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# Common mistakes

The following are some common sources of difficulty when using `coordinates`.

## Object Separation

When calculating the separation between objects, it is important to bear in mind that `separation()` can give a different answer depending upon the order in which is used. For example:

    >>> import numpy as np
    >>> from astropy import units as u
    >>> from astropy.coordinates import SkyCoord, GCRS
    >>> from astropy.time import Time
    >>> t = Time("2010-05-22T00:00")
    >>> moon = SkyCoord(104.29*u.deg, 23.51*u.deg, 359367.3*u.km, frame=GCRS(obstime=t))
    >>> star = SkyCoord(101.4*u.deg, 23.02*u.deg, frame='icrs')
    >>> star.separation(moon)
    <Angle 139.84211884 deg>
    NonRotationTransformationWarning: transforming other coordinates from
    <GCRS Frame (obstime=2010-05-22T00:00:00.000, obsgeoloc=(0., 0., 0.) m,
    obsgeovel=(0., 0., 0.) m / s)> to <ICRS Frame>. Angular separation can
    depend on the direction of the transformation.
    >>> moon.separation(star)
    <Angle 2.70390995 deg>
    NonRotationTransformationWarning: transforming other coordinates from...

Why do these give such different answers?

The reason is that `separation()` gives the separation as measured in the frame of the |SkyCoord| object. So `star.separation(moon)` gives the angular separation in the ICRS frame. This is the separation as it would appear from the Solar System Barycenter. For a geocentric observer, `moon.separation(star)` gives the correct answer, since `moon` is in a geocentric frame. As can be seen from the above example, by default an appropriate warning is emitted if the coordinate transformation can cause the angular separation value to be order-dependent. It is possible to always suppress the warning:

    >>> moon.separation(star, origin_mismatch="ignore")
    <Angle 2.70390995 deg>

It is also possible to forbid coordinate transformations that are not pure rotations:

    >>> moon.separation(star, origin_mismatch="error")
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    astropy.coordinates.errors.NonRotationTransformationError: refusing to
    transform other coordinates from <ICRS Frame> to <GCRS Frame
    (obstime=2010-05-22T00:00:00.000, obsgeoloc=(0., 0., 0.) m,
    obsgeovel=(0., 0., 0.) m / s)> because angular separation can depend on
    the direction of the transformation

## AltAz calculations for Earth-based objects

One might expect that the following code snippet would produce an altitude of exactly 90 degrees:

    >>> from astropy.coordinates import EarthLocation, AltAz
    >>> from astropy.time import Time
    >>> from astropy import units as u

    >>> t = Time('J2010')
    >>> obj = EarthLocation(-1*u.deg, 52*u.deg, height=10.*u.km)
    >>> home = EarthLocation(-1*u.deg, 52*u.deg, height=0.*u.km)
    >>> aa = obj.get_itrs(t).transform_to(AltAz(obstime=t, location=home))
    >>> aa.alt
    <Latitude 86.32878441 deg>

Why is the result over three degrees away from the zenith? It is only possible to understand by taking a very careful look at what `obj.get_itrs(t)` returns. This call provides the ITRS position of the source `obj`. ITRS is a geocentric coordinate system, and includes the aberration of light. So the code above provides the ITRS position of a source that appears directly overhead for an observer at the geocenter.

Due to aberration, the actual position of this source will be displaced from its apparent position, by an angle of approximately 20.5 arcseconds. Because this source is about one Earth radius away, it’s actual position is therefore around 600 metres away from where it appears to be. This 600 metre shift, for an object 10 km above the Earth’s surface is an angular difference of just over three degrees - which is why this object does not appear overhead for a topocentric observer - one on the surface of the Earth.

The correct way to construct a |SkyCoord| object for a source that is directly overhead for a topocentric observer is as follows:

    >>> from astropy.coordinates import EarthLocation, AltAz, ITRS
    >>> from astropy.time import Time
    >>> from astropy import units as u

    >>> t = Time('J2010')
    >>> obj = EarthLocation(-1*u.deg, 52*u.deg, height=10.*u.km)
    >>> home = EarthLocation(-1*u.deg, 52*u.deg, height=0.*u.km)

    >>> # convert to AltAz
    >>> aa = obj.get_itrs(t, location=home).transform_to(AltAz(obstime=t, location=home))
    >>> aa.alt
    <Latitude 90. deg>