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# String Representations of Units and Quantities

## Converting to Strings

You can control the way that |Quantity| and |Unit| objects are rendered as strings using the Python Format String Syntax (demonstrated below using f-strings).

For a |Quantity|, format specifiers that are names of Built-In Formats are applied to the |Quantity| unit, and if possible also to the value. Format specifiers for numerical values, like `.3f`, will be applied to the |Quantity| value, without affecting the unit. Finally, specifiers like `^20s`, which would apply to a string, will be applied to the string representation of the |Quantity| as a whole. Format specifiers that apply to the unit part of a |Quantity| are also applicable to a |Unit| instance.

### Examples

To render |Quantity| or |Unit| objects as strings:

    >>> from astropy import units as u
    >>> q = 10.5 * u.km
    >>> q
    <Quantity  10.5 km>
    >>> f"{q}"
    '10.5 km'
    >>> f"{q:latex}"
    '$10.5 \\; \\mathrm{km}$'
    >>> f"{q:+.3f}"
    '+10.500 km'
    >>> f"{q:^20}"
    '        10.5         km'
    >>> f"{q:^20s}"
    '     10.5 km        '

To format both the value and the unit separately, you can access the |Quantity| attributes within format strings:

    >>> q = 10.5 * u.km
    >>> q
    <Quantity  10.5 km>
    >>> f"{q.value:.3f} in {q.unit}"
    '10.500 in km'

This might not work well with LaTeX strings, in which case it would be better to use the `Quantity.to_string()` method. Just like how `table.Column()` takes a format specifier or callable for formatting, you can also optionally specify a format via the `formatter` parameter with either type or additionally with a dictionary, the added benefit being a more flexible or tighter LaTeX output. It relies on `numpy.array2string()` for directly handling the `formatter`, which will effectively override the default LaTeX formatting for the scientific and complex notations provided by `Quantity.to_string()` unless the `formatter` is simply just a format specifier string or `None` (by default):

    >>> q = 1.2478e12 * u.pc/u.Myr
    >>> f"{q:latex}"  # Might not have the number of digits we would like
    '$1.2478 \\times 10^{12} \\; \\mathrm{\\frac{pc}{Myr}}$'
    >>> f"{q.value:.3e} {q.unit:latex}"  # The value is not in LaTeX
    '1.248e+12 $\\mathrm{\\frac{pc}{Myr}}$'
    >>> q.to_string(format="latex", precision=4)  # Right number of LaTeX digits
    '$1.248 \\times 10^{12} \\; \\mathrm{\\frac{pc}{Myr}}$'
    >>> q.to_string(format="latex", formatter=".2e")  # Specifying format_spec
    '$1.25 \\times 10^{12} \\; \\mathrm{\\frac{pc}{Myr}}$'
    >>> q.to_string(format="latex", formatter=lambda x: f"\\approx {float(x):.2e}")  # Custom formatting (overwrites)
    '$\\approx 1.25e+12 \\; \\mathrm{\\frac{pc}{Myr}}$'

Because |ndarray| does not accept most format specifiers, using specifiers like `.3f` will not work when applied to a |ndarray| or non-scalar |Quantity|. Use `numpy.array_str()` instead. For instance:

    >>> import numpy as np
    >>> q = np.linspace(0,1,10) * u.m
    >>> f"{np.array_str(q.value, precision=1)} {q.unit}"
    '[0.  0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1. ] m'

Examine the NumPy documentation for more examples with `numpy.array_str()`.

A |Unit|, or the unit part of a |Quantity|, can also be formatted in a number of different styles. By default, the string format used is the “generic” format, which is based on syntax of the FITS standard format for representing units, but supports all of the units defined within the `astropy.units` framework, including user-defined units. The format specifier (and `UnitBase.to_string()`) functions also take an optional parameter to select a different format:

    >>> q = 10 * u.km
    >>> f"{q:latex}"
    '$10 \\; \\mathrm{km}$'
    >>> fluxunit = u.erg / (u.cm ** 2 * u.s)
    >>> f"{fluxunit}"
    'erg / (s cm2)'
    >>> print(f"{fluxunit:unicode}")
    erg s⁻¹ cm⁻²
    >>> f"{fluxunit:latex}"
    '$\\mathrm{\\frac{erg}{s\\,cm^{2}}}$'
    >>> f"{fluxunit:>20s}"
    '       erg / (s cm2)'

The `UnitBase.to_string()` method is an alternative way to format units as strings, and is the underlying implementation of the `format`-style usage:

    >>> fluxunit = u.erg / (u.cm ** 2 * u.s)
    >>> fluxunit.to_string('latex')
    '$\\mathrm{\\frac{erg}{s\\,cm^{2}}}$'

### Deprecated Units

Some formats have deprecated units. By default converting such units to strings emits a warning:

    >>> u.erg.to_string(format="vounit")
    'erg'
    UnitsWarning: The unit 'erg' has been deprecated in the VOUnit standard. Suggested: cm**2.g.s**-2.

It is possible to raise errors instead of emitting warnings:

    >>> u.erg.to_string(format="vounit", deprecations="raise")
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    astropy.units.errors.UnitsError: The unit 'erg' has been deprecated in the VOUnit standard. Suggested: cm**2.g.s**-2.

Sometimes it is possible to automatically replace deprecated units:

    >>> u.erg.to_string(format="vounit", deprecations="convert")
    'cm**2.g.s**-2'

If automatic replacement is not possible then the deprecated unit is used for constructing the string and a warning is emitted. As a last resort, it is possible to silence the warnings:

    >>> u.erg.to_string(format="vounit", deprecations="silent")
    'erg'

## Converting from Strings

Units can also be created from strings in a number of different formats using the `Unit` class:

    >>> u.Unit("m")
    Unit("m")
    >>> u.Unit("erg / (s cm2)")
    Unit("erg / (s cm2)")
    >>> u.Unit("erg.s-1.cm-2", format="cds")
    Unit("erg / (s cm2)")

It is also possible to create a scalar |Quantity| from a string:

    >>> u.Quantity("3m/s")
    <Quantity 3. m / s>

Note

Converting from strings requires the use of a specialized parser for the unit language, which results in a performance penalty. It is much faster to use |Unit| objects directly (e.g., `unit = u.degree / u.minute`) instead of via string parsing (`unit = u.Unit('deg/min')`). This parser is very useful, however, if your unit definitions are coming from a file format such as FITS or VOTable.

## Built-In Formats

`astropy.units` includes support for parsing and writing the following formats:

> - `"fits"`: This is the format defined in the Units section of the FITS Standard. Unlike the “generic” string format, this will only accept or generate units defined in the FITS standard.

> - `"vounit"`: The Units in the VO 1.0 standard for representing units in the VO. Again, based on the FITS syntax, but the collection of supported units is different.

> - `"cds"`: Standards for astronomical catalogues from Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg: This is the standard used by Vizier tables, as well as what is used by VOTable versions 1.3 and earlier.

> - `"ogip"`: A standard for storing units as recommended by the Office of Guest Investigator Programs (OGIP).

`astropy.units` is also able to write units in the following formats, but parsing depends on the format, see details below:

> - `"latex"`: Writes units out using LaTeX math syntax using the IAU Style Manual recommendations for unit presentation. This format is automatically used when printing a unit in the |IPython| notebook:

>       >>> f"{fluxunit:latex}"
>       '$\\mathrm{\\frac{erg}{s\\,cm^{2}}}$'

>   which renders as

>   \[\mathrm{\frac{erg}{s\,cm^{2}}}\]

> - `"latex_inline"`: Writes units out using LaTeX math syntax using the IAU Style Manual recommendations for unit presentation, using negative powers instead of fractions, as required by some journals (e.g., Apj and AJ). Best suited for unit representation inline with text:

>       >>> fluxunit.to_string('latex_inline')
>       '$\\mathrm{erg\\,s^{-1}\\,cm^{-2}}$'

>   which renders as

>   \[\mathrm{erg\,s^{-1}\,cm^{-2}}\]

> - `"console"`: Writes a representation of the unit useful for display in a text console:

>       >>> print(fluxunit.to_string('console'))
>        erg s^-1 cm^-2

>   It is also possible to use a fraction, either on a single line,

>       >>> print(fluxunit.to_string('console', fraction='inline'))
>       erg / (s cm^2)

>   or using a multiline representation:

>       >>> print(fluxunit.to_string('console', fraction='multiline'))
>        erg
>       ------
>       s cm^2

>   The `"console"` format is not meant to be parsed back to |Unit| objects, even though it does generally work as long as no scale factors are present and one does not use `fraction="multiline"`.

> - `"unicode"`: Same as `"console"`, except uses Unicode characters. Similar restrictions for parsing the output back apply:

>       >>> print(u.Ry.decompose().to_string('unicode'))
>       2.1798724×10⁻¹⁸ m² kg s⁻²
>       >>> print(u.Ry.decompose().to_string('unicode', fraction=True))
>       2.1798724×10⁻¹⁸ m² kg / s²
>       >>> print(u.Ry.decompose().to_string('unicode', fraction='multiline'))
>                       m² kg
>       2.1798724×10⁻¹⁸ ─────
>                        s²

## Dealing with Unrecognized Units

Since many files found in the wild have unit strings that do not correspond to any given standard, `astropy.units` contains functionality for both validating the strings, and for reading in datasets that contain invalid unit strings.

By default, passing an unrecognized unit string raises an exception:

    >>> # The FITS standard uses 'angstrom', not 'Angstroem'
    >>> u.Unit("Angstroem", format="fits")
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    ValueError: 'Angstroem' did not parse as fits unit: At col 0, Unit
    'Angstroem' not supported by the FITS standard. Did you mean Angstrom
    or angstrom? If this is meant to be a custom unit, define it with
    'u.def_unit'. To have it recognized inside a file reader or other
    code, enable it with 'u.add_enabled_units'. For details, see
    https://docs.astropy.org/en/latest/units/combining_and_defining.html

However, the `Unit` constructor obeys the keyword argument `parse_strict` that can take one of three values to control this behavior:

> - `'raise'`: (default) raise a `ValueError`.

> - `'warn'`: emit a `UnitParserWarning`, and return a unit.

> - `'silent'`: return a unit without raising errors or emitting warnings.

The type of unit returned when `parse_strict` is `'warn'` or `'silent'` depends on how serious the standard violation is. In case of a minor standard violation, `Unit` can sometimes nonetheless parse the unit. The warning message (if `parse_strict='warn'`) will then contain information about how the invalid string was interpreted. In case of more serious standard violations an `UnrecognizedUnit` instance is returned instead. In such cases, particularly in case of misspelt units, it might be helpful to register additional unit aliases with `set_enabled_aliases()` (e.g., ‘Angstroms’ for ‘Angstrom’; as demonstrated below), or to define new units via `def_unit()` and `add_enabled_units()`,

### Examples

To set unit aliases, pass `set_enabled_aliases()` a `dict` mapping the misspelt string to an astropy unit. The following code snippet shows how to set up Angstroem -> Angstrom:

    >>> u.set_enabled_aliases({"Angstroem": u.Angstrom})
    <astropy.units.core._UnitContext object at 0x...>
    >>> u.Unit("Angstroem")
    Unit("Angstrom")
    >>> u.Unit("Angstroem") == u.Angstrom
    True

You can also set multiple aliases up at once or add to existing ones:

    >>> u.set_enabled_aliases({"Angstroem": u.Angstrom, "Angstroms": u.Angstrom})
    <astropy.units.core._UnitContext object at 0x...>
    >>> u.add_enabled_aliases({"angstroem": u.Angstrom})
    <astropy.units.core._UnitContext object at 0x...>
    >>> u.Unit("Angstroem") == u.Unit("Angstroms") == u.Unit("angstroem") == u.Angstrom
    True

The aliases can be reset by passing an empty dictionary:

    >>> u.set_enabled_aliases({})
    <astropy.units.core._UnitContext object at 0x...>

You can use both `set_enabled_aliases()` and `add_enabled_aliases()` as a context manager, limiting where a particular alias is used:

    >>> with u.add_enabled_aliases({"Angstroem": u.Angstrom}):
    ...     print(u.Unit("Angstroem") == u.Angstrom)
    True
    >>> u.Unit("Angstroem") == u.Angstrom
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    ValueError: 'Angstroem' did not parse as unit: At col 0, Angstroem is not
    a valid unit. Did you mean Angstrom, angstrom, mAngstrom or mangstrom? If
    this is meant to be a custom unit, define it with 'u.def_unit'. To have it
    recognized inside a file reader or other code, enable it with
    'u.add_enabled_units'. For details, see
    https://docs.astropy.org/en/latest/units/combining_and_defining.html

To pass an unrecognized unit string:

    >>> x = u.Unit("Angstroem", format="fits", parse_strict="warn")
    UnitsWarning: 'Angstroem' did not parse as fits unit: At col 0, Unit
    'Angstroem' not supported by the FITS standard. Did you mean Angstrom or
    angstrom? If this is meant to be a custom unit, define it with 'u.def_unit'.
    To have it recognized inside a file reader or other code, enable it with
    'u.add_enabled_units'. For details, see
    https://docs.astropy.org/en/latest/units/combining_and_defining.html

This `UnrecognizedUnit` object remembers the original string it was created with, so it can be written back out, but any meaningful operations on it, such as converting to another unit or composing with other units, will fail.

    >>> x.to_string()
    'Angstroem'
    >>> x.to(u.km)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    ValueError: The unit 'Angstroem' is unrecognized.  It can not be
    converted to other units.
    >>> x / u.m
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    ValueError: The unit 'Angstroem' is unrecognized, so all arithmetic
    operations with it are invalid.