# 13 Prompt Expansion ¶

## 13.1 Expansion of Prompt Sequences ¶

Prompt sequences undergo a special form of expansion. This type of expansion is also available using the `-P` option to the `print` builtin.

If the `PROMPT_SUBST` option is set, the prompt string is first subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution and arithmetic expansion. See Expansion.

Certain escape sequences may be recognised in the prompt string.

If the `PROMPT_BANG` option is set, a ‘`!`’ in the prompt is replaced by the current history event number. A literal ‘`!`’ may then be represented as ‘`!!`’.

If the `PROMPT_PERCENT` option is set, certain escape sequences that start with ‘`%`’ are expanded. Many escapes are followed by a single character, although some of these take an optional integer argument that should appear between the ‘`%`’ and the next character of the sequence. More complicated escape sequences are available to provide conditional expansion.

## 13.2 Simple Prompt Escapes ¶

### 13.2.1 Special characters ¶

`%%`

  A ‘`%`’.

`%)`

  A ‘`)`’.

### 13.2.2 Login information ¶

`%l`

  The line (tty) the user is logged in on, without ‘`/dev/`’ prefix. If the name starts with ‘`/dev/tty`’, that prefix is stripped.

`%M`

  The full machine hostname.

`%m`

  The hostname up to the first ‘`.`’. An integer may follow the ‘`%`’ to specify how many components of the hostname are desired. With a negative integer, trailing components of the hostname are shown.

`%n`

  `$USERNAME`.

`%y`

  The line (tty) the user is logged in on, without ‘`/dev/`’ prefix. This does not treat ‘`/dev/tty`’ names specially.

### 13.2.3 Shell state ¶

`%#`

  A ‘`#`’ if the shell is running with privileges, a ‘`%`’ if not. Equivalent to ‘`%(!.#.%%)`’. The definition of ‘privileged’, for these purposes, is that either the effective user ID is zero, or, if POSIX.1e capabilities are supported, that at least one capability is raised in either the Effective or Inheritable capability vectors.

`%?`

  The return status of the last command executed just before the prompt.

`%_`

  The status of the parser, i.e. the shell constructs (like ‘`if`’ and ‘`for`’) that have been started on the command line. If given an integer number that many strings will be printed; zero or negative or no integer means print as many as there are. This is most useful in prompts `PS2` for continuation lines and `PS4` for debugging with the `XTRACE` option; in the latter case it will also work non-interactively.

`%^`

  The status of the parser in reverse. This is the same as ‘`%_`’ other than the order of strings. It is often used in `RPS2`.

`%d`
`%/`

  Current working directory. If an integer follows the ‘`%`’, it specifies a number of trailing components of the current working directory to show; zero means the whole path. A negative integer specifies leading components, i.e. `%-1d` specifies the first component.

`%~`

  As `%d` and `%/`, but if the current working directory starts with `$HOME`, that part is replaced by a ‘`~`’. Furthermore, if it has a named directory as its prefix, that part is replaced by a ‘`~`’ followed by the name of the directory, but only if the result is shorter than the full path; Filename Expansion.

`%e`

  Evaluation depth of the current sourced file, shell function, or `eval`. This is incremented or decremented every time the value of `%N` is set or reverted to a previous value, respectively. This is most useful for debugging as part of `$PS4`.

`%h`
`%!`

  Current history event number.

`%i`

  The line number currently being executed in the script, sourced file, or shell function given by `%N`. This is most useful for debugging as part of `$PS4`.

`%I`

  The line number currently being executed in the file `%x`. This is similar to `%i`, but the line number is always a line number in the file where the code was defined, even if the code is a shell function.

`%j`

  The number of jobs.

`%L`

  The current value of `$SHLVL`.

`%N`

  The name of the script, sourced file, or shell function that zsh is currently executing, whichever was started most recently. If there is none, this is equivalent to the parameter `$0`. An integer may follow the ‘`%`’ to specify a number of trailing path components to show; zero means the full path. A negative integer specifies leading components.

`%x`

  The name of the file containing the source code currently being executed. This behaves as `%N` except that function and eval command names are not shown, instead the file where they were defined.

`%c`
`%.`
`%C`

  Trailing component of the current working directory. An integer may follow the ‘`%`’ to get more than one component. Unless ‘`%C`’ is used, tilde contraction is performed first. These are deprecated as `%c` and `%C` are equivalent to `%1~` and `%1/`, respectively, while explicit positive integers have the same effect as for the latter two sequences.

### 13.2.4 Date and time ¶

`%D`

  The date in yy`-`mm`-`dd format.

`%T`

  Current time of day, in 24-hour format.

`%t`
`%@`

  Current time of day, in 12-hour, am/pm format.

`%*`

  Current time of day in 24-hour format, with seconds.

`%w`

  The date in day`-`dd format.

`%W`

  The date in mm`/`dd`/`yy format.

`%D{`string`}`

  string is formatted using the `strftime` function. See strftime(3) for more details. Various zsh extensions provide numbers with no leading zero or space if the number is a single digit:

  `%f`

    a day of the month

  `%K`

    the hour of the day on the 24-hour clock

  `%L`

    the hour of the day on the 12-hour clock

  In addition, if the system supports the POSIX `gettimeofday` system call, `%.` provides decimal fractions of a second since the epoch with leading zeroes. By default three decimal places are provided, but a number of digits up to 9 may be given following the `%`; hence `%6.` outputs microseconds, and `%9.` outputs nanoseconds. (The latter requires a nanosecond-precision `clock_gettime`; systems lacking this will return a value multiplied by the appropriate power of 10.) A typical example of this is the format ‘`%D{%H:%M:%S.%.}`’.

  The GNU extension `%N` is handled as a synonym for `%9.`.

  Additionally, the GNU extension that a ‘`-`’ between the `%` and the format character causes a leading zero or space to be stripped is handled directly by the shell for the format characters `d`, `f`, `H`, `k`, `l`, `m`, `M`, `S` and `y`; any other format characters are provided to the system’s strftime(3) with any leading ‘`-`’ present, so the handling is system dependent. Further GNU (or other) extensions are also passed to strftime(3) and may work if the system supports them.

### 13.2.5 Visual effects ¶

`%B` (`%b`)

  Start (stop) boldface mode.

`%E`

  Clear to end of line.

`%U` (`%u`)

  Start (stop) underline mode.

`%S` (`%s`)

  Start (stop) standout mode.

`%F` (`%f`)

  Start (stop) using a different foreground colour, if supported by the terminal. The colour may be specified two ways: either as a numeric argument, as normal, or by a sequence in braces following the `%F`, for example `%F{red}`. In the latter case the values allowed are as described for the `fg` `zle_highlight` attribute; Character Highlighting. This means that numeric colours are allowed in the second format also.

`%K` (`%k`)

  Start (stop) using a different bacKground colour. The syntax is identical to that for `%F` and `%f`.

`%{`...`%}`

  Include a string as a literal escape sequence. The string within the braces should not change the cursor position. Brace pairs can nest.

  A positive numeric argument between the `%` and the `{` is treated as described for `%G` below.

`%G`

  Within a `%{`...`%}` sequence, include a ‘glitch’: that is, assume that a single character width will be output. This is useful when outputting characters that otherwise cannot be correctly handled by the shell, such as the alternate character set on some terminals. The characters in question can be included within a `%{`...`%}` sequence together with the appropriate number of `%G` sequences to indicate the correct width. An integer between the ‘`%`’ and ‘`G`’ indicates a character width other than one. Hence `%{`seq`%2G%}` outputs seq and assumes it takes up the width of two standard characters.

  Multiple uses of `%G` accumulate in the obvious fashion; the position of the `%G` is unimportant. Negative integers are not handled.

  Note that when prompt truncation is in use it is advisable to divide up output into single characters within each `%{`...`%}` group so that the correct truncation point can be found.

## 13.3 Conditional Substrings in Prompts ¶

`%v` ¶

  The value of the first element of the `psvar` array parameter. Following the ‘`%`’ with an integer gives that element of the array. Negative integers count from the end of the array.

`%(`x`.`true-text`.`false-text`)`

  Specifies a ternary expression. The character following the x is arbitrary; the same character is used to separate the text for the ‘true’ result from that for the ‘false’ result. This separator may not appear in the true-text, except as part of a %-escape sequence. A ‘`)`’ may appear in the false-text as ‘`%)`’. true-text and false-text may both contain arbitrarily-nested escape sequences, including further ternary expressions.

  The left parenthesis may be preceded or followed by a positive integer n, which defaults to zero. A negative integer will be multiplied by -1, except as noted below for ‘`l`’. The test character x may be any of the following:

  `!`

    True if the shell is running with privileges.

  `#`

    True if the effective uid of the current process is n.

  `?`

    True if the exit status of the last command was n.

  `_`

    True if at least n shell constructs were started.

  `C`
  `/`

    True if the current absolute path has at least n elements relative to the root directory, hence `/` is counted as 0 elements.

  `c`
  `.`
  `~`

    True if the current path, with prefix replacement, has at least n elements relative to the root directory, hence `/` is counted as 0 elements.

  `D`

    True if the month is equal to n (January = 0).

  `d`

    True if the day of the month is equal to n.

  `e`

    True if the evaluation depth is at least n.

  `g`

    True if the effective gid of the current process is n.

  `j`

    True if the number of jobs is at least n.

  `L`

    True if the `SHLVL` parameter is at least n.

  `l`

    True if at least n characters have already been printed on the current line. When n is negative, true if at least `abs``(`n`)` characters remain before the opposite margin (thus the left margin for `RPROMPT`).

  `S`

    True if the `SECONDS` parameter is at least n.

  `T`

    True if the time in hours is equal to n.

  `t`

    True if the time in minutes is equal to n.

  `v`

    True if the array `psvar` has at least n elements.

  `V`

    True if element n of the array `psvar` is set and non-empty.

  `w`

    True if the day of the week is equal to n (Sunday = 0).

`%<`string`<`
`%>`string`>`
`%[`xstring`]`

  Specifies truncation behaviour for the remainder of the prompt string. The third, deprecated, form is equivalent to ‘`%`xstringx’, i.e. x may be ‘`<`’ or ‘`>`’. The string will be displayed in place of the truncated portion of any string; note this does not undergo prompt expansion.

  The numeric argument, which in the third form may appear immediately after the ‘`[`’, specifies the maximum permitted length of the various strings that can be displayed in the prompt. In the first two forms, this numeric argument may be negative, in which case the truncation length is determined by subtracting the absolute value of the numeric argument from the number of character positions remaining on the current prompt line. If this results in a zero or negative length, a length of 1 is used. In other words, a negative argument arranges that after truncation at least n characters remain before the right margin (left margin for `RPROMPT`).

  The forms with ‘`<`’ truncate at the left of the string, and the forms with ‘`>`’ truncate at the right of the string. For example, if the current directory is ‘`/home/pike`’, the prompt ‘`%8<..<%/`’ will expand to ‘`..e/pike`’. In this string, the terminating character (‘`<`’, ‘`>`’ or ‘`]`’), or in fact any character, may be quoted by a preceding ‘`\`’; note when using `print -P`, however, that this must be doubled as the string is also subject to standard `print` processing, in addition to any backslashes removed by a double quoted string: the worst case is therefore ‘`print -P "%<\\\\<<..."`’.

  If the string is longer than the specified truncation length, it will appear in full, completely replacing the truncated string.

  The part of the prompt string to be truncated runs to the end of the string, or to the end of the next enclosing group of the ‘`%(`’ construct, or to the next truncation encountered at the same grouping level (i.e. truncations inside a ‘`%(`’ are separate), which ever comes first. In particular, a truncation with argument zero (e.g., ‘`%<<`’) marks the end of the range of the string to be truncated while turning off truncation from there on. For example, the prompt ‘`%10<...<%~%<<%#` ’ will print a truncated representation of the current directory, followed by a ‘`%`’ or ‘`#`’, followed by a space. Without the ‘`%<<`’, those two characters would be included in the string to be truncated. Note that ‘`%-0<<`’ is not equivalent to ‘`%<<`’ but specifies that the prompt is truncated at the right margin.

  Truncation applies only within each individual line of the prompt, as delimited by embedded newlines (if any). If the total length of any line of the prompt after truncation is greater than the terminal width, or if the part to be truncated contains embedded newlines, truncation behavior is undefined and may change in a future version of the shell. Use ‘`%-`n`(l.`true-text`.`false-text`)`’ to remove parts of the prompt when the available space is less than n.

This document was generated on February 2, 2026 using texi2any.

Zsh version 5.9, released on May 14, 2022.