangedEventArgs,
        GattValueChangedEventArgs,
        GattWriteOption,
    )
    from winrt.windows.devices.enumeration import (
        DeviceInformation,
        DeviceInformationCustomPairing,
        DevicePairingKinds,
        DevicePairingProtectionLevel,
        DevicePairingRequestedEventArgs,
        DevicePairingResultStatus,
        DeviceUnpairingResultStatus,
    )
    from winrt.windows.foundation import (
        AsyncStatus,
        EventRegistrationToken,
        IAsyncOperation,
    )
    from winrt.windows.storage.streams import Buffer

    from bleak import BleakScanner
    from bleak._compat import Self, assert_never, override
    from bleak._compat import timeout as async_timeout
    from bleak.args import SizedBuffer
    from bleak.args.winrt import WinRTClientArgs as _WinRTClientArgs
    from bleak.assigned_numbers import gatt_char_props_to_strs
    from bleak.backends.characteristic import BleakGATTCharacteristic
    from bleak.backends.client import BaseBleakClient, NotifyCallback
    from bleak.backends.descriptor import BleakGATTDescriptor
    from bleak.backends.device import BLEDevice
    from bleak.backends.service import BleakGATTService, BleakGATTServiceCollection
    from bleak.backends.winrt.scanner import BleakScannerWinRT, RawAdvData
    from bleak.exc import BleakDeviceNotFoundError, BleakError, BleakGATTProtocolError

    logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

    def __getattr__(name: str):
        if name == "WinRTClientArgs":
            warn(
                "importing WinRTClientArgs from bleak.backends.winrt.client is deprecated, use bleak.args.winrt instead",
                DeprecationWarning,
                stacklevel=2,
            )
            return _WinRTClientArgs
        raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}")

    class _Result(Protocol):
        @property
        def status(self) -> GattCommunicationStatus: ...
        @property
        def protocol_error(self) -> Optional[int]: ...

    def _address_to_int(address: str) -> int:
        """Converts the Bluetooth device address string to its representing integer

        Args:
            address (str): Bluetooth device address to convert

        Returns:
            int: integer representation of the given Bluetooth device address
        """
        _address_separators = [":", "-"]
        for char in _address_separators:
            address = address.replace(char, "")

        return int(address, base=16)

    def _ensure_success(result: _Result, attr: Optional[str], fail_msg: str) -> Any:
        """
        Ensures that *status* is ``GattCommunicationStatus.SUCCESS``, otherwise
        raises ``BleakError``.

        Args:
            result: The result returned by a WinRT API method.
            attr: The name of the attribute containing the result.
            fail_msg: A message to include in the exception.
        """
        status = result.status if hasattr(result, "status") else result

        if status == GattCommunicationStatus.SUCCESS:
            return None if attr is None else getattr(result, attr)

        if status == GattCommunicationStatus.PROTOCOL_ERROR:
            assert result.protocol_error is not None
            raise BleakGATTProtocolError(result.protocol_error)

        if status == GattCommunicationStatus.ACCESS_DENIED:
            raise BleakError(f"{fail_msg}: Access Denied")

        if status == GattCommunicationStatus.UNREACHABLE:
            raise BleakError(f"{fail_msg}: Unreachable")

        raise BleakError(f"{fail_msg}: Unexpected status code 0x{status:02X}")

    class BleakClientWinRT(BaseBleakClient):
        """Native Windows Bleak Client.

        Args:
            address_or_ble_device (str or BLEDevice): The Bluetooth address of the BLE peripheral
                to connect to or the ``BLEDevice`` object representing it.
            services: Optional set of service UUIDs that will be used.
            winrt (dict): A dictionary of Windows-specific configuration values.
        """

        def __init__(
            self,
            address_or_ble_device: Union[BLEDevice, str],
            services: Optional[set[str]] = None,
            *,
            winrt: _WinRTClientArgs,
            **kwargs: Any,
        ):
            super().__init__(address_or_ble_device, **kwargs)

            self._device_info: int | None

            # Backend specific. WinRT objects.
            if isinstance(address_or_ble_device, BLEDevice):
                self._device_info = _address_to_int(address_or_ble_device.address)
            else:
                self._device_info = None

            self._requested_services = (
                [uuid.UUID(s) for s in services] if services else None
            )
            self._requester: Optional[BluetoothLEDevice] = None
            self._services_changed_events: list[asyncio.Event] = []
            self._session_active_events: list[asyncio.Event] = []
            self._session: Optional[GattSession] = None
            self._notification_callbacks: dict[int, EventRegistrationToken] = {}

            # os-specific options
            self._use_cached_services = winrt.get("use_cached_services")
            self._address_type = winrt.get("address_type")
            self._retry_on_services_changed = False

            self._services_changed_token: Optional[EventRegistrationToken] = None
            self._session_status_changed_token: Optional[EventRegistrationToken] = None
            self._max_pdu_size_changed_token: Optional[EventRegistrationToken] = None

        def __str__(self) -> str:
            return f"{type(self).__name__} ({self.address})"

        # Connectivity methods

        async def _create_requester(self, bluetooth_address: int) -> BluetoothLEDevice:
            if self._address_type is not None:
                requester = await BluetoothLEDevice.from_bluetooth_address_with_bluetooth_address_type_async(
                    bluetooth_address,
                    (
                        BluetoothAddressType.PUBLIC
                        if self._address_type == "public"
                        else BluetoothAddressType.RANDOM
                    ),
                )
            else:
                requester = await BluetoothLEDevice.from_bluetooth_address_async(
                    bluetooth_address
                )

            # https://github.com/microsoft/Windows-universal-samples/issues/1089#issuecomment-487586755
            if requester is None:
                raise BleakDeviceNotFoundError(
                    self.address, f"Device with address {self.address} was not found."
                )
            return requester

        @override
        async def connect(self, pair: bool, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
            """Connect to the specified GATT server.

            Keyword Args:
                timeout (float): Timeout for required ``BleakScanner.find_device_by_address`` call.
            """
            # Try to find the desired device.
            timeout = kwargs.get("timeout", self._timeout)
            if self._device_info is None:
                device = await BleakScanner.find_device_by_address(
                    self.address, timeout=timeout, backend=BleakScannerWinRT
                )

                if device is None:
                    raise BleakDeviceNotFoundError(
                        self.address, f"Device with address {self.address} was not found."
                    )

                data: RawAdvData = device.details
                args = data.adv or data.scan
                assert args
                self._device_info = args.bluetooth_address

            logger.debug("Connecting to BLE device @ %s", self.address)

            loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()

            self._requester = await self._create_requester(self._device_info)

            if pair:
                await self.pair(**kwargs)

            def handle_services_changed() -> None:
                if not self._services_changed_events:
                    logger.warning("%s: unhandled services changed event", self.address)
                else:
                    for event in self._services_changed_events:
                        event.set()

            def services_changed_handler(sender: BluetoothLEDevice, args: Object) -> None:
                logger.debug("%s: services changed", self.address)
                loop.call_soon_threadsafe(handle_services_changed)

            self._services_changed_token = self._requester.add_gatt_services_changed(
                services_changed_handler
            )

            # Called on disconnect event or on failure to connect.
            def handle_disconnect() -> None:
                if self._requester:
                    if self._services_changed_token:
                        self._requester.remove_gatt_services_changed(
                            self._services_changed_token
                        )
                        self._services_changed_token = None

                    logger.debug("closing requester")
                    self._requester.close()
                    self._requester = None

                if self._session:
                    if self._session_status_changed_token:
                        self._session.remove_session_status_changed(
                            self._session_status_changed_token
                        )
                        self._session_status_changed_token = None

                    if self._max_pdu_size_changed_token:
                        self._session.remove_max_pdu_size_changed(
                            self._max_pdu_size_changed_token
                        )
                        self._max_pdu_size_changed_token = None

                    logger.debug("closing session")
                    self._session.close()
                    self._session = None

            is_connect_complete = False

            def handle_session_status_changed(
                args: GattSessionStatusChangedEventArgs,
            ) -> None:
                if args.error != BluetoothError.SUCCESS:
                    logger.error("Unhandled GATT error %r", args.error)

                if args.status == GattSessionStatus.ACTIVE:
                    for e in self._session_active_events:
                        e.set()

                # Don't run this if we have not exited from the connect method yet.
                # Cleanup is handled by the connect method in that case.
                elif args.status == GattSessionStatus.CLOSED and is_connect_complete:
                    if self._disconnected_callback:
                        self._disconnected_callback()

                    handle_disconnect()

            # this is the WinRT event handler will be called on another thread
            def session_status_changed_event_handler(
                sender: GattSession, args: GattSessionStatusChangedEventArgs
            ):
                logger.debug(
                    "session_status_changed_event_handler: id: %s, error: %r, status: %r",
                    sender.device_id.id,
                    args.error,
                    args.status,
                )
                loop.call_soon_threadsafe(handle_session_status_changed, args)

            def max_pdu_size_changed_handler(sender: GattSession, args: Object) -> None:
                try:
                    max_pdu_size = sender.max_pdu_size
                except OSError:
                    # There is a race condition where this event was already
                    # queued when the GattSession object was closed. In that
                    # case, we get a Windows error which we can just ignore.
                    return

                logger.debug("max_pdu_size_changed_handler: %d", max_pdu_size)

            # Start a GATT Session to connect
            event = asyncio.Event()
            self._session_active_events.append(event)
            try:
                self._session = await GattSession.from_device_id_async(
                    self._requester.bluetooth_device_id
                )

                if not self._session.can_maintain_connection:
                    raise BleakError("device does not support GATT sessions")

                self._session_status_changed_token = (
                    self._session.add_session_status_changed(
                        session_status_changed_event_handler
                    )
                )

                self._max_pdu_size_changed_token = self._session.add_max_pdu_size_changed(
                    max_pdu_size_changed_handler
                )

                services_changed_event = asyncio.Event()
                self._services_changed_events.append(services_changed_event)

                # If the session is already active, we need to set the event since
                # the session_status_changed event won't fire. This happens, e.g.,
                # when pairing before connecting which causes the device to already
                # be connected.
                if self._session.session_status == GattSessionStatus.ACTIVE:
                    event.set()

                try:
                    # Windows does not support explicitly connecting to a device.
                    # Instead it has the concept of a GATT session that is owned
                    # by the calling program.
                    self._session.maintain_connection = True
                    # This keeps the device connected until we set maintain_connection = False.

                    cache_mode = None

                    if self._use_cached_services is not None:
                        cache_mode = (
                            BluetoothCacheMode.CACHED
                            if self._use_cached_services
                            else BluetoothCacheMode.UNCACHED
                        )

                    # if we receive a services changed event before get_gatt_services_async()
                    # finishes, we need to call it again with BluetoothCacheMode.CACHED
                    # to ensure we have the correct services as described in
                    # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/uwp/api/windows.devices.bluetooth.bluetoothledevice.gattserviceschanged
                    service_cache_mode = cache_mode

                    async with async_timeout(timeout):
                        if self._retry_on_services_changed:
                            while True:
                                services_changed_event.clear()
                                services_changed_event_task = asyncio.create_task(
                                    services_changed_event.wait()
                                )

                                get_services_task = asyncio.create_task(
                                    self._get_services(
                                        service_cache_mode=service_cache_mode,
                                        cache_mode=cache_mode,
                                    )
                                )

                                _, pending = await asyncio.wait(
                                    [services_changed_event_task, get_services_task],
                                    return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED,
                                )

                                for p in pending:
                                    p.cancel()

                                if not services_changed_event.is_set():
                                    # services did not change while getting services,
                                    # so this is the final result
                                    self.services = get_services_task.result()
                                    break

                                logger.debug(
                                    "%s: restarting get services due to services changed event",
                                    self.address,
                                )
                                service_cache_mode = BluetoothCacheMode.CACHED

                                # ensure the task ran to completion to avoid OSError
                                # on next call to get_services()
                                try:
                                    await get_services_task
                                except OSError:
                                    pass
                                except asyncio.CancelledError:
                                    pass
                        else:
                            self.services = await self._get_services(
                                service_cache_mode=service_cache_mode,
                                cache_mode=cache_mode,
                            )

                        # a connection may not be made until we request info from the
                        # device, so we have to get services before the GATT session
                        # is set to active
                        await event.wait()

                    is_connect_complete = True
                finally:
                    self._services_changed_events.remove(services_changed_event)

            except BaseException:
                handle_disconnect()
                raise
            finally:
                self._session_active_events.remove(event)

        @override
        async def disconnect(self) -> None:
            """Disconnect from the specified GATT server."""
            logger.debug("Disconnecting from BLE device...")

            if self.services is None:
                # No connection exists. Either one hasn't been created or
                # we have already called disconnect and closed the gatt
                # connection.
                logger.debug("already disconnected")
                return

            # Remove notifications.
            for handle, event_handler_token in list(self._notification_callbacks.items()):
                char = self.services.get_characteristic(handle)
                assert char
                gatt_char = cast(GattCharacteristic, char.obj)
                gatt_char.remove_value_changed(event_handler_token)
            self._notification_callbacks.clear()

            # Since we can't wait for the session close event (it may never come)
            # we need to synthesize the disconnect event
            if self._session and self._session_status_changed_token:
                self._session.remove_session_status_changed(
                    self._session_status_changed_token
                )
                self._session_status_changed_token = None

                if self._disconnected_callback:
                    self._disconnected_callback()

            # Dispose all service components that we have requested and created.
            if self.services:
                # HACK: sometimes GattDeviceService.Close() hangs forever, so we
                # add a delay to give the Windows Bluetooth stack some time to
                # "settle" before closing the services
                await asyncio.sleep(0.1)

                for service in self.services:
                    service.obj.close()
                self.services = None

            if self._session:
                self._session.close()
                self._session = None

            if self._requester:
                self._requester.close()
                self._requester = None

        @property
        @override
        def is_connected(self) -> bool:
            """Check connection status between this client and the server.

            Returns:
                Boolean representing connection status.

            """
            return (
                False
                if self._session is None
                else self._session.session_status == GattSessionStatus.ACTIVE
            )

        @property
        @override
        def name(self) -> str:
            """See :meth:`bleak.BleakClient.name`."""
            if self._requester is None:
                raise BleakError("Not connected")
            return self._requester.name

        @property
        @override
        def mtu_size(self) -> int:
            """Get ATT MTU size for active connection"""
            assert self._session is not None
            return self._session.max_pdu_size

        @override
        async def pair(
            self,
            **kwargs: Any,
        ) -> None:
            """Attempts to pair with the device.

            Keyword Args:
                protection_level (int): A ``DevicePairingProtectionLevel`` enum value:

                    1. None - Pair the device using no levels of protection.
                    2. Encryption - Pair the device using encryption.
                    3. EncryptionAndAuthentication - Pair the device using
                       encryption and authentication.

                    .. versionchanged:: 1.0
                        Issues :class:`DeprecationWarning` if used. The default
                        behavior has changed and this argument should no longer
                        be needed.
            """
            assert self._requester

            # New local device information object created since the object from the requester isn't updated
            device_information = await DeviceInformation.create_from_id_async(
                self._requester.device_information.id
            )

            if device_information.pairing.is_paired:
                logger.debug("Device is already paired. Skipping pairing.")
                return

            if not device_information.pairing.can_pair:
                raise BleakError("Device does not support pairing")

            protection_level = kwargs.get("protection_level")

            # Currently only supporting Just Works solutions...
            ceremony = DevicePairingKinds.CONFIRM_ONLY
            custom_pairing = device_information.pairing.custom

            def handler(
                sender: DeviceInformationCustomPairing,
                args: DevicePairingRequestedEventArgs,
            ):
                args.accept()

            pairing_requested_token = custom_pairing.add_pairing_requested(handler)

            try:
                if protection_level is not None:
                    warn(
                        "protection_level is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. The default protection level has changed, so it should be safe to omit this argument.",
                        DeprecationWarning,
                        2,
                    )
                    pairing_result = await custom_pairing.pair_with_protection_level_async(
                        ceremony, protection_level
                    )
                else:
                    for level in (
                        DevicePairingProtectionLevel.ENCRYPTION_AND_AUTHENTICATION,
                        DevicePairingProtectionLevel.ENCRYPTION,
                    ):
                        pairing_result = (
                            await custom_pairing.pair_with_protection_level_async(
                                ceremony, level
                            )
                        )
                        if (
                            pairing_result.status
                            != DevicePairingResultStatus.PROTECTION_LEVEL_COULD_NOT_BE_MET
                        ):
                            break

                        logger.debug("Protection level %r not met. Retrying.", level)
                    else:
                        pairing_result = await custom_pairing.pair_async(ceremony)

            except Exception as e:
                raise BleakError("Failure trying to pair with device!") from e
            finally:
                custom_pairing.remove_pairing_requested(pairing_requested_token)

            if pairing_result.status not in (
                DevicePairingResultStatus.PAIRED,
                DevicePairingResultStatus.ALREADY_PAIRED,
            ):
                raise BleakError(
                    f"Could not pair with device: {pairing_result.status.name}"
                )

            if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
                # pairing_result.protection_level_used doesn't seem to return
                # accurate information if we don't update the DeviceInformation
                # first.
                device_information = await DeviceInformation.create_from_id_async(
                    self._requester.device_information.id
                )

                logger.debug(
                    "Paired to device with protection level %s.",
                    pairing_result.protection_level_used.name,
                )

        @override
        async def unpair(self) -> None:
            """Attempts to unpair from the device.

            N.B. unpairing also leads to disconnection in the Windows backend.
            """
            device = await self._create_requester(
                self._device_info
                if self._device_info is not None
                else _address_to_int(self.address)
            )

            try:
                unpairing_result = await device.device_information.pairing.unpair_async()
                if unpairing_result.status not in (
                    DeviceUnpairingResultStatus.UNPAIRED,
                    DeviceUnpairingResultStatus.ALREADY_UNPAIRED,
                ):
                    raise BleakError(
                        f"Could not unpair with device: {unpairing_result.status}"
                    )
                logger.info("Unpaired with device.")
            finally:
                device.close()

        # GATT services methods

        async def _get_services(
            self,
            *,
            service_cache_mode: Optional[BluetoothCacheMode] = None,
            cache_mode: Optional[BluetoothCacheMode] = None,
            **kwargs: Any,
        ) -> BleakGATTServiceCollection:
            """Get all services registered for this GATT server.

            Returns:
               A :py:class:`bleak.backends.service.BleakGATTServiceCollection` with this device's services tree.

            """

            # Return the Service Collection.
            if self.services is not None:
                return self.services

            logger.debug(
                "getting services (service_cache_mode=%r, cache_mode=%r)...",
                service_cache_mode,
                cache_mode,
            )

            new_services = BleakGATTServiceCollection()
            services: Sequence[GattDeviceService]

            retries = 10
            assert self._requester

            if self._requested_services is None:
                while True:
                    if service_cache_mode is not None:
                        result = await FutureLike(
                            self._requester.get_gatt_services_with_cache_mode_async(
                                service_cache_mode
                            )
                        )
                    else:
                        result = await FutureLike(self._requester.get_gatt_services_async())

                    # Windows Bluetooth can be quite flakey and often we get the
                    # UNREACHABLE error here. Retrying a few times seems to eventually
                    # work around this.
                    if result.status == GattCommunicationStatus.UNREACHABLE:
                        if retries > 0:
                            retries -= 1
                            logger.debug(
                                "%s: device unreachable when getting services, retrying in 1 second...",
                                self.address,
                            )
                            await asyncio.sleep(1)
                            continue

                    services = _ensure_success(
                        result,
                        "services",
                        "Could not get GATT services",
                    )

                    break
            else:
                services = []
                # REVISIT: should properly dispose services on cancel or protect from cancellation

                for s in self._requested_services:
                    while True:
                        if service_cache_mode is not None:
                            result = await FutureLike(
                                self._requester.get_gatt_services_for_uuid_with_cache_mode_async(
                                    s, service_cache_mode
                                )
                            )
                        else:
                            result = await FutureLike(
                                self._requester.get_gatt_services_for_uuid_async(s)
                            )

                        if result.status == GattCommunicationStatus.UNREACHABLE:
                            if retries > 0:
                                retries -= 1
                                logger.debug(
                                    "%s: device unreachable when getting service %s, retrying in 1 second...",
                                    self.address,
                                    s,
                                )
                                await asyncio.sleep(1)
                                continue

                        services.extend(
                            _ensure_success(
                                result,
                                "services",
                                "Could not get GATT services",
                            )
                        )

                        break

            try:
                for service in services:
                    if cache_mode is not None:
                        result = await FutureLike(
                            service.get_characteristics_with_cache_mode_async(cache_mode)
                        )
                    else:
                        result = await FutureLike(service.get_characteristics_async())

                    if result.status == GattCommunicationStatus.ACCESS_DENIED:
                        # Windows does not allow access to services "owned" by the
                        # OS. This includes services like HID and Bond Manager.
                        logger.debug(
                            "skipping service %s due to access denied", service.uuid
                        )
                        continue

                    characteristics: Sequence[GattCharacteristic] = _ensure_success(
                        result,
                        "characteristics",
                        f"Could not get GATT characteristics for service {service.uuid} ({service.attribute_handle})",
                    )

                    serv = BleakGATTService(
                        service, service.attribute_handle, str(service.uuid)
                    )
                    new_services.add_service(serv)

                    for characteristic in characteristics:
                        if cache_mode is not None:
                            result = await FutureLike(
                                characteristic.get_descriptors_with_cache_mode_async(
                                    cache_mode
                                )
                            )
                        else:
                            result = await FutureLike(
                                characteristic.get_descriptors_async()
                            )

                        descriptors: Sequence[GattDescriptor] = _ensure_success(
                            result,
                            "descriptors",
                            f"Could not get GATT descriptors for characteristic {characteristic.uuid} ({characteristic.attribute_handle})",
                        )

                        char = BleakGATTCharacteristic(
                            characteristic,
                            characteristic.attribute_handle,
                            str(characteristic.uuid),
                            list(
                                gatt_char_props_to_strs(
                                    characteristic.characteristic_properties
                                )
                            ),
                            lambda: self.mtu_size - 3,
                            serv,
                        )

                        new_services.add_characteristic(char)

                        for descriptor in descriptors:
                            desc = BleakGATTDescriptor(
                                descriptor,
                                descriptor.attribute_handle,
                                str(descriptor.uuid),
                                char,
                            )
                            new_services.add_descriptor(desc)

                return new_services
            except BaseException:
                # Don't leak services. WinRT is quite particular about services
                # being closed.
                logger.debug("disposing service objects")

                # HACK: sometimes GattDeviceService.Close() hangs forever, so we
                # add a delay to give the Windows Bluetooth stack some time to
                # "settle" before closing the services
                await asyncio.sleep(0.1)

                for service in services:
                    service.close()
                raise

        # I/O methods

        @override
        async def read_gatt_char(
            self,
            characteristic: BleakGATTCharacteristic,
            *,
            use_cached: bool = False,
            **kwargs: Any,
        ) -> bytearray:
            """Perform read operation on the specified GATT characteristic.

            Args:
                characteristic (BleakGATTCharacteristic): The characteristic to read from.

            Keyword Args:
                use_cached (bool): ``False`` forces Windows to read the value from the
                    device again and not use its own cached value. Defaults to ``False``.

            Returns:
                (bytearray) The read data.

            """
            if not self.is_connected:
                raise BleakError("Not connected")

            assert self.services

            gatt_char = cast(GattCharacteristic, characteristic.obj)

            value = bytearray(
                _ensure_success(
                    await gatt_char.read_value_with_cache_mode_async(
                        BluetoothCacheMode.CACHED
                        if use_cached
                        else BluetoothCacheMode.UNCACHED
                    ),
                    "value",
                    f"Could not read characteristic handle {characteristic.handle}",
                )
            )

            logger.debug("Read Characteristic %04X : %s", characteristic.handle, value)

            return value

        @override
        async def read_gatt_descriptor(
            self,
            descriptor: BleakGATTDescriptor,
            *,
            use_cached: bool = False,
            **kwargs: Any,
        ) -> bytearray:
            """Perform read operation on the specified GATT descriptor.

            Args:
                descriptor: The descriptor to read from.
                use_cached (bool): `False` forces Windows to read the value from the
                    device again and not use its own cached value. Defaults to `False`.

            Returns:
                The read data.

            """
            if not self.is_connected:
                raise BleakError("Not connected")

            assert self.services

            gatt_desc = cast(GattDescriptor, descriptor.obj)

            value = bytearray(
                _ensure_success(
                    await gatt_desc.read_value_with_cache_mode_async(
                        BluetoothCacheMode.CACHED
                        if use_cached
                        else BluetoothCacheMode.UNCACHED
                    ),
                    "value",
                    f"Could not read Descriptor value for {descriptor.handle:04X}",
                )
            )

            logger.debug("Read Descriptor %04X : %s", descriptor.handle, value)

            return value

        @override
        async def write_gatt_char(
            self, characteristic: BleakGATTCharacteristic, data: SizedBuffer, response: bool
        ) -> None:
            if not self.is_connected:
                raise BleakError("Not connected")

            buf = Buffer(len(data))
            buf.length = buf.capacity

            with memoryview(buf) as mv:
                mv[:] = data

            gatt_char = cast(GattCharacteristic, characteristic.obj)

            _ensure_success(
                await gatt_char.write_value_with_result_and_option_async(
                    buf,
                    (
                        GattWriteOption.WRITE_WITH_RESPONSE
                        if response
                        else GattWriteOption.WRITE_WITHOUT_RESPONSE
                    ),
                ),
                None,
                f"Could not write value {data} to characteristic {characteristic.handle:04X}",
            )

        @override
        async def write_gatt_descriptor(
            self, descriptor: BleakGATTDescriptor, data: SizedBuffer
        ) -> None:
            """Perform a write operation on the specified GATT descriptor.

            Args:
                descriptor: The descriptor to read from.
                data: The data to send (any bytes-like object).

            """
            if not self.is_connected:
                raise BleakError("Not connected")

            assert self.services

            buf = Buffer(len(data))
            buf.length = buf.capacity

            with memoryview(buf) as mv:
                mv[:] = data

            gatt_desc = cast(GattDescriptor, descriptor.obj)

            _ensure_success(
                await gatt_desc.write_value_with_result_async(buf),
                None,
                f"Could not write value {data!r} to descriptor {descriptor.handle:04X}",
            )

            logger.debug("Write Descriptor %04X : %s", descriptor.handle, data)

        @override
        async def start_notify(
            self,
            characteristic: BleakGATTCharacteristic,
            callback: NotifyCallback,
            **kwargs: Any,
        ) -> None:
            """
            Activate notifications/indications on a characteristic.

            Keyword Args:
                force_indicate (bool): If this is set to True, then Bleak will set up a indication request instead of a
                    notification request, given that the characteristic supports notifications as well as indications.
            """
            winrt_char = cast(GattCharacteristic, characteristic.obj)

            # If we want to force indicate even when notify is available, also check if the device
            # actually supports indicate as well.
            if not kwargs.get("force_indicate", False) and (
                winrt_char.characteristic_properties & GattCharacteristicProperties.NOTIFY
            ):
                cccd = GattClientCharacteristicConfigurationDescriptorValue.NOTIFY
            elif (
                winrt_char.characteristic_properties & GattCharacteristicProperties.INDICATE
            ):
                cccd = GattClientCharacteristicConfigurationDescriptorValue.INDICATE
            else:
                raise BleakError(
                    "characteristic does not support notifications or indications"
                )

            loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()

            def handle_value_changed(
                sender: GattCharacteristic, args: GattValueChangedEventArgs
            ) -> None:
                value = bytearray(args.characteristic_value)
                loop.call_soon_threadsafe(callback, value)

            event_handler_token = winrt_char.add_value_changed(handle_value_changed)
            self._notification_callbacks[characteristic.handle] = event_handler_token

            try:
                _ensure_success(
                    await winrt_char.write_client_characteristic_configuration_descriptor_with_result_async(
                        cccd
                    ),
                    None,
                    f"Could not start notify on {characteristic.handle:04X}",
                )
            except BaseException:
                # This usually happens when a device reports that it supports indicate,
                # but it actually doesn't.
                if characteristic.handle in self._notification_callbacks:
                    event_handler_token = self._notification_callbacks.pop(
                        characteristic.handle
                    )
                    winrt_char.remove_value_changed(event_handler_token)

                raise

        @override
        async def stop_notify(self, characteristic: BleakGATTCharacteristic) -> None:
            """Deactivate notification/indication on a specified characteristic.

            Args:
                characteristic (BleakGATTCharacteristic): The characteristic to deactivate
                    notification/indication on.
            """
            if not self.is_connected:
                raise BleakError("Not connected")

            assert self.services

            gatt_char = cast(GattCharacteristic, characteristic.obj)

            _ensure_success(
                await gatt_char.write_client_characteristic_configuration_descriptor_with_result_async(
                    GattClientCharacteristicConfigurationDescriptorValue.NONE
                ),
                None,
                f"Could not stop notify on {characteristic.handle:04X}",
            )

            event_handler_token = self._notification_callbacks.pop(characteristic.handle)
            gatt_char.remove_value_changed(event_handler_token)

    T = TypeVar("T")

    class FutureLike(Generic[T]):
        """
        Wraps a WinRT IAsyncOperation in a "future-like" object so that it can
        be passed to Python APIs.

        Needed until https://github.com/pywinrt/pywinrt/issues/14
        """

        _asyncio_future_blocking = False

        def __init__(self: Self, op: IAsyncOperation[T]) -> None:
            self._op = op
            self._callbacks: list[Callable[[Self], None]] = []
            self._loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
            self._cancel_requested = False
            self._result = None

            def call_callbacks() -> None:
                for c in self._callbacks:
                    c(self)

            def call_callbacks_threadsafe(
                op: IAsyncOperation[T], status: AsyncStatus
            ) -> None:
                if status == AsyncStatus.COMPLETED:
                    # have to get result on this thread, otherwise it may not return correct value
                    self._result = op.get_results()

                self._loop.call_soon_threadsafe(call_callbacks)

            op.completed = call_callbacks_threadsafe

        def result(self) -> T:
            if self._op.status == AsyncStatus.STARTED:
                raise asyncio.InvalidStateError

            if self._op.status == AsyncStatus.COMPLETED:
                if self._cancel_requested:
                    raise asyncio.CancelledError

                assert self._result

                return self._result

            if self._op.status == AsyncStatus.CANCELED:
                raise asyncio.CancelledError

            if self._op.status == AsyncStatus.ERROR:
                if self._cancel_requested:
                    raise asyncio.CancelledError

                error_code = self._op.error_code.value
                raise WinError(error_code)

            assert_never(self._op.status)

        def done(self) -> bool:
            return self._op.status != AsyncStatus.STARTED

        def cancelled(self) -> bool:
            return self._cancel_requested or self._op.status == AsyncStatus.CANCELED

        def add_done_callback(
            self,
            callback: Callable[[Self], None],
            *,
            context: Optional[Context] = None,
        ) -> None:
            self._callbacks.append(callback)

        def remove_done_callback(self, callback: Callable[[Self], None]) -> None:
            self._callbacks.remove(callback)

        def cancel(self, msg: Optional[str] = None) -> bool:
            if self._cancel_requested or self._op.status != AsyncStatus.STARTED:
                return False

            self._cancel_requested = True
            self._op.cancel()

            return True

        def exception(self) -> Optional[Exception]:
            if self._op.status == AsyncStatus.STARTED:
                raise asyncio.InvalidStateError

            if self._op.status == AsyncStatus.COMPLETED:
                if self._cancel_requested:
                    raise asyncio.CancelledError

                return None

            if self._op.status == AsyncStatus.CANCELED:
                raise asyncio.CancelledError

            if self._op.status == AsyncStatus.ERROR:
                if self._cancel_requested:
                    raise asyncio.CancelledError

                error_code = self._op.error_code.value

                return WinError(error_code)

            assert_never(self._op.status)

        def get_loop(self) -> asyncio.AbstractEventLoop:
            return self._loop

        def __await__(self):
            if not self.done():
                self._asyncio_future_blocking = True
                yield self  # This tells Task to wait for completion.

            if not self.done():
                raise RuntimeError("await wasn't used with future")

            return self.result()  # May raise too.