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# Source code for astropy.convolution.kernels

    # Licensed under a 3-clause BSD style license - see LICENSE.rst

    import math

    import numpy as np

    from astropy.modeling import models
    from astropy.modeling.core import Fittable1DModel, Fittable2DModel

    from .core import Kernel, Kernel1D, Kernel2D
    from .utils import KernelSizeError, has_even_axis

    __all__ = [
        "AiryDisk2DKernel",
        "Box1DKernel",
        "Box2DKernel",
        "CustomKernel",
        "Gaussian1DKernel",
        "Gaussian2DKernel",
        "Model1DKernel",
        "Model2DKernel",
        "Moffat2DKernel",
        "RickerWavelet1DKernel",
        "RickerWavelet2DKernel",
        "Ring2DKernel",
        "Tophat2DKernel",
        "Trapezoid1DKernel",
        "TrapezoidDisk2DKernel",
    ]

    def _round_up_to_odd_integer(value):
        i = math.ceil(value)
        return i + 1 if i % 2 == 0 else i

    class Gaussian1DKernel(Kernel1D):
        """
        1D Gaussian filter kernel.

        The Gaussian filter is a filter with great smoothing properties. It is
        isotropic and does not produce artifacts.

        The generated kernel is normalized so that it integrates to 1.

        Parameters
        ----------
        stddev : number
            Standard deviation of the Gaussian kernel.
        x_size : int, optional
            Size of the kernel array. Default = ⌊8*stddev+1⌋.
        mode : {'center', 'linear_interp', 'oversample', 'integrate'}, optional
            One of the following discretization modes:
                * 'center' (default)
                    Discretize model by taking the value
                    at the center of the bin.
                * 'linear_interp'
                    Discretize model by linearly interpolating
                    between the values at the corners of the bin.
                * 'oversample'
                    Discretize model by taking the average
                    on an oversampled grid.
                * 'integrate'
                    Discretize model by integrating the
                    model over the bin. Very slow.
        factor : number, optional
            Factor of oversampling. Default factor = 10. If the factor
            is too large, evaluation can be very slow.

        See Also
        --------
        Box1DKernel, Trapezoid1DKernel, RickerWavelet1DKernel

        Examples
        --------
        Kernel response:

         .. plot::
            :include-source:

            import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
            from astropy.convolution import Gaussian1DKernel
            gauss_1D_kernel = Gaussian1DKernel(10)
            plt.plot(gauss_1D_kernel, drawstyle='steps')
            plt.xlabel('x [pixels]')
            plt.ylabel('value')
            plt.show()
        """

        _separable = True
        _is_bool = False

        def __init__(self, stddev, **kwargs):
            self._model = models.Gaussian1D(1.0 / (np.sqrt(2 * np.pi) * stddev), 0, stddev)
            self._default_size = _round_up_to_odd_integer(8 * stddev)
            super().__init__(**kwargs)
            self.normalize()

    class Gaussian2DKernel(Kernel2D):
        """
        2D Gaussian filter kernel.

        The Gaussian filter is a filter with great smoothing properties. It is
        isotropic and does not produce artifacts.

        The generated kernel is normalized so that it integrates to 1.

        Parameters
        ----------
        x_stddev : float
            Standard deviation of the Gaussian in x before rotating by theta.
        y_stddev : float
            Standard deviation of the Gaussian in y before rotating by theta.
        theta : float or `~astropy.units.Quantity` ['angle']
            Rotation angle. If passed as a float, it is assumed to be in radians.
            The rotation angle increases counterclockwise.
        x_size : int, optional
            Size in x direction of the kernel array. Default = ⌊8*stddev + 1⌋.
        y_size : int, optional
            Size in y direction of the kernel array. Default = ⌊8*stddev + 1⌋.
        mode : {'center', 'linear_interp', 'oversample', 'integrate'}, optional
            One of the following discretization modes:
                * 'center' (default)
                    Discretize model by taking the value
                    at the center of the bin.
                * 'linear_interp'
                    Discretize model by performing a bilinear interpolation
                    between the values at the corners of the bin.
                * 'oversample'
                    Discretize model by taking the average
                    on an oversampled grid.
                * 'integrate'
                    Discretize model by integrating the
                    model over the bin.
        factor : number, optional
            Factor of oversampling. Default factor = 10.

        See Also
        --------
        Box2DKernel, Tophat2DKernel, RickerWavelet2DKernel, Ring2DKernel,
        TrapezoidDisk2DKernel, AiryDisk2DKernel, Moffat2DKernel

        Examples
        --------
        Kernel response:

         .. plot::
            :include-source:

            import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
            from astropy.convolution import Gaussian2DKernel
            gaussian_2D_kernel = Gaussian2DKernel(10)
            plt.imshow(gaussian_2D_kernel, interpolation='none', origin='lower')
            plt.xlabel('x [pixels]')
            plt.ylabel('y [pixels]')
            plt.colorbar()
            plt.show()
        """

        _separable = True
        _is_bool = False

        def __init__(self, x_stddev, y_stddev=None, theta=0.0, **kwargs):
            if y_stddev is None:
                y_stddev = x_stddev
            self._model = models.Gaussian2D(
                amplitude=1.0 / (2 * np.pi * x_stddev * y_stddev),
                x_mean=0,
                y_mean=0,
                x_stddev=x_stddev,
                y_stddev=y_stddev,
                theta=theta,
            )
            self._default_size = _round_up_to_odd_integer(8 * np.max([x_stddev, y_stddev]))
            super().__init__(**kwargs)
            self.normalize()

    class Box1DKernel(Kernel1D):
        """
        1D Box filter kernel.

        The Box filter or running mean is a smoothing filter. It is not isotropic
        and can produce artifacts when applied repeatedly to the same data.

        The generated kernel is normalized so that it integrates to 1.

        By default, the Box kernel uses the ``linear_interp`` discretization mode,
        which allows non-shifting, even-sized kernels.  This is achieved by
        weighting the edge pixels with 1/2. E.g a Box kernel with an effective
        smoothing of 4 pixels would have the following array: [0.5, 1, 1, 1, 0.5].

        Parameters
        ----------
        width : number
            Width of the filter kernel.
        mode : {'linear_interp', 'center', 'oversample', 'integrate'}, optional
            One of the following discretization modes:
                * 'linear_interp' (default)
                    Discretize model by linearly interpolating
                    between the values at the corners of the bin.
                * 'center'
                    Discretize model by taking the value
                    at the center of the bin.
                * 'oversample'
                    Discretize model by taking the average
                    on an oversampled grid.
                * 'integrate'
                    Discretize model by integrating the
                    model over the bin.
        factor : number, optional
            Factor of oversampling. Default factor = 10.

        See Also
        --------
        Gaussian1DKernel, Trapezoid1DKernel, RickerWavelet1DKernel

        Examples
        --------
        Kernel response function:

         .. plot::
            :include-source:

            import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
            from astropy.convolution import Box1DKernel
            box_1D_kernel = Box1DKernel(9)
            plt.plot(box_1D_kernel, drawstyle='steps')
            plt.xlim(-1, 9)
            plt.xlabel('x [pixels]')
            plt.ylabel('value')
            plt.show()
        """

        _separable = True
        _is_bool = True

        def __init__(self, width, **kwargs):
            self._model = models.Box1D(1.0 / width, 0, width)
            self._default_size = _round_up_to_odd_integer(width)
            kwargs["mode"] = "linear_interp"
            super().__init__(**kwargs)
            self.normalize()

    class Box2DKernel(Kernel2D):
        """
        2D Box filter kernel.

        The Box filter or running mean is a smoothing filter. It is not isotropic
        and can produce artifacts when applied repeatedly to the same data.

        The generated kernel is normalized so that it integrates to 1.

        By default, the Box kernel uses the ``linear_interp`` discretization mode,
        which allows non-shifting, even-sized kernels.  This is achieved by
        weighting the edge pixels with 1/2.

        Parameters
        ----------
        width : number
            Width of the filter kernel.
        mode : {'linear_interp', 'center', 'oversample', 'integrate'}, optional
            One of the following discretization modes:
                * 'linear_interp' (default)
                    Discretize model by performing a bilinear interpolation
                    between the values at the corners of the bin.
                * 'center'
                    Discretize model by taking the value
                    at the center of the bin.
                * 'oversample'
                    Discretize model by taking the average
                    on an oversampled grid.
                * 'integrate'
                    Discretize model by integrating the
                    model over the bin.
        factor : number, optional
            Factor of oversampling. Default factor = 10.

        See Also
        --------
        Gaussian2DKernel, Tophat2DKernel, RickerWavelet2DKernel, Ring2DKernel,
        TrapezoidDisk2DKernel, AiryDisk2DKernel, Moffat2DKernel

        Examples
        --------
        Kernel response:

         .. plot::
            :include-source:

            import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
            from astropy.convolution import Box2DKernel
            box_2D_kernel = Box2DKernel(9)
            plt.imshow(box_2D_kernel, interpolation='none', origin='lower',
                       vmin=0.0, vmax=0.015)
            plt.xlim(-1, 9)
            plt.ylim(-1, 9)
            plt.xlabel('x [pixels]')
            plt.ylabel('y [pixels]')
            plt.colorbar()
            plt.show()
        """

        _separable = True
        _is_bool = True

        def __init__(self, width, **kwargs):
            self._model = models.Box2D(1.0 / width**2, 0, 0, width, width)
            self._default_size = _round_up_to_odd_integer(width)
            kwargs["mode"] = "linear_interp"
            super().__init__(**kwargs)
            self.normalize()

    class Tophat2DKernel(Kernel2D):
        """
        2D Tophat filter kernel.

        The Tophat filter is an isotropic smoothing filter. It can produce
        artifacts when applied repeatedly on the same data.

        The generated kernel is normalized so that it integrates to 1.

        Parameters
        ----------
        radius : int
            Radius of the filter kernel.
        mode : {'center', 'linear_interp', 'oversample', 'integrate'}, optional
            One of the following discretization modes:
                * 'center' (default)
                    Discretize model by taking the value
                    at the center of the bin.
                * 'linear_interp'
                    Discretize model by performing a bilinear interpolation
                    between the values at the corners of the bin.
                * 'oversample'
                    Discretize model by taking the average
                    on an oversampled grid.
                * 'integrate'
                    Discretize model by integrating the
                    model over the bin.
        factor : number, optional
            Factor of oversampling. Default factor = 10.

        See Also
        --------
        Gaussian2DKernel, Box2DKernel, RickerWavelet2DKernel, Ring2DKernel,
        TrapezoidDisk2DKernel, AiryDisk2DKernel, Moffat2DKernel

        Examples
        --------
        Kernel response:

         .. plot::
            :include-source:

            import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
            from astropy.convolution import Tophat2DKernel
            tophat_2D_kernel = Tophat2DKernel(40)
            plt.imshow(tophat_2D_kernel, interpolation='none', origin='lower')
            plt.xlabel('x [pixels]')
            plt.ylabel('y [pixels]')
            plt.colorbar()
            plt.show()
        """

        def __init__(self, radius, **kwargs):
            self._model = models.Disk2D(1.0 / (np.pi * radius**2), 0, 0, radius)
            self._default_size = _round_up_to_odd_integer(2 * radius)
            super().__init__(**kwargs)
            self.normalize()

    class Ring2DKernel(Kernel2D):
        """
        2D Ring filter kernel.

        The Ring filter kernel is the difference between two Tophat kernels of
        different width. This kernel is useful for, e.g., background estimation.

        The generated kernel is normalized so that it integrates to 1.

        Parameters
        ----------
        radius_in : number
            Inner radius of the ring kernel.
        width : number
            Width of the ring kernel.
        mode : {'center', 'linear_interp', 'oversample', 'integrate'}, optional
            One of the following discretization modes:
                * 'center' (default)
                    Discretize model by taking the value
                    at the center of the bin.
                * 'linear_interp'
                    Discretize model by performing a bilinear interpolation
                    between the values at the corners of the bin.
                * 'oversample'
                    Discretize model by taking the average
                    on an oversampled grid.
                * 'integrate'
                    Discretize model by integrating the
                    model over the bin.
        factor : number, optional
            Factor of oversampling. Default factor = 10.

        See Also
        --------
        Gaussian2DKernel, Box2DKernel, Tophat2DKernel, RickerWavelet2DKernel,
        TrapezoidDisk2DKernel, AiryDisk2DKernel, Moffat2DKernel

        Examples
        --------
        Kernel response:

         .. plot::
            :include-source:

            import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
            from astropy.convolution import Ring2DKernel
            ring_2D_kernel = Ring2DKernel(9, 8)
            plt.imshow(ring_2D_kernel, interpolation='none', origin='lower')
            plt.xlabel('x [pixels]')
            plt.ylabel('y [pixels]')
            plt.colorbar()
            plt.show()
        """

        def __init__(self, radius_in, width, **kwargs):
            radius_out = radius_in + width
            self._model = models.Ring2D(
                1.0 / (np.pi * (radius_out**2 - radius_in**2)), 0, 0, radius_in, width
            )
            self._default_size = _round_up_to_odd_integer(2 * radius_out)
            super().__init__(**kwargs)
            self.normalize()

    class Trapezoid1DKernel(Kernel1D):
        """
        1D trapezoid kernel.

        The generated kernel is normalized so that it integrates to 1.

        Parameters
        ----------
        width : number
            Width of the filter kernel, defined as the width of the constant part,
            before it begins to slope down.
        slope : number
            Slope of the filter kernel's tails
        mode : {'center', 'linear_interp', 'oversample', 'integrate'}, optional
            One of the following discretization modes:
                * 'center' (default)
                    Discretize model by taking the value
                    at the center of the bin.
                * 'linear_interp'
                    Discretize model by linearly interpolating
                    between the values at the corners of the bin.
                * 'oversample'
                    Discretize model by taking the average
                    on an oversampled grid.
                * 'integrate'
                    Discretize model by integrating the
                    model over the bin.
        factor : number, optional
            Factor of oversampling. Default factor = 10.

        See Also
        --------
        Box1DKernel, Gaussian1DKernel, RickerWavelet1DKernel

        Examples
        --------
        Kernel response:

         .. plot::
            :include-source:

            import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
            from astropy.convolution import Trapezoid1DKernel
            trapezoid_1D_kernel = Trapezoid1DKernel(17, slope=0.2)
            plt.plot(trapezoid_1D_kernel, drawstyle='steps')
            plt.xlabel('x [pixels]')
            plt.ylabel('amplitude')
            plt.xlim(-1, 28)
            plt.show()
        """

        _is_bool = False

        def __init__(self, width, slope=1.0, **kwargs):
            self._model = models.Trapezoid1D(1, 0, width, slope)
            self._default_size = _round_up_to_odd_integer(width + 2.0 / slope)
            super().__init__(**kwargs)
            self.normalize()

    class TrapezoidDisk2DKernel(Kernel2D):
        """
        2D trapezoid kernel.

        The generated kernel is normalized so that it integrates to 1.

        Parameters
        ----------
        radius : number
            Width of the filter kernel, defined as the width of the constant part,
            before it begins to slope down.
        slope : number
            Slope of the filter kernel's tails
        mode : {'center', 'linear_interp', 'oversample', 'integrate'}, optional
            One of the following discretization modes:
                * 'center' (default)
                    Discretize model by taking the value
                    at the center of the bin.
                * 'linear_interp'
                    Discretize model by performing a bilinear interpolation
                    between the values at the corners of the bin.
                * 'oversample'
                    Discretize model by taking the average
                    on an oversampled grid.
                * 'integrate'
                    Discretize model by integrating the
                    model over the bin.
        factor : number, optional
            Factor of oversampling. Default factor = 10.

        See Also
        --------
        Gaussian2DKernel, Box2DKernel, Tophat2DKernel, RickerWavelet2DKernel,
        Ring2DKernel, AiryDisk2DKernel, Moffat2DKernel

        Examples
        --------
        Kernel response:

         .. plot::
            :include-source:

            import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
            from astropy.convolution import TrapezoidDisk2DKernel
            trapezoid_2D_kernel = TrapezoidDisk2DKernel(20, slope=0.2)
            plt.imshow(trapezoid_2D_kernel, interpolation='none', origin='lower')
            plt.xlabel('x [pixels]')
            plt.ylabel('y [pixels]')
            plt.colorbar()
            plt.show()
        """

        _is_bool = False

        def __init__(self, radius, slope=1.0, **kwargs):
            self._model = models.TrapezoidDisk2D(1, 0, 0, radius, slope)
            self._default_size = _round_up_to_odd_integer(2 * radius + 2.0 / slope)
            super().__init__(**kwargs)
            self.normalize()

    class RickerWavelet1DKernel(Kernel1D):
        """
        1D Ricker wavelet filter kernel (sometimes known as a "Mexican Hat"
        kernel).

        The Ricker wavelet, or inverted Gaussian-Laplace filter, is a
        bandpass filter. It smooths the data and removes slowly varying
        or constant structures (e.g. Background). It is useful for peak or
        multiscale detection.

        This kernel is derived from a normalized Gaussian function, by
        computing the second derivative. This results in an amplitude
        at the kernels center of 1. / (sqrt(2 * pi) * width ** 3). The
        normalization is the same as for `scipy.ndimage.gaussian_laplace`,
        except for a minus sign.

        .. note::

            See https://github.com/astropy/astropy/pull/9445 for discussions
            related to renaming of this kernel.

        Parameters
        ----------
        width : number
            Width of the filter kernel, defined as the standard deviation
            of the Gaussian function from which it is derived.
        x_size : int, optional
            Size in x direction of the kernel array. Default = ⌊8*width +1⌋.
        mode : {'center', 'linear_interp', 'oversample', 'integrate'}, optional
            One of the following discretization modes:
                * 'center' (default)
                    Discretize model by taking the value
                    at the center of the bin.
                * 'linear_interp'
                    Discretize model by linearly interpolating
                    between the values at the corners of the bin.
                * 'oversample'
                    Discretize model by taking the average
                    on an oversampled grid.
                * 'integrate'
                    Discretize model by integrating the
                    model over the bin.
        factor : number, optional
            Factor of oversampling. Default factor = 10.

        See Also
        --------
        Box1DKernel, Gaussian1DKernel, Trapezoid1DKernel

        Examples
        --------
        Kernel response:

         .. plot::
            :include-source:

            import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
            from astropy.convolution import RickerWavelet1DKernel
            ricker_1d_kernel = RickerWavelet1DKernel(10)
            plt.plot(ricker_1d_kernel, drawstyle='steps')
            plt.xlabel('x [pixels]')
            plt.ylabel('value')
            plt.show()
        """

        _is_bool = True

        def __init__(self, width, **kwargs):
            amplitude = 1.0 / (np.sqrt(2 * np.pi) * width**3)
            self._model = models.RickerWavelet1D(amplitude, 0, width)
            self._default_size = _round_up_to_odd_integer(8 * width)
            super().__init__(**kwargs)

    class RickerWavelet2DKernel(Kernel2D):
        """
        2D Ricker wavelet filter kernel (sometimes known as a "Mexican Hat"
        kernel).

        The Ricker wavelet, or inverted Gaussian-Laplace filter, is a
        bandpass filter. It smooths the data and removes slowly varying
        or constant structures (e.g. Background). It is useful for peak or
        multiscale detection.

        This kernel is derived from a normalized Gaussian function, by
        computing the second derivative. This results in an amplitude
        at the kernels center of 1. / (pi * width ** 4). The normalization
        is the same as for `scipy.ndimage.gaussian_laplace`, except
        for a minus sign.

        .. note::

            See https://github.com/astropy/astropy/pull/9445 for discussions
            related to renaming of this kernel.

        Parameters
        ----------
        width : number
            Width of the filter kernel, defined as the standard deviation
            of the Gaussian function from which it is derived.
        x_size : int, optional
            Size in x direction of the kernel array. Default = ⌊8*width +1⌋.
        y_size : int, optional
            Size in y direction of the kernel array. Default = ⌊8*width +1⌋.
        mode : {'center', 'linear_interp', 'oversample', 'integrate'}, optional
            One of the following discretization modes:
                * 'center' (default)
                    Discretize model by taking the value
                    at the center of the bin.
                * 'linear_interp'
                    Discretize model by performing a bilinear interpolation
                    between the values at the corners of the bin.
                * 'oversample'
                    Discretize model by taking the average
                    on an oversampled grid.
                * 'integrate'
                    Discretize model by integrating the
                    model over the bin.
        factor : number, optional
            Factor of oversampling. Default factor = 10.

        See Also
        --------
        Gaussian2DKernel, Box2DKernel, Tophat2DKernel, Ring2DKernel,
        TrapezoidDisk2DKernel, AiryDisk2DKernel, Moffat2DKernel

        Examples
        --------
        Kernel response:

         .. plot::
            :include-source:

            import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
            from astropy.convolution import RickerWavelet2DKernel
            ricker_2d_kernel = RickerWavelet2DKernel(10)
            plt.imshow(ricker_2d_kernel, interpolation='none', origin='lower')
            plt.xlabel('x [pixels]')
            plt.ylabel('y [pixels]')
            plt.colorbar()
            plt.show()
        """

        _is_bool = False

        def __init__(self, width, **kwargs):
            amplitude = 1.0 / (np.pi * width**4)
            self._model = models.RickerWavelet2D(amplitude, 0, 0, width)
            self._default_size = _round_up_to_odd_integer(8 * width)
            super().__init__(**kwargs)

    class AiryDisk2DKernel(Kernel2D):
        """
        2D Airy disk kernel.

        This kernel models the diffraction pattern of a circular aperture.

        The generated kernel is normalized so that it integrates to 1.

        Parameters
        ----------
        radius : float
            The radius of the Airy disk kernel (radius of the first zero).
        x_size : int, optional
            Size in x direction of the kernel array. Default = ⌊8*radius + 1⌋.
        y_size : int, optional
            Size in y direction of the kernel array. Default = ⌊8*radius + 1⌋.
        mode : {'center', 'linear_interp', 'oversample', 'integrate'}, optional
            One of the following discretization modes:
                * 'center' (default)
                    Discretize model by taking the value
                    at the center of the bin.
                * 'linear_interp'
                    Discretize model by performing a bilinear interpolation
                    between the values at the corners of the bin.
                * 'oversample'
                    Discretize model by taking the average
                    on an oversampled grid.
                * 'integrate'
                    Discretize model by integrating the
                    model over the bin.
        factor : number, optional
            Factor of oversampling. Default factor = 10.

        See Also
        --------
        Gaussian2DKernel, Box2DKernel, Tophat2DKernel, RickerWavelet2DKernel,
        Ring2DKernel, TrapezoidDisk2DKernel, Moffat2DKernel

        Examples
        --------
        Kernel response:

         .. plot::
            :include-source:

            import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
            from astropy.convolution import AiryDisk2DKernel
            airydisk_2D_kernel = AiryDisk2DKernel(10)
            plt.imshow(airydisk_2D_kernel, interpolation='none', origin='lower')
            plt.xlabel('x [pixels]')
            plt.ylabel('y [pixels]')
            plt.colorbar()
            plt.show()
        """

        _is_bool = False

        def __init__(self, radius, **kwargs):
            self._model = models.AiryDisk2D(1, 0, 0, radius)
            self._default_size = _round_up_to_odd_integer(8 * radius)
            super().__init__(**kwargs)
            self.normalize()

    class Moffat2DKernel(Kernel2D):
        """
        2D Moffat kernel.

        This kernel is a typical model for a seeing limited PSF.

        The generated kernel is normalized so that it integrates to 1.

        Parameters
        ----------
        gamma : float
            Core width of the Moffat model.
        alpha : float
            Power index of the Moffat model.
        x_size : int, optional
            Size in x direction of the kernel array. Default = ⌊8*radius + 1⌋.
        y_size : int, optional
            Size in y direction of the kernel array. Default = ⌊8*radius + 1⌋.
        mode : {'center', 'linear_interp', 'oversample', 'integrate'}, optional
            One of the following discretization modes:
                * 'center' (default)
                    Discretize model by taking the value
                    at the center of the bin.
                * 'linear_interp'
                    Discretize model by performing a bilinear interpolation
                    between the values at the corners of the bin.
                * 'oversample'
                    Discretize model by taking the average
                    on an oversampled grid.
                * 'integrate'
                    Discretize model by integrating the
                    model over the bin.
        factor : number, optional
            Factor of oversampling. Default factor = 10.

        See Also
        --------
        Gaussian2DKernel, Box2DKernel, Tophat2DKernel, RickerWavelet2DKernel,
        Ring2DKernel, TrapezoidDisk2DKernel, AiryDisk2DKernel

        Examples
        --------
        Kernel response:

         .. plot::
            :include-source:

            import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
            from astropy.convolution import Moffat2DKernel
            moffat_2D_kernel = Moffat2DKernel(3, 2)
            plt.imshow(moffat_2D_kernel, interpolation='none', origin='lower')
            plt.xlabel('x [pixels]')
            plt.ylabel('y [pixels]')
            plt.colorbar()
            plt.show()
        """

        _is_bool = False

        def __init__(self, gamma, alpha, **kwargs):
            # Compute amplitude, from
            # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moffat_distribution
            amplitude = (alpha - 1.0) / (np.pi * gamma * gamma)
            self._model = models.Moffat2D(amplitude, 0, 0, gamma, alpha)
            self._default_size = _round_up_to_odd_integer(4.0 * self._model.fwhm)
            super().__init__(**kwargs)
            self.normalize()

    class Model1DKernel(Kernel1D):
        """
        Create kernel from 1D model.

        The model has to be centered on x = 0.

        Parameters
        ----------
        model : `~astropy.modeling.Fittable1DModel`
            Kernel response function model
        x_size : int, optional
            Size in x direction of the kernel array. Default = ⌊8*width +1⌋.
            Must be odd.
        mode : {'center', 'linear_interp', 'oversample', 'integrate'}, optional
            One of the following discretization modes:
                * 'center' (default)
                    Discretize model by taking the value
                    at the center of the bin.
                * 'linear_interp'
                    Discretize model by linearly interpolating
                    between the values at the corners of the bin.
                * 'oversample'
                    Discretize model by taking the average
                    on an oversampled grid.
                * 'integrate'
                    Discretize model by integrating the
                    model over the bin.
        factor : number, optional
            Factor of oversampling. Default factor = 10.

        Raises
        ------
        TypeError
            If model is not an instance of `~astropy.modeling.Fittable1DModel`

        See Also
        --------
        Model2DKernel : Create kernel from `~astropy.modeling.Fittable2DModel`
        CustomKernel : Create kernel from list or array

        Examples
        --------
        Define a Gaussian1D model:

            >>> from astropy.modeling.models import Gaussian1D
            >>> from astropy.convolution.kernels import Model1DKernel
            >>> gauss = Gaussian1D(1, 0, 2)

        And create a custom one dimensional kernel from it:

            >>> gauss_kernel = Model1DKernel(gauss, x_size=9)

        This kernel can now be used like a usual Astropy kernel.
        """

        _separable = False
        _is_bool = False

        def __init__(self, model, **kwargs):
            if isinstance(model, Fittable1DModel):
                self._model = model
            else:
                raise TypeError("Must be Fittable1DModel")
            super().__init__(**kwargs)

    class Model2DKernel(Kernel2D):
        """
        Create kernel from 2D model.

        The model has to be centered on x = 0 and y = 0.

        Parameters
        ----------
        model : `~astropy.modeling.Fittable2DModel`
            Kernel response function model
        x_size : int, optional
            Size in x direction of the kernel array. Default = ⌊8*width +1⌋.
            Must be odd.
        y_size : int, optional
            Size in y direction of the kernel array. Default = ⌊8*width +1⌋.
        mode : {'center', 'linear_interp', 'oversample', 'integrate'}, optional
            One of the following discretization modes:
                * 'center' (default)
                    Discretize model by taking the value
                    at the center of the bin.
                * 'linear_interp'
                    Discretize model by performing a bilinear interpolation
                    between the values at the corners of the bin.
                * 'oversample'
                    Discretize model by taking the average
                    on an oversampled grid.
                * 'integrate'
                    Discretize model by integrating the
                    model over the bin.
        factor : number, optional
            Factor of oversampling. Default factor = 10.

        Raises
        ------
        TypeError
            If model is not an instance of `~astropy.modeling.Fittable2DModel`

        See Also
        --------
        Model1DKernel : Create kernel from `~astropy.modeling.Fittable1DModel`
        CustomKernel : Create kernel from list or array

        Examples
        --------
        Define a Gaussian2D model:

            >>> from astropy.modeling.models import Gaussian2D
            >>> from astropy.convolution.kernels import Model2DKernel
            >>> gauss = Gaussian2D(1, 0, 0, 2, 2)

        And create a custom two-dimensional kernel from it:

            >>> gauss_kernel = Model2DKernel(gauss, x_size=9)

        This kernel can now be used like a usual astropy kernel.
        """

        _is_bool = False
        _separable = False

        def __init__(self, model, **kwargs):
            self._separable = False
            if isinstance(model, Fittable2DModel):
                self._model = model
            else:
                raise TypeError("Must be Fittable2DModel")
            super().__init__(**kwargs)

    class CustomKernel(Kernel):
        """
        Create filter kernel from list or array.

        Parameters
        ----------
        array : list or array
            Filter kernel array. Size must be odd.

        Raises
        ------
        TypeError
            If array is not a list or array.
        `~astropy.convolution.KernelSizeError`
            If array size is even.

        See Also
        --------
        Model2DKernel, Model1DKernel

        Examples
        --------
        Define one dimensional array:

            >>> from astropy.convolution.kernels import CustomKernel
            >>> import numpy as np
            >>> array = np.array([1, 2, 3, 2, 1])
            >>> kernel = CustomKernel(array)
            >>> kernel.dimension
            1

        Define two dimensional array:

            >>> array = np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 2, 1], [1, 1, 1]])
            >>> kernel = CustomKernel(array)
            >>> kernel.dimension
            2
        """

        def __init__(self, array):
            self.array = array
            super().__init__(self._array)

        @property
        def array(self):
            """
            Filter kernel array.
            """
            return self._array

        @array.setter
        def array(self, array):
            """
            Filter kernel array setter.
            """
            if isinstance(array, np.ndarray):
                self._array = array.astype(np.float64)
            elif isinstance(array, list):
                self._array = np.array(array, dtype=np.float64)
            else:
                raise TypeError("Must be list or array.")

            # Check if array is odd in all axes
            if has_even_axis(self):
                raise KernelSizeError("Kernel size must be odd in all axes.")

            # Check if array is bool
            ones = self._array == 1.0
            zeros = self._array == 0
            self._is_bool = bool(np.all(np.logical_or(ones, zeros)))