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# Source code for astropy.io.fits.card

    # Licensed under a 3-clause BSD style license - see PYFITS.rst

    import re
    import warnings

    import numpy as np

    from astropy.utils.exceptions import AstropyUserWarning

    from . import conf
    from .util import _is_int, _str_to_num, _words_group, translate
    from .verify import VerifyError, VerifyWarning, _ErrList, _Verify

    __all__ = ["Card", "Undefined"]

    FIX_FP_TABLE = str.maketrans("de", "DE")
    FIX_FP_TABLE2 = str.maketrans("dD", "eE")

    CARD_LENGTH = 80
    BLANK_CARD = " " * CARD_LENGTH
    KEYWORD_LENGTH = 8  # The max length for FITS-standard keywords

    VALUE_INDICATOR = "= "  # The standard FITS value indicator
    VALUE_INDICATOR_LEN = len(VALUE_INDICATOR)
    HIERARCH_VALUE_INDICATOR = "="  # HIERARCH cards may use a shortened indicator

    class Undefined:
        """Undefined value."""

        def __init__(self):
            # This __init__ is required to be here for Sphinx documentation
            pass

    UNDEFINED = Undefined()

    class Card(_Verify):
        length = CARD_LENGTH
        """The length of a Card image; should always be 80 for valid FITS files."""

        # String for a FITS standard compliant (FSC) keyword.
        _keywd_FSC_RE = re.compile(r"^[A-Z0-9_-]{0,%d}$" % KEYWORD_LENGTH)  # noqa: UP031, RUF100
        # This will match any printable ASCII character excluding '='
        _keywd_hierarch_RE = re.compile(
            r"^(?:HIERARCH +)?(?:^[ -<>-~]+ ?)+$", re.IGNORECASE
        )

        # A number sub-string, either an integer or a float in fixed or
        # scientific notation.  One for FSC and one for non-FSC (NFSC) format:
        # NFSC allows lower case of DE for exponent, allows space between sign,
        # digits, exponent sign, and exponents
        _digits_FSC = r"(\.\d+|\d+(\.\d*)?)([DE][+-]?\d+)?"
        _digits_NFSC = r"(\.\d+|\d+(\.\d*)?) *([deDE] *[+-]? *\d+)?"
        _numr_FSC = r"[+-]?" + _digits_FSC
        _numr_NFSC = r"[+-]? *" + _digits_NFSC

        # This regex helps delete leading zeros from numbers, otherwise
        # Python might evaluate them as octal values (this is not-greedy, however,
        # so it may not strip leading zeros from a float, which is fine)
        _number_FSC_RE = re.compile(rf"(?P<sign>[+-])?0*?(?P<digt>{_digits_FSC})")
        _number_NFSC_RE = re.compile(rf"(?P<sign>[+-])? *0*?(?P<digt>{_digits_NFSC})")

        # Used in cards using the CONTINUE convention which expect a string
        # followed by an optional comment
        _strg = r"\'(?P<strg>([ -~]+?|\'\'|) *?)\'(?=$|/| )"
        _comm_field = r"(?P<comm_field>(?P<sepr>/ *)(?P<comm>(.|\n)*))"
        _strg_comment_RE = re.compile(f"({_strg})? *{_comm_field}?$")

        # FSC commentary card string which must contain printable ASCII characters.
        # Note: \Z matches the end of the string without allowing newlines
        _ascii_text_re = re.compile(r"[ -~]*\Z")

        # Checks for a valid value/comment string.  It returns a match object
        # for a valid value/comment string.
        # The value group will return a match if a FITS string, boolean,
        # number, or complex value is found, otherwise it will return
        # None, meaning the keyword is undefined.  The comment field will
        # return a match if the comment separator is found, though the
        # comment maybe an empty string.
        # fmt: off
        _value_FSC_RE = re.compile(
            r'(?P<value_field> *'
                r'(?P<value>'

                    #  The <strg> regex is not correct for all cases, but
                    #  it comes pretty darn close.  It appears to find the
                    #  end of a string rather well, but will accept
                    #  strings with an odd number of single quotes,
                    #  instead of issuing an error.  The FITS standard
                    #  appears vague on this issue and only states that a
                    #  string should not end with two single quotes,
                    #  whereas it should not end with an even number of
                    #  quotes to be precise.
                    #
                    #  Note that a non-greedy match is done for a string,
                    #  since a greedy match will find a single-quote after
                    #  the comment separator resulting in an incorrect
                    #  match.
                    rf'{_strg}|'
                    r'(?P<bool>[FT])|'
                    r'(?P<numr>' + _numr_FSC + r')|'
                    r'(?P<cplx>\( *'
                        r'(?P<real>' + _numr_FSC + r') *, *'
                        r'(?P<imag>' + _numr_FSC + r') *\))'
                r')? *)'
            r'(?P<comm_field>'
                r'(?P<sepr>/ *)'
                r'(?P<comm>[!-~][ -~]*)?'
            r')?$'
        )
        # fmt: on

        # fmt: off
        _value_NFSC_RE = re.compile(
            r'(?P<value_field> *'
                r'(?P<value>'
                    rf'{_strg}|'
                    r'(?P<bool>[FT])|'
                    r'(?P<numr>' + _numr_NFSC + r')|'
                    r'(?P<cplx>\( *'
                        r'(?P<real>' + _numr_NFSC + r') *, *'
                        r'(?P<imag>' + _numr_NFSC + r') *\))'
                fr')? *){_comm_field}?$'
        )
        # fmt: on

        _rvkc_identifier = r"[a-zA-Z_]\w*"
        _rvkc_field = _rvkc_identifier + r"(\.\d+)?"
        _rvkc_field_specifier_s = rf"{_rvkc_field}(\.{_rvkc_field})*"
        _rvkc_field_specifier_val = (
            rf"(?P<keyword>{_rvkc_field_specifier_s}): +(?P<val>{_numr_FSC})"
        )
        _rvkc_keyword_val = rf"\'(?P<rawval>{_rvkc_field_specifier_val})\'"
        _rvkc_keyword_val_comm = rf" *{_rvkc_keyword_val} *(/ *(?P<comm>[ -~]*))?$"

        _rvkc_field_specifier_val_RE = re.compile(_rvkc_field_specifier_val + "$")

        # regular expression to extract the key and the field specifier from a
        # string that is being used to index into a card list that contains
        # record value keyword cards (ex. 'DP1.AXIS.1')
        _rvkc_keyword_name_RE = re.compile(
            rf"(?P<keyword>{_rvkc_identifier})\.(?P<field_specifier>{_rvkc_field_specifier_s})$"
        )

        # regular expression to extract the field specifier and value and comment
        # from the string value of a record value keyword card
        # (ex "'AXIS.1: 1' / a comment")
        _rvkc_keyword_val_comm_RE = re.compile(_rvkc_keyword_val_comm)

        _commentary_keywords = {"", "COMMENT", "HISTORY", "END"}
        _special_keywords = _commentary_keywords.union(["CONTINUE"])

        # The default value indicator; may be changed if required by a convention
        # (namely HIERARCH cards)
        _value_indicator = VALUE_INDICATOR

        def __init__(self, keyword=None, value=None, comment=None, **kwargs):
            # For backwards compatibility, support the 'key' keyword argument:
            if keyword is None and "key" in kwargs:
                keyword = kwargs["key"]

            self._keyword = None
            self._value = None
            self._comment = None
            self._valuestring = None
            self._image = None

            # This attribute is set to False when creating the card from a card
            # image to ensure that the contents of the image get verified at some
            # point
            self._verified = True

            # A flag to conveniently mark whether or not this was a valid HIERARCH
            # card
            self._hierarch = False

            # If the card could not be parsed according the FITS standard or
            # any recognized non-standard conventions, this will be True
            self._invalid = False

            self._field_specifier = None

            # These are used primarily only by RVKCs
            self._rawkeyword = None
            self._rawvalue = None

            if not (
                keyword is not None
                and value is not None
                and self._check_if_rvkc(keyword, value)
            ):
                # If _check_if_rvkc passes, it will handle setting the keyword and
                # value
                if keyword is not None:
                    self.keyword = keyword
                if value is not None:
                    self.value = value

            if comment is not None:
                self.comment = comment

            self._modified = False
            self._valuemodified = False

        def __repr__(self):
            return repr((self.keyword, self.value, self.comment))

        def __str__(self):
            return self.image

        def __len__(self):
            return 3

        def __getitem__(self, index):
            return (self.keyword, self.value, self.comment)[index]

        @property
        def keyword(self):
            """Returns the keyword name parsed from the card image."""
            if self._keyword is not None:
                return self._keyword
            elif self._image:
                self._keyword = self._parse_keyword()
                return self._keyword
            else:
                self.keyword = ""
                return ""

        @keyword.setter
        def keyword(self, keyword):
            """Set the key attribute; once set it cannot be modified."""
            if self._keyword is not None:
                raise AttributeError("Once set, the Card keyword may not be modified")
            elif isinstance(keyword, str):
                # Be nice and remove trailing whitespace--some FITS code always
                # pads keywords out with spaces; leading whitespace, however,
                # should be strictly disallowed.
                keyword = keyword.rstrip()
                keyword_upper = keyword.upper()
                if len(keyword) <= KEYWORD_LENGTH and self._keywd_FSC_RE.match(
                    keyword_upper
                ):
                    # For keywords with length > 8 they will be HIERARCH cards,
                    # and can have arbitrary case keywords
                    if keyword_upper == "END":
                        raise ValueError("Keyword 'END' not allowed.")
                    keyword = keyword_upper
                elif self._keywd_hierarch_RE.match(keyword):
                    # In prior versions of PyFITS (*) HIERARCH cards would only be
                    # created if the user-supplied keyword explicitly started with
                    # 'HIERARCH '.  Now we will create them automatically for long
                    # keywords, but we still want to support the old behavior too;
                    # the old behavior makes it possible to create HIERARCH cards
                    # that would otherwise be recognized as RVKCs
                    # (*) This has never affected Astropy, because it was changed
                    # before PyFITS was merged into Astropy!
                    self._hierarch = True
                    self._value_indicator = HIERARCH_VALUE_INDICATOR

                    if keyword_upper[:9] == "HIERARCH ":
                        # The user explicitly asked for a HIERARCH card, so don't
                        # bug them about it...
                        keyword = keyword[9:].strip()
                    else:
                        # We'll gladly create a HIERARCH card, but a warning is
                        # also displayed
                        warnings.warn(
                            f"Keyword name {keyword!r} is greater than 8 characters or "
                            "contains characters not allowed by the FITS "
                            "standard; a HIERARCH card will be created.",
                            VerifyWarning,
                        )
                else:
                    raise ValueError(f"Illegal keyword name: {keyword!r}.")
                self._keyword = keyword
                self._modified = True
            else:
                raise ValueError(f"Keyword name {keyword!r} is not a string.")

        @property
        def value(self):
            """The value associated with the keyword stored in this card."""
            if self.field_specifier:
                return float(self._value)

            if self._value is not None:
                value = self._value
            elif self._valuestring is not None or self._image:
                value = self._value = self._parse_value()
            else:
                if self._keyword == "":
                    self._value = value = ""
                else:
                    self._value = value = UNDEFINED

            if conf.strip_header_whitespace and isinstance(value, str):
                value = value.rstrip()

            return value

        @value.setter
        def value(self, value):
            if self._invalid:
                raise ValueError(
                    "The value of invalid/unparsable cards cannot set.  Either "
                    "delete this card from the header or replace it."
                )

            if value is None:
                value = UNDEFINED

            try:
                oldvalue = self.value
            except VerifyError:
                # probably a parsing error, falling back to the internal _value
                # which should be None. This may happen while calling _fix_value.
                oldvalue = self._value

            if oldvalue is None:
                oldvalue = UNDEFINED

            if not isinstance(
                value,
                (
                    str,
                    int,
                    float,
                    complex,
                    bool,
                    Undefined,
                    np.floating,
                    np.integer,
                    np.complexfloating,
                    np.bool_,
                ),
            ):
                raise ValueError(f"Illegal value: {value!r}.")

            if isinstance(value, (float, np.float32)) and (
                np.isnan(value) or np.isinf(value)
            ):
                # value is checked for both float and np.float32 instances
                # since np.float32 is not considered a Python float.
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Floating point {value!r} values are not allowed in FITS headers."
                )

            elif isinstance(value, str):
                m = self._ascii_text_re.match(value)
                if not m:
                    raise ValueError(
                        "FITS header values must contain standard printable ASCII "
                        f"characters; {value!r} contains characters not representable in "
                        "ASCII or non-printable characters."
                    )
            elif isinstance(value, np.bool_):
                value = bool(value)

            if conf.strip_header_whitespace and (
                isinstance(oldvalue, str) and isinstance(value, str)
            ):
                # Ignore extra whitespace when comparing the new value to the old
                different = oldvalue.rstrip() != value.rstrip()
            elif isinstance(oldvalue, bool) or isinstance(value, bool):
                different = oldvalue is not value
            else:
                different = oldvalue != value or not isinstance(value, type(oldvalue))

            if different:
                self._value = value
                self._rawvalue = None
                self._modified = True
                self._valuestring = None
                self._valuemodified = True
                if self.field_specifier:
                    try:
                        self._value = _int_or_float(self._value)
                    except ValueError:
                        raise ValueError(f"value {self._value} is not a float")

        @value.deleter
        def value(self):
            if self._invalid:
                raise ValueError(
                    "The value of invalid/unparsable cards cannot deleted.  "
                    "Either delete this card from the header or replace it."
                )

            if not self.field_specifier:
                self.value = ""
            else:
                raise AttributeError(
                    "Values cannot be deleted from record-valued keyword cards"
                )

        @property
        def rawkeyword(self):
            """On record-valued keyword cards this is the name of the standard <= 8
            character FITS keyword that this RVKC is stored in.  Otherwise it is
            the card's normal keyword.
            """
            if self._rawkeyword is not None:
                return self._rawkeyword
            elif self.field_specifier is not None:
                self._rawkeyword = self.keyword.split(".", 1)[0]
                return self._rawkeyword
            else:
                return self.keyword

        @property
        def rawvalue(self):
            """On record-valued keyword cards this is the raw string value in
            the ``<field-specifier>: <value>`` format stored in the card in order
            to represent a RVKC.  Otherwise it is the card's normal value.
            """
            if self._rawvalue is not None:
                return self._rawvalue
            elif self.field_specifier is not None:
                self._rawvalue = f"{self.field_specifier}: {self.value}"
                return self._rawvalue
            else:
                return self.value

        @property
        def comment(self):
            """Get the comment attribute from the card image if not already set."""
            if self._comment is None:
                self._comment = self._parse_comment() if self._image else ""

            if conf.strip_header_whitespace and isinstance(self._comment, str):
                return self._comment.rstrip()
            else:
                return self._comment

        @comment.setter
        def comment(self, comment):
            if self._invalid:
                raise ValueError(
                    "The comment of invalid/unparsable cards cannot set.  Either "
                    "delete this card from the header or replace it."
                )

            if comment is None:
                comment = ""

            if isinstance(comment, str):
                m = self._ascii_text_re.match(comment)
                if not m:
                    raise ValueError(
                        "FITS header comments must contain standard printable "
                        f"ASCII characters; {comment!r} contains characters not "
                        "representable in ASCII or non-printable characters."
                    )

            try:
                oldcomment = self.comment
            except VerifyError:
                # probably a parsing error, falling back to the internal _comment
                # which should be None.
                oldcomment = self._comment

            if oldcomment is None:
                oldcomment = ""
            if comment != oldcomment:
                self._comment = comment
                self._modified = True

        @comment.deleter
        def comment(self):
            if self._invalid:
                raise ValueError(
                    "The comment of invalid/unparsable cards cannot deleted.  "
                    "Either delete this card from the header or replace it."
                )

            self.comment = ""

        @property
        def field_specifier(self):
            """
            The field-specifier of record-valued keyword cards; always `None` on
            normal cards.
            """
            # Ensure that the keyword exists and has been parsed--the will set the
            # internal _field_specifier attribute if this is a RVKC.
            if self.keyword:
                return self._field_specifier
            else:
                return None

        @field_specifier.setter
        def field_specifier(self, field_specifier):
            if not field_specifier:
                raise ValueError(
                    "The field-specifier may not be blank in record-valued keyword cards."
                )
            elif not self.field_specifier:
                raise AttributeError(
                    "Cannot coerce cards to be record-valued keyword cards by "
                    "setting the field_specifier attribute"
                )
            elif field_specifier != self.field_specifier:
                self._field_specifier = field_specifier
                # The keyword need also be updated
                keyword = self._keyword.split(".", 1)[0]
                self._keyword = f"{keyword}.{field_specifier}"
                self._modified = True

        @field_specifier.deleter
        def field_specifier(self):
            raise AttributeError(
                "The field_specifier attribute may not be "
                "deleted from record-valued keyword cards."
            )

        @property
        def image(self):
            """
            The card "image", that is, the 80 byte character string that represents
            this card in an actual FITS header.
            """
            if self._image and not self._verified:
                self.verify("fix+warn")
            if self._image is None or self._modified:
                self._image = self._format_image()
            return self._image

        @property
        def is_blank(self):
            """
            `True` if the card is completely blank--that is, it has no keyword,
            value, or comment.  It appears in the header as 80 spaces.

            Returns `False` otherwise.
            """
            if not self._verified:
                # The card image has not been parsed yet; compare directly with the
                # string representation of a blank card
                return self._image == BLANK_CARD

            # If the keyword, value, and comment are all empty (for self.value
            # explicitly check that it is a string value, since a blank value is
            # returned as '')
            return (
                not self.keyword
                and (isinstance(self.value, str) and not self.value)
                and not self.comment
            )

        @classmethod
        def fromstring(cls, image):
            """
            Construct a `Card` object from a (raw) string. It will pad the string
            if it is not the length of a card image (80 columns).  If the card
            image is longer than 80 columns, assume it contains ``CONTINUE``
            card(s).
            """
            card = cls()
            if isinstance(image, bytes):
                # FITS supports only ASCII, but decode as latin1 and just take all
                # bytes for now; if it results in mojibake due to e.g. UTF-8
                # encoded data in a FITS header that's OK because it shouldn't be
                # there in the first place
                image = image.decode("latin1")

            card._image = _pad(image)
            card._verified = False
            return card

        @classmethod
        def normalize_keyword(cls, keyword):
            """
            `classmethod` to convert a keyword value that may contain a
            field-specifier to uppercase.  The effect is to raise the key to
            uppercase and leave the field specifier in its original case.

            Parameters
            ----------
            keyword : or str
                A keyword value or a ``keyword.field-specifier`` value
            """
            # Test first for the most common case: a standard FITS keyword provided
            # in standard all-caps
            if len(keyword) <= KEYWORD_LENGTH and cls._keywd_FSC_RE.match(keyword):
                return keyword

            # Test if this is a record-valued keyword
            match = cls._rvkc_keyword_name_RE.match(keyword)

            if match:
                return ".".join(
                    (match.group("keyword").strip().upper(), match.group("field_specifier"))
                )
            elif len(keyword) > 9 and keyword[:9].upper() == "HIERARCH ":
                # Remove 'HIERARCH' from HIERARCH keywords; this could lead to
                # ambiguity if there is actually a keyword card containing
                # "HIERARCH HIERARCH", but shame on you if you do that.
                return keyword[9:].strip().upper()
            else:
                # A normal FITS keyword, but provided in non-standard case
                return keyword.strip().upper()

        def _check_if_rvkc(self, *args):
            """
            Determine whether or not the card is a record-valued keyword card.

            If one argument is given, that argument is treated as a full card image
            and parsed as such.  If two arguments are given, the first is treated
            as the card keyword (including the field-specifier if the card is
            intended as a RVKC), and the second as the card value OR the first value
            can be the base keyword, and the second value the 'field-specifier:
            value' string.

            If the check passes the ._keyword, ._value, and .field_specifier
            keywords are set.

            Examples
            --------
            ::

                self._check_if_rvkc('DP1', 'AXIS.1: 2')
                self._check_if_rvkc('DP1.AXIS.1', 2)
                self._check_if_rvkc('DP1     = AXIS.1: 2')
            """
            if not conf.enable_record_valued_keyword_cards:
                return False

            if len(args) == 1:
                return self._check_if_rvkc_image(*args)
            elif len(args) == 2:
                keyword, value = args
                if not isinstance(keyword, str):
                    return False
                if keyword in self._commentary_keywords:
                    return False
                match = self._rvkc_keyword_name_RE.match(keyword)
                if match and isinstance(value, (int, float)):
                    self._init_rvkc(
                        match.group("keyword"), match.group("field_specifier"), None, value
                    )
                    return True

                # Testing for ': ' is a quick way to avoid running the full regular
                # expression, speeding this up for the majority of cases
                if isinstance(value, str) and value.find(": ") > 0:
                    match = self._rvkc_field_specifier_val_RE.match(value)
                    if match and self._keywd_FSC_RE.match(keyword):
                        self._init_rvkc(
                            keyword, match.group("keyword"), value, match.group("val")
                        )
                        return True

        def _check_if_rvkc_image(self, *args):
            """
            Implements `Card._check_if_rvkc` for the case of an unparsed card
            image.  If given one argument this is the full intact image.  If given
            two arguments the card has already been split between keyword and
            value+comment at the standard value indicator '= '.
            """
            if len(args) == 1:
                image = args[0]
                eq_idx = image.find(VALUE_INDICATOR)
                if eq_idx < 0 or eq_idx > 9:
                    return False
                keyword = image[:eq_idx]
                rest = image[eq_idx + VALUE_INDICATOR_LEN :]
            else:
                keyword, rest = args

            rest = rest.lstrip()

            # This test allows us to skip running the full regular expression for
            # the majority of cards that do not contain strings or that definitely
            # do not contain RVKC field-specifiers; it's very much a
            # micro-optimization but it does make a measurable difference
            if not rest or rest[0] != "'" or rest.find(": ") < 2:
                return False

            match = self._rvkc_keyword_val_comm_RE.match(rest)
            if match:
                self._init_rvkc(
                    keyword,
                    match.group("keyword"),
                    match.group("rawval"),
                    match.group("val"),
                )
                return True

        def _init_rvkc(self, keyword, field_specifier, field, value):
            """
            Sort of addendum to Card.__init__ to set the appropriate internal
            attributes if the card was determined to be a RVKC.
            """
            keyword_upper = keyword.upper()
            self._keyword = f"{keyword_upper}.{field_specifier}"
            self._rawkeyword = keyword_upper
            self._field_specifier = field_specifier
            self._value = _int_or_float(value)
            self._rawvalue = field

        def _parse_keyword(self):
            keyword = self._image[:KEYWORD_LENGTH].strip()
            keyword_upper = keyword.upper()

            if keyword_upper in self._special_keywords:
                return keyword_upper
            elif (
                keyword_upper == "HIERARCH"
                and self._image[8] == " "
                and HIERARCH_VALUE_INDICATOR in self._image
            ):
                # This is valid HIERARCH card as described by the HIERARCH keyword
                # convention:
                # http://fits.gsfc.nasa.gov/registry/hierarch_keyword.html
                self._hierarch = True
                self._value_indicator = HIERARCH_VALUE_INDICATOR
                keyword = self._image.split(HIERARCH_VALUE_INDICATOR, 1)[0][9:]
                return keyword.strip()
            else:
                val_ind_idx = self._image.find(VALUE_INDICATOR)
                if 0 <= val_ind_idx <= KEYWORD_LENGTH:
                    # The value indicator should appear in byte 8, but we are
                    # flexible and allow this to be fixed
                    if val_ind_idx < KEYWORD_LENGTH:
                        keyword = keyword[:val_ind_idx]
                        keyword_upper = keyword_upper[:val_ind_idx]

                    rest = self._image[val_ind_idx + VALUE_INDICATOR_LEN :]

                    # So far this looks like a standard FITS keyword; check whether
                    # the value represents a RVKC; if so then we pass things off to
                    # the RVKC parser
                    if self._check_if_rvkc_image(keyword, rest):
                        return self._keyword

                    return keyword_upper
                else:
                    warnings.warn(
                        "The following header keyword is invalid or follows an "
                        f"unrecognized non-standard convention:\n{self._image}",
                        AstropyUserWarning,
                    )
                    self._invalid = True
                    return keyword

        def _parse_value(self):
            """Extract the keyword value from the card image."""
            # for commentary cards, no need to parse further
            # Likewise for invalid cards
            if self.keyword.upper() in self._commentary_keywords or self._invalid:
                return self._image[KEYWORD_LENGTH:].rstrip()

            if self._check_if_rvkc(self._image):
                return self._value

            m = self._value_NFSC_RE.match(self._split()[1])

            if m is None:
                raise VerifyError(
                    f"Unparsable card ({self.keyword}), fix it first with .verify('fix')."
                )

            if m.group("bool") is not None:
                value = m.group("bool") == "T"
            elif m.group("strg") is not None:
                value = re.sub("''", "'", m.group("strg"))
            elif m.group("numr") is not None:
                #  Check for numbers with leading 0s.
                numr = self._number_NFSC_RE.match(m.group("numr"))
                digt = translate(numr.group("digt"), FIX_FP_TABLE2, " ")
                if numr.group("sign") is None:
                    sign = ""
                else:
                    sign = numr.group("sign")
                value = _str_to_num(sign + digt)

            elif m.group("cplx") is not None:
                #  Check for numbers with leading 0s.
                real = self._number_NFSC_RE.match(m.group("real"))
                rdigt = translate(real.group("digt"), FIX_FP_TABLE2, " ")
                if real.group("sign") is None:
                    rsign = ""
                else:
                    rsign = real.group("sign")
                value = _str_to_num(rsign + rdigt)
                imag = self._number_NFSC_RE.match(m.group("imag"))
                idigt = translate(imag.group("digt"), FIX_FP_TABLE2, " ")
                if imag.group("sign") is None:
                    isign = ""
                else:
                    isign = imag.group("sign")
                value += _str_to_num(isign + idigt) * 1j
            else:
                value = UNDEFINED

            if not self._valuestring:
                self._valuestring = m.group("value")
            return value

        def _parse_comment(self):
            """Extract the keyword value from the card image."""
            # for commentary cards, no need to parse further
            # likewise for invalid/unparsable cards
            if self.keyword in Card._commentary_keywords or self._invalid:
                return ""

            valuecomment = self._split()[1]
            m = self._value_NFSC_RE.match(valuecomment)
            comment = ""
            if m is not None:
                # Don't combine this if statement with the one above, because
                # we only want the elif case to run if this was not a valid
                # card at all
                if m.group("comm"):
                    comment = m.group("comm").rstrip()
            elif "/" in valuecomment:
                # The value in this FITS file was not in a valid/known format.  In
                # this case the best we can do is guess that everything after the
                # first / was meant to be the comment
                comment = valuecomment.split("/", 1)[1].strip()

            return comment

        def _split(self):
            """
            Split the card image between the keyword and the rest of the card.
            """
            if self._image is not None:
                # If we already have a card image, don't try to rebuild a new card
                # image, which self.image would do
                image = self._image
            else:
                image = self.image

            # Split cards with CONTINUE cards or commentary keywords with long
            # values
            if len(self._image) > self.length:
                values = []
                comments = []
                keyword = None
                for card in self._itersubcards():
                    kw, vc = card._split()
                    if keyword is None:
                        keyword = kw

                    if keyword in self._commentary_keywords:
                        values.append(vc)
                        continue

                    # Should match a string followed by a comment; if not it
                    # might be an invalid Card, so we just take it verbatim
                    m = self._strg_comment_RE.match(vc)
                    if not m:
                        return kw, vc

                    value = m.group("strg") or ""
                    value = value.rstrip()
                    if value and value[-1] == "&":
                        value = value[:-1]
                    values.append(value)
                    comment = m.group("comm")
                    if comment:
                        comments.append(comment.rstrip())

                if keyword in self._commentary_keywords:
                    valuecomment = "".join(values)
                else:
                    # CONTINUE card
                    valuecomment = f"'{''.join(values)}' / {' '.join(comments)}"
                return keyword, valuecomment

            if self.keyword in self._special_keywords:
                keyword, valuecomment = image.split(" ", 1)
            else:
                try:
                    delim_index = image.index(self._value_indicator)
                except ValueError:
                    delim_index = None

                # The equal sign may not be any higher than column 10; anything
                # past that must be considered part of the card value
                if delim_index is None:
                    keyword = image[:KEYWORD_LENGTH]
                    valuecomment = image[KEYWORD_LENGTH:]
                elif delim_index > 10 and image[:9] != "HIERARCH ":
                    keyword = image[:8]
                    valuecomment = image[8:]
                else:
                    keyword, valuecomment = image.split(self._value_indicator, 1)
            return keyword.strip(), valuecomment.strip()

        def _fix_keyword(self):
            if self.field_specifier:
                keyword, field_specifier = self._keyword.split(".", 1)
                self._keyword = f"{keyword.upper()}.{field_specifier}"
            else:
                self._keyword = self._keyword.upper()
            self._modified = True

        def _fix_value(self):
            """Fix the card image for fixable non-standard compliance."""
            value = None
            keyword, valuecomment = self._split()
            m = self._value_NFSC_RE.match(valuecomment)

            # for the unparsable case
            if m is None:
                try:
                    value, comment = valuecomment.split("/", 1)
                    self.value = value.strip()
                    self.comment = comment.strip()
                except (ValueError, IndexError):
                    self.value = valuecomment
                self._valuestring = self._value
                return
            elif m.group("numr") is not None:
                numr = self._number_NFSC_RE.match(m.group("numr"))
                value = translate(numr.group("digt"), FIX_FP_TABLE, " ")
                if numr.group("sign") is not None:
                    value = numr.group("sign") + value

            elif m.group("cplx") is not None:
                real = self._number_NFSC_RE.match(m.group("real"))
                rdigt = translate(real.group("digt"), FIX_FP_TABLE, " ")
                if real.group("sign") is not None:
                    rdigt = real.group("sign") + rdigt

                imag = self._number_NFSC_RE.match(m.group("imag"))
                idigt = translate(imag.group("digt"), FIX_FP_TABLE, " ")
                if imag.group("sign") is not None:
                    idigt = imag.group("sign") + idigt
                value = f"({rdigt}, {idigt})"
            self._valuestring = value
            # The value itself has not been modified, but its serialized
            # representation (as stored in self._valuestring) has been changed, so
            # still set this card as having been modified (see ticket #137)
            self._modified = True

        def _format_keyword(self):
            if self.keyword:
                if self.field_specifier:
                    keyword = self.keyword.split(".", 1)[0]
                    return "{:{len}}".format(keyword, len=KEYWORD_LENGTH)
                elif self._hierarch:
                    return f"HIERARCH {self.keyword} "
                else:
                    return "{:{len}}".format(self.keyword, len=KEYWORD_LENGTH)
            else:
                return " " * KEYWORD_LENGTH

        def _format_value(self):
            # value string
            float_types = (float, np.floating, complex, np.complexfloating)

            # Force the value to be parsed out first
            value = self.value
            # But work with the underlying raw value instead (to preserve
            # whitespace, for now...)
            value = self._value

            if self.keyword in self._commentary_keywords:
                # The value of a commentary card must be just a raw unprocessed
                # string
                value = str(value)
            elif (
                self._valuestring
                and not self._valuemodified
                and isinstance(self.value, float_types)
            ):
                # Keep the existing formatting for float/complex numbers
                value = f"{self._valuestring:>20}"
            elif self.field_specifier:
                value = _format_value(self._value).strip()
                value = f"'{self.field_specifier}: {value}'"
            else:
                value = _format_value(value)

            # For HIERARCH cards the value should be shortened to conserve space
            if not self.field_specifier and len(self.keyword) > KEYWORD_LENGTH:
                value = value.strip()

            return value

        def _format_comment(self):
            if not self.comment:
                return ""
            else:
                return f" / {self._comment}"

        def _format_image(self):
            keyword = self._format_keyword()

            value = self._format_value()
            is_commentary = keyword.strip() in self._commentary_keywords
            if is_commentary:
                comment = ""
            else:
                comment = self._format_comment()

            # equal sign string
            # by default use the standard value indicator even for HIERARCH cards;
            # later we may abbreviate it if necessary
            delimiter = VALUE_INDICATOR
            if is_commentary:
                delimiter = ""

            # put all parts together
            output = f"{keyword}{delimiter}{value}{comment}"

            # For HIERARCH cards we can save a bit of space if necessary by
            # removing the space between the keyword and the equals sign; I'm
            # guessing this is part of the HIEARCH card specification
            keywordvalue_length = len(keyword) + len(delimiter) + len(value)
            if (
                keywordvalue_length == self.length + 1
                and keyword.startswith("HIERARCH")
                and keyword[-1] == " "
            ):
                output = "".join([keyword[:-1], delimiter, value, comment])

            if len(output) <= self.length:
                output = f"{output:80}"
            else:
                # longstring case (CONTINUE card)
                # try not to use CONTINUE if the string value can fit in one line.
                # Instead, just truncate the comment
                if isinstance(self.value, str) and len(value) > (
                    self.length - len(keyword) - 2
                ):
                    output = self._format_long_image()
                else:
                    warnings.warn(
                        "Card is too long, comment will be truncated.", VerifyWarning
                    )
                    output = output[: Card.length]
            return output

        def _format_long_image(self):
            """
            Break up long string value/comment into ``CONTINUE`` cards.
            This is a primitive implementation: it will put the value
            string in one block and the comment string in another.  Also,
            it does not break at the blank space between words.  So it may
            not look pretty.
            """
            if self.keyword in Card._commentary_keywords:
                return self._format_long_commentary_image()

            value_length = 67
            comment_length = 64
            # We have to be careful that the first line may be able to hold less
            # of the value, if it is a HIERARCH keyword.
            headstr = self._format_keyword() + VALUE_INDICATOR
            first_value_length = value_length + KEYWORD_LENGTH + 2 - len(headstr)

            # do the value string
            value = self._value.replace("'", "''")
            words = _words_group(value, value_length, first_value_length)
            output = []
            for idx, word in enumerate(words):
                if idx > 0:
                    headstr = "CONTINUE  "

                # If this is the final CONTINUE remove the '&'
                if not self.comment and idx == len(words) - 1:
                    value_format = "'{}'"
                else:
                    value_format = "'{}&'"

                value = value_format.format(word)

                output.append(f"{headstr + value:80}")

            # do the comment string
            comment_format = "{}"

            if self.comment:
                words = _words_group(self.comment, comment_length)
                for idx, word in enumerate(words):
                    # If this is the final CONTINUE remove the '&'
                    if idx == len(words) - 1:
                        headstr = "CONTINUE  '' / "
                    else:
                        headstr = "CONTINUE  '&' / "

                    comment = headstr + comment_format.format(word)
                    output.append(f"{comment:80}")

            return "".join(output)

        def _format_long_commentary_image(self):
            """
            If a commentary card's value is too long to fit on a single card, this
            will render the card as multiple consecutive commentary card of the
            same type.
            """
            maxlen = Card.length - KEYWORD_LENGTH
            value = self._format_value()
            output = []
            idx = 0
            while idx < len(value):
                output.append(str(Card(self.keyword, value[idx : idx + maxlen])))
                idx += maxlen
            return "".join(output)

        def _verify(self, option="warn"):
            errs = []
            fix_text = f"Fixed {self.keyword!r} card to meet the FITS standard."

            # Don't try to verify cards that already don't meet any recognizable
            # standard
            if self._invalid:
                return _ErrList(errs)

            # verify the equal sign position
            if self.keyword not in self._commentary_keywords and (
                self._image
                and self._image[:9].upper() != "HIERARCH "
                and self._image.find("=") != 8
            ):
                errs.append(
                    {
                        "err_text": (
                            f"Card {self.keyword!r} is not FITS standard (equal sign not "
                            "at column 8)."
                        ),
                        "fix_text": fix_text,
                        "fix": self._fix_value,
                    }
                )

            # verify the key, it is never fixable
            # always fix silently the case where "=" is before column 9,
            # since there is no way to communicate back to the _keys.
            if (self._image and self._image[:8].upper() == "HIERARCH") or self._hierarch:
                pass
            else:
                if self._image:
                    # PyFITS will auto-uppercase any standard keyword, so lowercase
                    # keywords can only occur if they came from the wild
                    keyword = self._split()[0]
                    if keyword != keyword.upper():
                        # Keyword should be uppercase unless it's a HIERARCH card
                        errs.append(
                            {
                                "err_text": f"Card keyword {keyword!r} is not upper case.",
                                "fix_text": fix_text,
                                "fix": self._fix_keyword,
                            }
                        )

                keyword = self.keyword
                if self.field_specifier:
                    keyword = keyword.split(".", 1)[0]

                if not self._keywd_FSC_RE.match(keyword):
                    errs.append(
                        {"err_text": f"Illegal keyword name {keyword!r}", "fixable": False}
                    )

            # verify the value, it may be fixable
            keyword, valuecomment = self._split()
            if self.keyword in self._commentary_keywords:
                # For commentary keywords all that needs to be ensured is that it
                # contains only printable ASCII characters
                if not self._ascii_text_re.match(valuecomment):
                    errs.append(
                        {
                            "err_text": (
                                f"Unprintable string {valuecomment!r}; commentary "
                                "cards may only contain printable ASCII characters"
                            ),
                            "fixable": False,
                        }
                    )
            else:
                if not self._valuemodified:
                    m = self._value_FSC_RE.match(valuecomment)
                    # If the value of a card was replaced before the card was ever
                    # even verified, the new value can be considered valid, so we
                    # don't bother verifying the old value.  See
                    # https://github.com/astropy/astropy/issues/5408
                    if m is None:
                        errs.append(
                            {
                                "err_text": (
                                    f"Card {self.keyword!r} is not FITS standard "
                                    f"(invalid value string: {valuecomment!r})."
                                ),
                                "fix_text": fix_text,
                                "fix": self._fix_value,
                            }
                        )

            # verify the comment (string), it is never fixable
            m = self._value_NFSC_RE.match(valuecomment)
            if m is not None:
                comment = m.group("comm")
                if comment is not None:
                    if not self._ascii_text_re.match(comment):
                        errs.append(
                            {
                                "err_text": (
                                    f"Unprintable string {comment!r}; header comments "
                                    "may only contain printable ASCII characters"
                                ),
                                "fixable": False,
                            }
                        )

            errs = _ErrList([self.run_option(option, **err) for err in errs])
            self._verified = True
            return errs

        def _itersubcards(self):
            """
            If the card image is greater than 80 characters, it should consist of a
            normal card followed by one or more CONTINUE card.  This method returns
            the subcards that make up this logical card.

            This can also support the case where a HISTORY or COMMENT card has a
            long value that is stored internally as multiple concatenated card
            images.
            """
            ncards = len(self._image) // Card.length

            for idx in range(0, Card.length * ncards, Card.length):
                card = Card.fromstring(self._image[idx : idx + Card.length])
                if idx > 0 and card.keyword.upper() not in self._special_keywords:
                    raise VerifyError(
                        "Long card images must have CONTINUE cards after "
                        "the first card or have commentary keywords like "
                        "HISTORY or COMMENT."
                    )

                if not isinstance(card.value, str):
                    raise VerifyError("CONTINUE cards must have string values.")

                yield card

    def _int_or_float(s):
        """
        Converts an a string to an int if possible, or to a float.

        If the string is neither a string or a float a value error is raised.
        """
        if isinstance(s, float):
            # Already a float so just pass through
            return s

        try:
            return int(s)
        except (ValueError, TypeError):
            try:
                return float(s)
            except (ValueError, TypeError) as e:
                raise ValueError(str(e))

    def _format_value(value):
        """
        Converts a card value to its appropriate string representation as
        defined by the FITS format.
        """
        # string value should occupies at least 8 columns, unless it is
        # a null string
        if isinstance(value, str):
            if value == "":
                return "''"
            else:
                exp_val_str = value.replace("'", "''")
                val_str = f"'{exp_val_str:8}'"
                return f"{val_str:20}"

        # must be before int checking since bool is also int
        elif isinstance(value, (bool, np.bool_)):
            return f"{repr(value)[0]:>20}"  # T or F

        elif _is_int(value):
            return f"{value:>20d}"

        elif isinstance(value, (float, np.floating)):
            return f"{_format_float(value):>20}"

        elif isinstance(value, (complex, np.complexfloating)):
            val_str = f"({_format_float(value.real)}, {_format_float(value.imag)})"
            return f"{val_str:>20}"

        elif isinstance(value, Undefined):
            return ""
        else:
            return ""

    def _format_float(value):
        """Format a floating number to make sure it is at most 20 characters."""
        value_str = str(value).replace("e", "E")

        # Limit the value string to at most 20 characters.
        if (str_len := len(value_str)) > 20:
            idx = value_str.find("E")
            if idx < 0:
                # No scientific notation, truncate decimal places
                value_str = value_str[:20]
            else:
                # Scientific notation, truncate significand (mantissa)
                value_str = value_str[: 20 - (str_len - idx)] + value_str[idx:]

        return value_str

    def _pad(input):
        """Pad blank space to the input string to be multiple of 80."""
        _len = len(input)
        if _len == Card.length:
            return input
        elif _len > Card.length:
            strlen = _len % Card.length
            if strlen == 0:
                return input
            else:
                return input + " " * (Card.length - strlen)

        # minimum length is 80
        else:
            strlen = _len % Card.length
            return input + " " * (Card.length - strlen)