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# Source code for astropy.utils.masked.function_helpers

    # Licensed under a 3-clause BSD style license - see LICENSE.rst
    """Helpers for letting numpy functions interact with Masked arrays.

    The module supplies helper routines for numpy functions that propagate
    masks appropriately, for use in the ``__array_function__``
    implementation of `~astropy.utils.masked.MaskedNDArray`.  They are not
    very useful on their own, but the ones with docstrings are included in
    the documentation so that there is a place to find out how the mask is
    interpreted.

    """

    import warnings

    import numpy as np
    import numpy._core as np_core
    from numpy.lib._function_base_impl import _quantile_is_valid, _ureduce

    from astropy.units.quantity_helper.function_helpers import FunctionAssigner
    from astropy.utils.compat import NUMPY_LT_2_1, NUMPY_LT_2_2, NUMPY_LT_2_4, NUMPY_LT_2_5

    # This module should not really be imported, but we define __all__
    # such that sphinx can typeset the functions with docstrings.
    # The latter are added to __all__ at the end.
    __all__ = [
        "APPLY_TO_BOTH_FUNCTIONS",
        "DISPATCHED_FUNCTIONS",
        "MASKED_SAFE_FUNCTIONS",
        "UNSUPPORTED_FUNCTIONS",
    ]

    MASKED_SAFE_FUNCTIONS = set()
    """Set of functions that work fine on Masked classes already.

    Most of these internally use `numpy.ufunc` or other functions that
    are already covered.
    """

    APPLY_TO_BOTH_FUNCTIONS = {}
    """Dict of functions that should apply to both data and mask.

    The `dict` is keyed by the numpy function and the values are functions
    that take the input arguments of the numpy function and organize these
    for passing the data and mask to the numpy function.

    Returns
    -------
    data_args : tuple
        Arguments to pass on to the numpy function for the unmasked data.
    mask_args : tuple
        Arguments to pass on to the numpy function for the masked data.
    kwargs : dict
        Keyword arguments to pass on for both unmasked data and mask.
    out : `~astropy.utils.masked.Masked` instance or None
        Optional instance in which to store the output.

    Raises
    ------
    NotImplementedError
       When an arguments is masked when it should not be or vice versa.
    """

    DISPATCHED_FUNCTIONS = {}
    """Dict of functions that provide the numpy function's functionality.

    These are for more complicated versions where the numpy function itself
    cannot easily be used.  It should return either the result of the
    function, or a tuple consisting of the unmasked result, the mask for the
    result and a possible output instance.

    It should raise `NotImplementedError` if one of the arguments is masked
    when it should not be or vice versa.
    """

    UNSUPPORTED_FUNCTIONS = set()
    """Set of numpy functions that are not supported for masked arrays.

    For most, masked input simply makes no sense, but for others it may have
    been lack of time.  Issues or PRs for support for functions are welcome.
    """

    SUPPORTED_NEP35_FUNCTIONS = set()
    """Set of supported numpy functions with a 'like' keyword argument that dispatch
    on it (NEP 35).
    """
    if not NUMPY_LT_2_2:
        # in numpy 2.2 these are auto detected by numpy itself
        # xref https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/27451
        SUPPORTED_NEP35_FUNCTIONS |= set()
        UNSUPPORTED_FUNCTIONS |= {
            np.arange,
            np.empty, np.ones, np.zeros, np.full,
            np.array, np.asarray, np.asanyarray, np.ascontiguousarray, np.asfortranarray,
            np.frombuffer, np.fromfile, np.fromfunction, np.fromiter, np.fromstring,
            np.require, np.identity, np.eye, np.tri, np.genfromtxt, np.loadtxt,
        }  # fmt: skip

    # Almost all from np.core.fromnumeric defer to methods so are OK.
    MASKED_SAFE_FUNCTIONS |= {
        getattr(np, name)
        for name in np_core.fromnumeric.__all__
        if name not in {"choose", "put", "resize", "searchsorted", "where", "alen", "ptp"}
    }
    MASKED_SAFE_FUNCTIONS |= {
        # built-in from multiarray
        np.may_share_memory, np.can_cast, np.min_scalar_type, np.result_type,
        np.shares_memory,
        # np.core.arrayprint
        np.array_repr,
        # np.core.function_base
        np.linspace, np.logspace, np.geomspace,
        # np.core.numeric
        np.isclose, np.allclose, np.flatnonzero, np.argwhere,
        # np.core.shape_base
        np.atleast_1d, np.atleast_2d, np.atleast_3d, np.stack, np.hstack, np.vstack,
        # np.lib._function_base_impl
        np.average, np.diff, np.extract, np.meshgrid, np.gradient,
        # np.lib.index_tricks
        np.diag_indices_from, np.triu_indices_from, np.tril_indices_from,
        np.fill_diagonal,
        # np.lib.shape_base
        np.column_stack, np.dstack,
        np.array_split, np.split, np.hsplit, np.vsplit, np.dsplit,
        np.expand_dims, np.apply_along_axis, np.kron, np.tile,
        np.take_along_axis, np.put_along_axis,
        # np.lib.type_check (all but nan_to_num)
        np.iscomplexobj, np.isrealobj, np.imag, np.isreal, np.real,
        np.real_if_close, np.common_type,
        # np.lib.ufunclike
        np.fix, np.isneginf, np.isposinf,
        # np.lib._function_base_impl
        np.angle, np.i0,
        # np.lib._arraysetops_impl
        np.intersect1d, np.setxor1d, np.union1d, np.unique,
    }  # fmt: skip

    MASKED_SAFE_FUNCTIONS |= {
        np.astype, np.trapezoid,
        np.unique_all, np.unique_counts, np.unique_inverse, np.unique_values,
    }  # fmt: skip
    if not NUMPY_LT_2_1:
        MASKED_SAFE_FUNCTIONS |= {
            np.unstack,
        }  # fmt: skip
    IGNORED_FUNCTIONS = {
        # I/O - useless for Masked, since no way to store the mask.
        np.save, np.savez, np.savetxt, np.savez_compressed,
        # Polynomials
        np.poly, np.polyadd, np.polyder, np.polydiv, np.polyfit, np.polyint,
        np.polymul, np.polysub, np.polyval, np.roots, np.vander,
    }  # fmt: skip
    IGNORED_FUNCTIONS |= {
        np.pad, np.searchsorted, np.digitize,
        np.is_busday, np.busday_count, np.busday_offset,
        # numpy.lib._function_base_impl
        np.cov, np.corrcoef, np.trim_zeros,
        # numpy.core.numeric
        np.correlate, np.convolve,
        # numpy.lib.histograms
        np.histogram, np.histogram2d, np.histogramdd, np.histogram_bin_edges,
        # TODO!!
        np.dot, np.vdot, np.inner, np.tensordot, np.cross,
        np.einsum, np.einsum_path,
    }  # fmt: skip

    # Explicitly unsupported functions
    UNSUPPORTED_FUNCTIONS |= {
        np.unravel_index,
        np.ravel_multi_index,
        np.ix_,
    }

    # No support for the functions also not supported by Quantity
    # (io, polynomial, etc.).
    UNSUPPORTED_FUNCTIONS |= IGNORED_FUNCTIONS

    apply_to_both = FunctionAssigner(APPLY_TO_BOTH_FUNCTIONS)
    dispatched_function = FunctionAssigner(DISPATCHED_FUNCTIONS)

    def _get_data_and_mask_array(array):
        """Like get_data_and_mask, but always returns a mask array."""
        from .core import get_data_and_mask

        data, mask = get_data_and_mask(array)
        if mask is None:
            mask = np.zeros(np.shape(data), bool)
        return data, mask

    def _get_data_and_mask_arrays(arrays):
        """Separate out arguments into tuples of data and masks.

        An all-False mask is created if an argument does not have a mask.
        """
        return tuple(zip(*[_get_data_and_mask_array(array) for array in arrays]))

    # Following are simple ufunc-like functions which should just copy the mask.
    @dispatched_function
    def datetime_as_string(arr, *args, **kwargs):
        return (np.datetime_as_string(arr.unmasked, *args, **kwargs), arr.mask.copy(), None)

    @dispatched_function
    def sinc(x):
        return np.sinc(x.unmasked), x.mask.copy(), None

    @dispatched_function
    def iscomplex(x):
        return np.iscomplex(x.unmasked), x.mask.copy(), None

    @dispatched_function
    def unwrap(p, *args, **kwargs):
        return np.unwrap(p.unmasked, *args, **kwargs), p.mask.copy(), None

    @dispatched_function
    def nan_to_num(x, copy=True, nan=0.0, posinf=None, neginf=None):
        data = np.nan_to_num(x.unmasked, copy=copy, nan=nan, posinf=posinf, neginf=neginf)
        if copy:
            return (data, x.mask.copy(), None)
        else:
            return (x, None, None)

    # Following are simple functions related to shapes, where the same function
    # should be applied to the data and the mask.  They cannot all share the
    # same helper, because the first arguments have different names.
    @apply_to_both(helps=({np.copy, np.resize, np.moveaxis, np.rollaxis, np.roll}))
    def masked_a_helper(a, *args, **kwargs):
        data, mask = _get_data_and_mask_array(a)
        return (data,) + args, (mask,) + args, kwargs, None

    @apply_to_both(helps={np.flip, np.flipud, np.fliplr, np.rot90, np.triu, np.tril})
    def masked_m_helper(m, *args, **kwargs):
        data, mask = _get_data_and_mask_array(m)
        return (data,) + args, (mask,) + args, kwargs, None

    @apply_to_both(helps={np.diag, np.diagflat})
    def masked_v_helper(v, *args, **kwargs):
        data, mask = _get_data_and_mask_array(v)
        return (data,) + args, (mask,) + args, kwargs, None

    @apply_to_both(helps={np.delete})
    def masked_arr_helper(array, *args, **kwargs):
        data, mask = _get_data_and_mask_array(array)
        return (data,) + args, (mask,) + args, kwargs, None

    @apply_to_both
    def broadcast_to(array, shape, subok=False):
        """Broadcast array to the given shape.

        Like `numpy.broadcast_to`, and applied to both unmasked data and mask.
        Note that ``subok`` is taken to mean whether or not subclasses of
        the unmasked data and mask are allowed, i.e., for ``subok=False``,
        a `~astropy.utils.masked.MaskedNDArray` will be returned.
        """
        data, mask = _get_data_and_mask_array(array)
        return (data,), (mask,), dict(shape=shape, subok=subok), None

    @dispatched_function
    def outer(a, b, out=None):
        return np.multiply.outer(np.ravel(a), np.ravel(b), out=out), None, None

    def empty_like_impl(
        prototype, /, dtype=None, order="K", subok=True, shape=None, *, device=None
    ):
        """Return a new array with the same shape and type as a given array.

        Like `numpy.empty_like`, but will add an empty mask.
        """
        unmasked = np.empty_like(
            prototype.unmasked,
            dtype=dtype,
            order=order,
            subok=subok,
            shape=shape,
            device=device,
        )
        if dtype is not None:
            dtype = (
                np.ma.make_mask_descr(unmasked.dtype)
                if unmasked.dtype.names
                else np.dtype("?")
            )
        mask = np.empty_like(
            prototype.mask,
            dtype=dtype,
            order=order,
            subok=subok,
            shape=shape,
            device=device,
        )

        return unmasked, mask, None

    if not NUMPY_LT_2_4:

        @dispatched_function
        def empty_like(
            prototype, /, dtype=None, order="K", subok=True, shape=None, *, device=None
        ):
            return empty_like_impl(
                prototype,
                dtype=dtype,
                order=order,
                subok=subok,
                shape=shape,
                device=device,
            )
    else:

        @dispatched_function
        def empty_like(
            prototype, dtype=None, order="K", subok=True, shape=None, *, device=None
        ):
            return empty_like_impl(
                prototype,
                dtype=dtype,
                order=order,
                subok=subok,
                shape=shape,
                device=device,
            )

    @dispatched_function
    def zeros_like(a, dtype=None, order="K", subok=True, shape=None, *, device=None):
        """Return an array of zeros with the same shape and type as a given array.

        Like `numpy.zeros_like`, but will add an all-false mask.
        """
        unmasked = np.zeros_like(
            a.unmasked,
            dtype=dtype,
            order=order,
            subok=subok,
            shape=shape,
            device=device,
        )
        return unmasked, False, None

    @dispatched_function
    def ones_like(a, dtype=None, order="K", subok=True, shape=None, *, device=None):
        """Return an array of ones with the same shape and type as a given array.

        Like `numpy.ones_like`, but will add an all-false mask.
        """
        unmasked = np.ones_like(
            a.unmasked,
            dtype=dtype,
            order=order,
            subok=subok,
            shape=shape,
            device=device,
        )
        return unmasked, False, None

    @dispatched_function
    def full_like(
        a, fill_value, dtype=None, order="K", subok=True, shape=None, *, device=None
    ):
        """Return a full array with the same shape and type as a given array.

        Like `numpy.full_like`, but with a mask that is also set.
        If ``fill_value`` is `numpy.ma.masked`, the data will be left unset
        (i.e., as created by `numpy.empty_like`).
        """
        result = np.empty_like(
            a, dtype=dtype, order=order, subok=subok, shape=shape, device=device
        )
        result[...] = fill_value
        return result, None, None

    @dispatched_function
    def put(a, ind, v, mode="raise"):
        """Replaces specified elements of an array with given values.

        Like `numpy.put`, but for masked array ``a`` and possibly masked
        value ``v``.  Masked indices ``ind`` are not supported.
        """
        from astropy.utils.masked import Masked, get_data_and_mask

        if isinstance(ind, Masked) or not isinstance(a, Masked):
            raise NotImplementedError

        if v is np.ma.masked or v is np.ma.nomask:
            v_mask = v is np.ma.masked
        else:
            v_data, v_mask = get_data_and_mask(v)
            np.put(a.unmasked, ind, v_data, mode=mode)
        # v_mask of None will be correctly interpreted as False.
        np.put(a.mask, ind, v_mask, mode=mode)

    def putmask_impl(a, /, mask, values):
        """Changes elements of an array based on conditional and input values.

        Like `numpy.putmask`, but for masked array ``a`` and possibly masked
        ``values``.  Masked ``mask`` is not supported.
        """
        from astropy.utils.masked import Masked, get_data_and_mask

        if isinstance(mask, Masked) or not isinstance(a, Masked):
            raise NotImplementedError

        if values is np.ma.masked or values is np.ma.nomask:
            values_mask = values is np.ma.masked
        else:
            values_data, values_mask = get_data_and_mask(values)
            np.putmask(a.unmasked, mask, values_data)
        np.putmask(a.mask, mask, values_mask)

    if not NUMPY_LT_2_4:

        @dispatched_function
        def putmask(a, /, mask, values):
            return putmask_impl(a, mask=mask, values=values)
    else:

        @dispatched_function
        def putmask(a, mask, values):
            return putmask_impl(a, mask=mask, values=values)

    @dispatched_function
    def place(arr, mask, vals):
        """Change elements of an array based on conditional and input values.

        Like `numpy.place`, but for masked array ``a`` and possibly masked
        ``values``.  Masked ``mask`` is not supported.
        """
        from astropy.utils.masked import Masked, get_data_and_mask

        if isinstance(mask, Masked) or not isinstance(arr, Masked):
            raise NotImplementedError

        if vals is np.ma.masked or vals is np.ma.nomask:
            vals_mask = vals is np.ma.masked
        else:
            vals_data, vals_mask = get_data_and_mask(vals)
            np.place(arr.unmasked, mask, vals_data)
        np.place(arr.mask, mask, vals_mask)

    @dispatched_function
    def copyto(dst, src, casting="same_kind", where=True):
        """Copies values from one array to another, broadcasting as necessary.

        Like `numpy.copyto`, but for masked destination ``dst`` and possibly
        masked source ``src``.
        """
        from astropy.utils.masked import Masked, get_data_and_mask

        if not isinstance(dst, Masked) or isinstance(where, Masked):
            raise NotImplementedError

        if src is np.ma.masked or src is np.ma.nomask:
            src_mask = src is np.ma.masked
        else:
            src_data, src_mask = get_data_and_mask(src)
            np.copyto(dst.unmasked, src_data, casting=casting, where=where)
        np.copyto(dst.mask, src_mask, where=where)

    @dispatched_function
    def packbits(a, /, *args, **kwargs):
        result = np.packbits(a.unmasked, *args, **kwargs)
        mask = np.packbits(a.mask, *args, **kwargs).astype(bool)
        return result, mask, None

    @dispatched_function
    def unpackbits(a, /, *args, **kwargs):
        result = np.unpackbits(a.unmasked, *args, **kwargs)
        mask = np.zeros(a.shape, dtype="u1")
        mask[a.mask] = 255
        mask = np.unpackbits(mask, *args, **kwargs).astype(bool)
        return result, mask, None

    @dispatched_function
    def bincount(x, /, weights=None, minlength=0):
        """Count number of occurrences of each value in array of non-negative ints.

        Like `numpy.bincount`, but masked entries in ``x`` will be skipped.
        Any masked entries in ``weights`` will lead the corresponding bin to
        be masked.
        """
        from astropy.utils.masked import Masked, get_data_and_mask

        if weights is not None:
            weights = np.asanyarray(weights)
        if isinstance(x, Masked) and x.ndim <= 1:
            # let other dimensions lead to errors.
            if weights is not None and weights.ndim == x.ndim:
                weights = weights[~x.mask]
            x = x.unmasked[~x.mask]
        mask = None
        if weights is not None:
            weights, w_mask = get_data_and_mask(weights)
            if w_mask is not None:
                mask = np.bincount(x, w_mask.astype(int), minlength=minlength).astype(bool)
        result = np.bincount(x, weights, minlength=0)
        return result, mask, None

    # Used to work via ptp method, but now need to override, otherwise
    # plain reduction is used, which gives different mask.
    @dispatched_function
    def ptp(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue):
        if keepdims is np._NoValue:
            keepdims = False
        result = a.max(axis=axis, out=out, keepdims=keepdims)
        result -= a.min(axis=axis, keepdims=keepdims)
        return result, None, None

    @dispatched_function
    def sort_complex(a):
        # Just a copy of np.lib._function_base_impl.sort_complex, to avoid the asarray.
        b = a.copy()
        b.sort()
        if not issubclass(b.dtype.type, np.complexfloating):  # pragma: no cover
            if b.dtype.char in "bhBH":
                result = b.astype("F")
            elif b.dtype.char == "g":
                result = b.astype("G")
            else:
                result = b.astype("D")
        else:
            result = b

        return result, None, None

    def concatenate_impl(arrays, /, axis=0, out=None, *, dtype=None, casting="same_kind"):
        data, masks = _get_data_and_mask_arrays(arrays)
        if out is None:
            return (
                np.concatenate(data, axis=axis, dtype=dtype, casting=casting),
                np.concatenate(masks, axis=axis),
                None,
            )
        else:
            from astropy.utils.masked import Masked

            if not isinstance(out, Masked):
                raise NotImplementedError
            np.concatenate(masks, out=out.mask, axis=axis)
            np.concatenate(data, out=out.unmasked, axis=axis, dtype=dtype, casting=casting)
            return out, None, None

    if NUMPY_LT_2_4:

        @dispatched_function
        def concatenate(arrays, axis=0, out=None, dtype=None, casting="same_kind"):
            return concatenate_impl(
                arrays, axis=axis, out=out, dtype=dtype, casting=casting
            )
    else:

        @dispatched_function
        def concatenate(arrays, /, axis=0, out=None, *, dtype=None, casting="same_kind"):
            return concatenate_impl(
                arrays, axis=axis, out=out, dtype=dtype, casting=casting
            )

    @apply_to_both
    def append(arr, values, axis=None):
        data, masks = _get_data_and_mask_arrays((arr, values))
        return data, masks, dict(axis=axis), None

    @dispatched_function
    def block(arrays):
        # We need to override block since the numpy implementation can take two
        # different paths, one for concatenation, one for creating a large empty
        # result array in which parts are set.  Each assumes array input and
        # cannot be used directly.  Since it would be very costly to inspect all
        # arrays and then turn them back into a nested list, we just copy here the
        # second implementation, np.core.shape_base._block_slicing, since it is
        # shortest and easiest.
        from astropy.utils.masked import Masked

        arrays, list_ndim, result_ndim, final_size = np_core.shape_base._block_setup(arrays)
        shape, slices, arrays = np_core.shape_base._block_info_recursion(
            arrays, list_ndim, result_ndim
        )
        dtype = np.result_type(*[arr.dtype for arr in arrays])
        F_order = all(arr.flags["F_CONTIGUOUS"] for arr in arrays)
        C_order = all(arr.flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"] for arr in arrays)
        order = "F" if F_order and not C_order else "C"
        result = Masked(np.empty(shape=shape, dtype=dtype, order=order))
        for the_slice, arr in zip(slices, arrays):
            result[(Ellipsis,) + the_slice] = arr
        return result, None, None

    @dispatched_function
    def broadcast_arrays(*args, subok=False):
        """Broadcast arrays to a common shape.

        Like `numpy.broadcast_arrays`, applied to both unmasked data and masks.
        Note that ``subok`` is taken to mean whether or not subclasses of
        the unmasked data and masks are allowed, i.e., for ``subok=False``,
        `~astropy.utils.masked.MaskedNDArray` instances will be returned.
        """
        from .core import Masked

        are_masked = [isinstance(arg, Masked) for arg in args]
        data = [
            (arg.unmasked if is_masked else arg) for arg, is_masked in zip(args, are_masked)
        ]
        results = np.broadcast_arrays(*data, subok=subok)

        shape = results[0].shape
        masks = [
            (np.broadcast_to(arg.mask, shape, subok=subok) if is_masked else None)
            for arg, is_masked in zip(args, are_masked)
        ]
        results = tuple(
            (Masked(result, mask) if mask is not None else result)
            for (result, mask) in zip(results, masks)
        )
        return results, None, None

    @apply_to_both
    def insert(arr, obj, values, axis=None):
        """Insert values along the given axis before the given indices.

        Like `numpy.insert` but for possibly masked ``arr`` and ``values``.
        Masked ``obj`` is not supported.
        """
        from astropy.utils.masked import Masked

        if isinstance(obj, Masked) or not isinstance(arr, Masked):
            raise NotImplementedError

        arr_data, arr_mask = _get_data_and_mask_array(arr)
        val_data, val_mask = _get_data_and_mask_array(values)
        return (arr_data, obj, val_data, axis), (arr_mask, obj, val_mask, axis), {}, None

    @dispatched_function
    def count_nonzero(a, axis=None, *, keepdims=False):
        """Counts the number of non-zero values in the array ``a``.

        Like `numpy.count_nonzero`, with masked values counted as 0 or `False`.
        """
        filled = a.filled(np.zeros((), a.dtype))
        return np.count_nonzero(filled, axis, keepdims=keepdims), None, None

    def _masked_median_1d(a, overwrite_input, keepdims):
        # TODO: need an in-place mask-sorting option.
        unmasked = a.unmasked[~a.mask]
        if unmasked.size:
            return a.from_unmasked(
                np.median(unmasked, overwrite_input=overwrite_input, keepdims=keepdims)
            )
        else:
            return a.from_unmasked(np.zeros_like(a.unmasked, shape=(1,))[0], mask=True)

    def _masked_median(a, axis=None, out=None, overwrite_input=False, keepdims=False):
        # As for np.nanmedian, but without a fast option as yet.
        if axis is None or a.ndim == 1:
            part = a.ravel()
            result = _masked_median_1d(part, overwrite_input, keepdims)
        else:
            result = np.apply_along_axis(
                _masked_median_1d, axis, a, overwrite_input, keepdims
            )
        if out is not None:
            out[...] = result
        return result

    @dispatched_function
    def median(a, axis=None, out=None, overwrite_input=False, keepdims=False):
        from astropy.utils.masked import Masked

        if out is not None and not isinstance(out, Masked):
            raise NotImplementedError

        result = _ureduce(
            Masked(a),
            func=_masked_median,
            axis=axis,
            out=out,
            overwrite_input=overwrite_input,
            keepdims=keepdims,
        )
        return result, None, None

    def _masked_quantile_1d(a, q, **kwargs):
        """
        Private function for rank 1 arrays. Compute quantile ignoring NaNs.
        See nanpercentile for parameter usage.
        """
        unmasked = a.unmasked[~a.mask]
        if unmasked.size:
            result = np.lib._function_base_impl._quantile_unchecked(unmasked, q, **kwargs)
            return a.from_unmasked(result)
        else:
            return a.from_unmasked(np.zeros_like(a.unmasked, shape=q.shape), True)

    def _masked_quantile(a, q, axis=None, out=None, **kwargs):
        # As for np.nanmedian, but without a fast option as yet.
        if axis is None or a.ndim == 1:
            part = a.ravel()
            result = _masked_quantile_1d(part, q, **kwargs)
        else:
            result = np.apply_along_axis(_masked_quantile_1d, axis, a, q, **kwargs)
            # apply_along_axis fills in collapsed axis with results.
            # Move that axis to the beginning to match percentile's
            # convention.
            if q.ndim != 0:
                result = np.moveaxis(result, axis, 0)

        if out is not None:
            out[...] = result
        return result

    def _preprocess_quantile(a, q, axis=None, out=None, **kwargs):
        from astropy.utils.masked import Masked

        if isinstance(q, Masked) or (out is not None and not isinstance(out, Masked)):
            raise NotImplementedError

        a = Masked(a)
        q = np.asanyarray(q)
        if not _quantile_is_valid(q):
            raise ValueError("Quantiles must be in the range [0, 1]")

        if (interpolation := kwargs.pop("interpolation", None)) is not None:
            # we have to duplicate logic from np.quantile here to avoid
            # passing down the 'interpolation' keyword argument, as it's not
            # supported by np.lib._function_base_impl._quantile_unchecked
            assert NUMPY_LT_2_4  # 'interpolation' kwarg was removed in numpy 2.4
            from numpy.lib._function_base_impl import _check_interpolation_as_method

            kwargs["method"] = _check_interpolation_as_method(
                kwargs.get("method", "linear"), interpolation, "quantile"
            )
        return a, q, axis, out, kwargs

    if NUMPY_LT_2_4:

        @dispatched_function
        def quantile(
            a,
            q,
            axis=None,
            out=None,
            overwrite_input=False,
            method="linear",
            keepdims=False,
            *,
            weights=None,
            interpolation=None,
        ):
            a, q, axis, out, kwargs = _preprocess_quantile(
                a,
                q,
                axis,
                out,
                overwrite_input=overwrite_input,
                method=method,
                keepdims=keepdims,
                weights=weights,
                interpolation=interpolation,
            )
            result = _ureduce(a, func=_masked_quantile, q=q, axis=axis, out=out, **kwargs)
            return result, None, None

    else:

        @dispatched_function
        def quantile(
            a,
            q,
            axis=None,
            out=None,
            overwrite_input=False,
            method="linear",
            keepdims=False,
            *,
            weights=None,
        ):
            a, q, axis, out, kwargs = _preprocess_quantile(
                a,
                q,
                axis,
                out,
                overwrite_input=overwrite_input,
                method=method,
                keepdims=keepdims,
                weights=weights,
            )
            result = _ureduce(a, func=_masked_quantile, q=q, axis=axis, out=out, **kwargs)
            return result, None, None

    @dispatched_function
    def percentile(a, q, *args, **kwargs):
        q = np.true_divide(q, 100)
        return quantile(a, q, *args, **kwargs)

    @dispatched_function
    def array_equal(a1, a2, equal_nan=False):
        a1d, a1m = _get_data_and_mask_array(a1)
        a2d, a2m = _get_data_and_mask_array(a2)
        if a1d.shape != a2d.shape:
            return False, None, None

        equal = a1d == a2d
        if equal_nan:
            equal |= np.isnan(a1d) & np.isnan(a2d)
        return bool((equal | a1m | a2m).all()), None, None

    @dispatched_function
    def array_equiv(a1, a2):
        return bool((a1 == a2).all()), None, None

    @dispatched_function
    def where(condition, /, *args):
        from astropy.utils.masked import Masked, get_data_and_mask

        if not args:
            return condition.nonzero(), None, None

        condition, c_mask = get_data_and_mask(condition)

        data, masks = _get_data_and_mask_arrays(args)
        unmasked = np.where(condition, *data)
        mask = np.where(condition, *masks)
        if c_mask is not None:
            mask |= c_mask
        return Masked(unmasked, mask=mask), None, None

    @dispatched_function
    def choose(a, choices, out=None, mode="raise"):
        """Construct an array from an index array and a set of arrays to choose from.

        Like `numpy.choose`.  Masked indices in ``a`` will lead to masked output
        values and underlying data values are ignored if out of bounds (for
        ``mode='raise'``).  Any values masked in ``choices`` will be propagated
        if chosen.

        """
        from astropy.utils.masked import Masked, get_data_and_mask

        a_data, a_mask = get_data_and_mask(a)
        if a_mask is not None and mode == "raise":
            # Avoid raising on masked indices.
            a_data = a.filled(fill_value=0)

        kwargs = {"mode": mode}
        if out is not None:
            if not isinstance(out, Masked):
                raise NotImplementedError
            kwargs["out"] = out.unmasked

        data, masks = _get_data_and_mask_arrays(choices)
        data_chosen = np.choose(a_data, data, **kwargs)
        if out is not None:
            kwargs["out"] = out.mask

        mask_chosen = np.choose(a_data, masks, **kwargs)
        if a_mask is not None:
            mask_chosen |= a_mask

        return Masked(data_chosen, mask_chosen) if out is None else out, None, None

    @apply_to_both
    def select(condlist, choicelist, default=0):
        """Return an array drawn from elements in choicelist, depending on conditions.

        Like `numpy.select`, with masks in ``choicelist`` are propagated.
        Any masks in ``condlist`` are ignored.

        """
        from astropy.utils.masked import Masked

        condlist = [c.unmasked if isinstance(c, Masked) else c for c in condlist]

        data_list, mask_list = _get_data_and_mask_arrays(choicelist)
        default = Masked(default) if default is not np.ma.masked else Masked(0, mask=True)
        return (
            (condlist, data_list, default.unmasked),
            (condlist, mask_list, default.mask),
            {},
            None,
        )

    @dispatched_function
    def piecewise(x, condlist, funclist, *args, **kw):
        """Evaluate a piecewise-defined function.

        Like `numpy.piecewise` but for masked input array ``x``.
        Any masks in ``condlist`` are ignored.

        """
        # Copied implementation from numpy.lib._function_base_impl.piecewise,
        # just to ensure output is Masked.
        n2 = len(funclist)
        # undocumented: single condition is promoted to a list of one condition
        if np.isscalar(condlist) or (
            not isinstance(condlist[0], (list, np.ndarray)) and x.ndim != 0
        ):  # pragma: no cover
            condlist = [condlist]

        condlist = np.array(condlist, dtype=bool)
        n = len(condlist)

        if n == n2 - 1:  # compute the "otherwise" condition.
            condelse = ~np.any(condlist, axis=0, keepdims=True)
            condlist = np.concatenate([condlist, condelse], axis=0)
            n += 1
        elif n != n2:
            raise ValueError(
                f"with {n} condition(s), either {n} or {n + 1} functions are expected"
            )

        # The one real change...
        y = np.zeros_like(x)
        where = []
        what = []
        for k in range(n):
            item = funclist[k]
            if not callable(item):
                where.append(condlist[k])
                what.append(item)
            else:
                vals = x[condlist[k]]
                if vals.size > 0:
                    where.append(condlist[k])
                    what.append(item(vals, *args, **kw))

        for item, value in zip(where, what):
            y[item] = value

        return y, None, None

    @dispatched_function
    def interp(x, xp, fp, *args, **kwargs):
        """One-dimensional linear interpolation.

        Like `numpy.interp`, but any masked points in ``xp`` and ``fp``
        are ignored.  Any masked values in ``x`` will still be evaluated,
        but masked on output.
        """
        from astropy.utils.masked import Masked, get_data_and_mask

        xd, xm = get_data_and_mask(x)
        if isinstance(xp, Masked) or isinstance(fp, Masked):
            xp, xpm = _get_data_and_mask_array(xp)
            fp, fpm = _get_data_and_mask_array(fp)
            if xp.ndim == fp.ndim == 1:
                # Avoid making arrays 1-D; will just raise below.
                m = xpm | fpm
                xp = xp[~m]
                fp = fp[~m]

        result = np.interp(xd, xp, fp, *args, **kwargs)
        return (result if xm is None else Masked(result, xm.copy())), None, None

    @dispatched_function
    def lexsort(keys, axis=-1):
        """Perform an indirect stable sort using a sequence of keys.

        Like `numpy.lexsort` but for possibly masked ``keys``.  Masked
        values are sorted towards the end for each key.
        """
        # Sort masks to the end.
        from .core import Masked

        new_keys = []
        for key in keys:
            if isinstance(key, Masked):
                # If there are other keys below, want to be sure that
                # for masked values, those other keys set the order.
                new_key = key.unmasked
                if new_keys and key.mask.any():
                    new_key = new_key.copy()
                    new_key[key.mask] = new_key.item(0)
                new_keys.extend([new_key, key.mask])
            else:
                new_keys.append(key)

        return np.lexsort(new_keys, axis=axis), None, None

    @dispatched_function
    def apply_over_axes(func, a, axes):
        # Copied straight from numpy/lib/shape_base, just to omit its
        # val = asarray(a); if only it had been asanyarray, or just not there
        # since a is assumed to an an array in the next line...
        # Which is what we do here - we can only get here if it is Masked.
        val = a
        N = a.ndim
        if np.array(axes).ndim == 0:
            axes = (axes,)
        for axis in axes:
            if axis < 0:
                axis = N + axis
            args = (val, axis)
            res = func(*args)
            if res.ndim == val.ndim:
                val = res
            else:
                res = np.expand_dims(res, axis)
                if res.ndim == val.ndim:
                    val = res
                else:
                    raise ValueError(
                        "function is not returning an array of the correct shape"
                    )

        return val, None, None

    class MaskedFormat:
        """Formatter for masked array scalars.

        For use in `numpy.array2string`, wrapping the regular formatters such
        that if a value is masked, its formatted string is replaced.

        Typically initialized using the ``from_data`` class method.
        """

        def __init__(self, format_function):
            self.format_function = format_function
            # Special case for structured void and subarray: we need to make all the
            # format functions for the items masked as well.
            # TODO: maybe is a separate class is more logical?
            ffs = getattr(format_function, "format_functions", None)
            if ffs:
                # StructuredVoidFormat: multiple format functions to be changed.
                self.format_function.format_functions = [MaskedFormat(ff) for ff in ffs]

            ff = getattr(format_function, "format_function", None)
            if ff:
                # SubarrayFormat: change format function for the elements.
                self.format_function.format_function = MaskedFormat(ff)

        def __call__(self, x):
            if x.dtype.names:
                # The replacement of x with a list is needed because the function
                # inside StructuredVoidFormat iterates over x, which works for an
                # np.void but not an array scalar.
                return self.format_function([x[field] for field in x.dtype.names])

            if x.shape:
                # For a subarray pass on the data directly, since the
                # items will be iterated on inside the function.
                return self.format_function(x)

            # Single element: first just typeset it normally, replace with masked
            # string if needed.
            string = self.format_function(x.unmasked[()])
            if x.mask:
                # Strikethrough would be neat, but terminal needs a different
                # formatting than, say, jupyter notebook.
                # return "\x1B[9m"+string+"\x1B[29m"
                # return ''.join(s+'\u0336' for s in string)
                n = min(3, max(1, len(string)))
                return " " * (len(string) - n) + "\u2014" * n
            else:
                return string

        @classmethod
        def from_data(cls, data, **options):
            from numpy._core.arrayprint import _get_format_function

            return cls(_get_format_function(data, **options))

    def _array2string_impl(a, options, separator=" ", prefix=""):
        # Mostly copied from numpy.core.arrayprint, except:
        # - The format function is wrapped in a mask-aware class;
        # - Arrays scalars are not cast as arrays.
        from numpy._core.arrayprint import _formatArray, _leading_trailing

        data = np.asarray(a)

        if a.size > options["threshold"]:
            summary_insert = "..."
            data = _leading_trailing(data, options["edgeitems"])
        else:
            summary_insert = ""

        # find the right formatting function for the array
        format_function = MaskedFormat.from_data(data, **options)

        # skip over "["
        next_line_prefix = " "
        # skip over array(
        next_line_prefix += " " * len(prefix)

        lst = _formatArray(
            a,
            format_function,
            options["linewidth"],
            next_line_prefix,
            separator,
            options["edgeitems"],
            summary_insert,
            options["legacy"],
        )
        return lst

    def _array2string_main(
        a,
        *,  # make most arguments keyword only to minimize the risk of a human mistake
        max_line_width,
        precision,
        suppress_small,
        separator,
        prefix,
        formatter,
        threshold,
        edgeitems,
        sign,
        floatmode,
        suffix,
        legacy,
        style=np._NoValue,  # deprecated, removed in numpy 2.4
    ):
        # Copied from numpy.core.arrayprint, but using _array2string_impl above.
        if NUMPY_LT_2_1:
            from numpy._core.arrayprint import _format_options

            options = _format_options.copy()
        else:
            from numpy._core.printoptions import format_options

            options = format_options.get().copy()

        from numpy._core.arrayprint import _make_options_dict

        overrides = _make_options_dict(
            precision,
            threshold,
            edgeitems,
            max_line_width,
            suppress_small,
            nanstr=None,
            infstr=None,
            sign=sign,
            formatter=formatter,
            floatmode=floatmode,
        )
        options.update(overrides)

        options["linewidth"] -= len(suffix)

        if legacy is not None:
            warnings.warn(f"{legacy=} is ignored.")

        # treat as a null array if any of shape elements == 0
        if a.size == 0:
            result = "[]"
        else:
            result = _array2string_impl(a, options, separator, prefix)

        return result, None, None

    if not NUMPY_LT_2_4:

        @dispatched_function
        def array2string(
            a,
            max_line_width=None,
            precision=None,
            suppress_small=None,
            separator=" ",
            prefix="",
            *,
            formatter=None,
            threshold=None,
            edgeitems=None,
            sign=None,
            floatmode=None,
            suffix="",
            legacy=None,
        ):
            return _array2string_main(
                a,
                max_line_width=max_line_width,
                precision=precision,
                suppress_small=suppress_small,
                separator=separator,
                prefix=prefix,
                formatter=formatter,
                threshold=threshold,
                edgeitems=edgeitems,
                sign=sign,
                floatmode=floatmode,
                suffix=suffix,
                legacy=legacy,
            )
    else:

        @dispatched_function
        def array2string(
            a,
            max_line_width=None,
            precision=None,
            suppress_small=None,
            separator=" ",
            prefix="",
            style=np._NoValue,  # removed in numpy 2.4
            formatter=None,
            threshold=None,
            edgeitems=None,
            sign=None,
            floatmode=None,
            suffix="",
            *,
            legacy=None,
        ):
            return _array2string_main(
                a,
                max_line_width=max_line_width,
                precision=precision,
                suppress_small=suppress_small,
                separator=separator,
                prefix=prefix,
                style=style,
                formatter=formatter,
                threshold=threshold,
                edgeitems=edgeitems,
                sign=sign,
                floatmode=floatmode,
                suffix=suffix,
                legacy=legacy,
            )

    def _array_str_scalar(x):
        # This wraps np.array_str for use as a format function in
        # MaskedFormat. We cannot use it directly as format functions
        # expect numpy scalars, while np.array_str expects an array.
        return np.array_str(np.array(x))

    @dispatched_function
    def array_str(a, max_line_width=None, precision=None, suppress_small=None):
        # Override to change special treatment of array scalars, since the numpy
        # code turns the masked array scalar into a regular array scalar.
        # By going through MaskedFormat, we can replace the string as needed.
        if a.shape == ():
            if a.dtype.names is None:
                return MaskedFormat(_array_str_scalar)(a), None, None
            else:
                from numpy._core.arrayprint import StructuredVoidFormat

                # Following numpy._core.arrayprint._void_scalar_to_string
                if NUMPY_LT_2_1:
                    from numpy._core.arrayprint import _format_options

                    options = _format_options.copy()
                else:
                    from numpy._core.printoptions import format_options

                    options = format_options.get().copy()

                if options.get("formatter") is None:
                    options["formatter"] = {}
                options["formatter"].setdefault("float_kind", str)
                return (
                    MaskedFormat(StructuredVoidFormat.from_data(a, **options))(a),
                    None,
                    None,
                )

        return array2string(a, max_line_width, precision, suppress_small, " ", "")

    # For the nanfunctions, we just treat any nan as an additional mask.
    _nanfunc_fill_values = {"nansum": 0, "nancumsum": 0, "nanprod": 1, "nancumprod": 1}

    def masked_nanfunc(nanfuncname):
        np_func = getattr(np, nanfuncname[3:])
        fill_value = _nanfunc_fill_values.get(nanfuncname)

        def nanfunc(a, *args, **kwargs):
            from astropy.utils.masked import Masked, get_data_and_mask

            a, mask = get_data_and_mask(a)
            if issubclass(a.dtype.type, np.inexact):
                nans = np.isnan(a)
                mask = nans if mask is None else (nans | mask)

            if mask is not None:
                a = Masked(a, mask)
                if fill_value is not None:
                    a = a.filled(fill_value)

            return np_func(a, *args, **kwargs), None, None

        doc = f"Like `numpy.{nanfuncname}`, skipping masked values as well.\n\n"
        if fill_value is not None:
            # sum, cumsum, prod, cumprod
            doc += (
                f"Masked/NaN values are replaced with {fill_value}. "
                "The output is not masked."
            )
        elif "arg" in nanfuncname:
            doc += (
                "No exceptions are raised for fully masked/NaN slices.\n"
                "Instead, these give index 0."
            )
        else:
            doc += (
                "No warnings are given for fully masked/NaN slices.\n"
                "Instead, they are masked in the output."
            )

        nanfunc.__doc__ = doc
        nanfunc.__name__ = nanfuncname

        return nanfunc

    for nanfuncname in np.lib._nanfunctions_impl.__all__:
        globals()[nanfuncname] = dispatched_function(
            masked_nanfunc(nanfuncname), helps=getattr(np, nanfuncname)
        )

    @dispatched_function
    def ediff1d(ary, to_end=None, to_begin=None):
        from astropy.utils.masked import Masked

        # ediff1d works fine if ary is Masked, but not if it is not (and
        # we got here because to_end and/or to_begin are Masked).
        if not isinstance(ary, Masked):
            ary = Masked(ary)

        return np.ediff1d.__wrapped__(ary, to_end, to_begin), None, None

    def _in1d(ar1, ar2, assume_unique=False, invert=False, *, kind=None):
        # Copy sorting implementation from _arraysetops_impl._in1d;
        # the others cannot work in the presence of a mask.
        if kind == "table":
            raise ValueError(
                "The 'table' method is not supported for Masked arrays."
                "Please select 'sort' or None for kind."
            )

        # Straight copy from here on.
        if not assume_unique:
            ar1, rev_idx = np.unique(ar1, return_inverse=True)
            ar2 = np.unique(ar2)

        ar = np.concatenate((ar1, ar2))
        # We need this to be a stable sort, so always use 'mergesort'
        # here. The values from the first array should always come before
        # the values from the second array.
        order = ar.argsort(kind="mergesort")
        sar = ar[order]
        if invert:
            bool_ar = sar[1:] != sar[:-1]
        else:
            bool_ar = sar[1:] == sar[:-1]
        flag = np.concatenate((bool_ar, [invert]))
        ret = np.empty(ar.shape, dtype=bool)
        ret[order] = flag
        return ret[: len(ar1)] if assume_unique else ret[rev_idx]

    def _copy_of_mask(a):
        mask = getattr(a, "mask", None)
        return mask.copy() if mask is not None else False

    if NUMPY_LT_2_4:

        @dispatched_function
        def in1d(ar1, ar2, assume_unique=False, invert=False, *, kind=None):
            mask = _copy_of_mask(ar1).ravel()
            return _in1d(ar1, ar2, assume_unique, invert, kind=kind), mask, None

    @dispatched_function
    def isin(element, test_elements, assume_unique=False, invert=False, *, kind=None):
        element = np.asanyarray(element)
        result = _in1d(element, test_elements, assume_unique, invert, kind=kind)
        if NUMPY_LT_2_5:
            result.shape = element.shape
        else:
            result._set_shape(element.shape)
        return result, _copy_of_mask(element), None

    @dispatched_function
    def setdiff1d(ar1, ar2, assume_unique=False):
        # Again, mostly just to avoid an asarray call.
        if assume_unique:
            ar1 = np.asanyarray(ar1).ravel()
        else:
            ar1 = np.unique(ar1)
            ar2 = np.unique(ar2)
        return ar1[np.isin(ar1, ar2, assume_unique=True, invert=True)], None, None

    # Add any dispatched or helper function that has a docstring to
    # __all__, so they will be typeset by sphinx. The logic is that for
    # those presumably the use of the mask is not entirely obvious.
    __all__ += sorted(  # noqa: PLE0605
        helper.__name__
        for helper in (
            set(APPLY_TO_BOTH_FUNCTIONS.values()) | set(DISPATCHED_FUNCTIONS.values())
        )
        if helper.__doc__
    )