# Parsing command-lines with usage.Options

## Introduction

There is frequently a need for programs to parse a UNIX-like command line program: options preceded by `-` or `--` , sometimes followed by a parameter, followed by a list of arguments. The `twisted.python.usage` provides a class, `Options` , to facilitate such parsing.

While Python has the `getopt` module for doing this, it provides a very low level of abstraction for options. Twisted has a higher level of abstraction, in the class `twisted.python.usage.Options` . It uses Python’s reflection facilities to provide an easy to use yet flexible interface to the command line. While most command line processors either force the application writer to write their own loops, or have arbitrary limitations on the command line (the most common one being not being able to have more than one instance of a specific option, thus rendering the idiom `program -v -v -v` impossible), Twisted allows the programmer to decide how much control they want.

The `Options` class is used by subclassing. Since a lot of time it will be used in the `twisted.tap` package, where the local conventions require the specific options parsing class to also be called `Options` , it is usually imported with

    from twisted.python import usage

## Boolean Options

For simple boolean options, define the attribute `optFlags` like this:

    class Options(usage.Options):

        optFlags = [["fast", "f", "Act quickly"], ["safe", "s", "Act safely"]]

`optFlags` should be a list of 3-lists. The first element is the long name, and will be used on the command line as `--fast` . The second one is the short name, and will be used on the command line as `-f` . The last element is a description of the flag and will be used to generate the usage information text. The long name also determines the name of the key that will be set on the Options instance. Its value will be 1 if the option was seen, 0 otherwise. Here is an example for usage:

    from __future__ import print_function

    class Options(usage.Options):

        optFlags = [
            ["fast", "f", "Act quickly"],
            ["good", "g", "Act well"],
            ["cheap", "c", "Act cheaply"]
        ]

    command_line = ["-g", "--fast"]

    options = Options()
    try:
        options.parseOptions(command_line)
    except usage.UsageError as errortext:
        print('{}: {}'.format(sys.argv[0], errortext))
        print('{}: Try --help for usage details.'.format(sys.argv[0]))
        sys.exit(1)
    if options['fast']:
        print("fast", end='')
    if options['good']:
        print("good", end='')
    if options['cheap']:
        print("cheap", end='')
    print()

The above will print `fast good` .

Note here that Options fully supports the mapping interface. You can access it mostly just like you can access any other dict. Options are stored as mapping items in the Options instance: parameters as ‘paramname’: ‘value’ and flags as ‘flagname’: 1 or 0.

### Inheritance, Or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Superclass

Sometimes there is a need for several option processors with a unifying core. Perhaps you want all your commands to understand `-q` /`--quiet` means to be quiet, or something similar. On the face of it, this looks impossible: in Python, the subclass’s `optFlags` would shadow the superclass’s. However, `usage.Options` uses special reflection code to get all of the `optFlags` defined in the hierarchy. So the following:

    class BaseOptions(usage.Options):

        optFlags = [["quiet", "q", None]]

    class SpecificOptions(BaseOptions):

        optFlags = [
            ["fast", "f", None], ["good", "g", None], ["cheap", "c", None]
        ]

Is the same as:

    class SpecificOptions(usage.Options):

        optFlags = [
            ["quiet", "q", "Silence output"],
            ["fast", "f", "Run quickly"],
            ["good", "g", "Don't validate input"],
            ["cheap", "c", "Use cheap resources"]
        ]

## Parameters

Parameters are specified using the attribute `optParameters` . They must be given a default. If you want to make sure you got the parameter from the command line, give a non-string default. Since the command line only has strings, this is completely reliable.

Here is an example:

    from __future__ import print_function

    from twisted.python import usage

    class Options(usage.Options):

        optFlags = [
            ["fast", "f", "Run quickly"],
            ["good", "g", "Don't validate input"],
            ["cheap", "c", "Use cheap resources"]
        ]
        optParameters = [["user", "u", None, "The user name"]]

    config = Options()
    try:
        config.parseOptions() # When given no argument, parses sys.argv[1:]
    except usage.UsageError as errortext:
        print('{}: {}'.format(sys.argv[0], errortext))
        print('{}: Try --help for usage details.'.format(sys.argv[0]))
        sys.exit(1)

    if config['user'] is not None:
        print("Hello", config['user'])
    print("So, you want it:")

    if config['fast']:
        print("fast", end='')
    if config['good']:
        print("good", end='')
    if config['cheap']:
        print("cheap", end='')
    print()

Like `optFlags` , `optParameters` works smoothly with inheritance.

## Option Subcommands

It is useful, on occasion, to group a set of options together based on the logical “action” to which they belong. For this, the `usage.Options` class allows you to define a set of “subcommands” , each of which can provide its own `usage.Options` instance to handle its particular options.

Here is an example for an Options class that might parse options like those the cvs program takes

    from twisted.python import usage

    class ImportOptions(usage.Options):
        optParameters = [
            ['module', 'm', None, None], ['vendor', 'v', None, None],
            ['release', 'r', None]
        ]

    class CheckoutOptions(usage.Options):
        optParameters = [['module', 'm', None, None], ['tag', 'r', None, None]]

    class Options(usage.Options):
        subCommands = [['import', None, ImportOptions, "Do an Import"],
                       ['checkout', None, CheckoutOptions, "Do a Checkout"]]

        optParameters = [
            ['compression', 'z', 0, 'Use compression'],
            ['repository', 'r', None, 'Specify an alternate repository']
        ]

    config = Options(); config.parseOptions()
    if config.subCommand == 'import':
        doImport(config.subOptions)
    elif config.subCommand == 'checkout':
        doCheckout(config.subOptions)

The `subCommands` attribute of `Options` directs the parser to the two other `Options` subclasses when the strings `"import"` or `"checkout"` are present on the command line. All options after the given command string are passed to the specified Options subclass for further parsing. Only one subcommand may be specified at a time. After parsing has completed, the Options instance has two new attributes - `subCommand` and `subOptions` - which hold the command string and the Options instance used to parse the remaining options.

## Generic Code For Options

Sometimes, just setting an attribute on the basis of the options is not flexible enough. In those cases, Twisted does not even attempt to provide abstractions such as “counts” or “lists” , but rather lets you call your own method, which will be called whenever the option is encountered.

Here is an example of counting verbosity

    from twisted.python import usage

    class Options(usage.Options):

        def __init__(self):
            usage.Options.__init__(self)
            self['verbosity'] = 0 # default

        def opt_verbose(self):
            self['verbosity'] = self['verbosity']+1

        def opt_quiet(self):
            self['verbosity'] = self['verbosity']-1

        opt_v = opt_verbose
        opt_q = opt_quiet

Command lines that look like `command -v -v -v -v` will increase verbosity to 4, while `command -q -q -q` will decrease verbosity to -3.

The `usage.Options` class knows that these are parameter-less options, since the methods do not receive an argument. Here is an example for a method with a parameter:

    from twisted.python import usage

    class Options(usage.Options):

        def __init__(self):
            usage.Options.__init__(self)
            self['symbols'] = []

        def opt_define(self, symbol):
            self['symbols'].append(symbol)

        opt_D = opt_define

This example is useful for the common idiom of having `command -DFOO -DBAR` to define symbols.

## Parsing Arguments

`usage.Options` does not stop helping when the last parameter is gone. All the other arguments are sent into a function which should deal with them. Here is an example for a `cmp` like command.

    from twisted.python import usage

    class Options(usage.Options):

        optParameters = [["max_differences", "d", 1, None]]

        def parseArgs(self, origin, changed):
            self['origin'] = origin
            self['changed'] = changed

The command should look like `command origin changed` .

If you want to have a variable number of left-over arguments, just use `def parseArgs(self, *args):` . This is useful for commands like the UNIX `cat(1)` .

## Post Processing

Sometimes, you want to perform post processing of options to patch up inconsistencies, and the like. Here is an example:

    from twisted.python import usage

    class Options(usage.Options):

        optFlags = [
            ["fast", "f", "Run quickly"],
            ["good", "g", "Don't validate input"],
            ["cheap", "c", "Use cheap resources"]
        ]

        def postOptions(self):
            if self['fast'] and self['good'] and self['cheap']:
                raise usage.UsageError("can't have it all, brother")

## Type enforcement

By default, all options are handled as strings. You may want to enforce the type of your option in some specific case, the classic example being port number. Any callable can be specified in the fifth row of `optParameters` and will be called with the string value passed in parameter.

    from twisted.python import usage

    class Options(usage.Options):
        optParameters = [
                ["shiny_integer", "s", 1, None, int],
                ["dummy_float", "d", 3.14159, None, float],
            ]

Note that default values are not coerced, so you should either declare it with the good type (as above) or handle it when you use your options.

The coerce function may have a coerceDoc attribute, the content of which will be printed after the documentation of the option. It’s particularly useful for reusing the function at multiple places.

    def oneTwoThree(val):
        val = int(val)
        if val not in range(1, 4):
            raise ValueError("Not in range")
        return val
    oneTwoThree.coerceDoc = "Must be 1, 2 or 3."

    from twisted.python import usage

    class Options(usage.Options):
        optParameters = [["one_choice", "o", 1, None, oneTwoThree]]

This example code will print the following help when added to your program:

    $ python myprogram.py --help
    Usage: myprogram [options]
    Options:
      -o, --one_choice=           [default: 0]. Must be 1, 2 or 3.

## Shell tab-completion

The `Options` class may provide tab-completion to interactive command shells. Only `zsh` is supported at present, but there is some interest in supporting `bash` in the future.

Support is automatic for all of the commands shipped with Twisted. Zsh has shipped, for a number of years, a completion function which ties in to the support provided by the `Options` class.

If you are writing a `twistd` plugin, then tab-completion for your `twistd` sub-command is also automatic.

For other commands you may easily provide zsh tab-completion support. Copy the file “twisted/python/twisted-completion.zsh” and name it something like “_mycommand”. A leading underscore with no extension is zsh’s convention for completion function files.

Edit the new file and change the first line to refer only to your new command(s), like so:

    #compdef mycommand

Then ensure this file is made available to the shell by placing it in one of the directories appearing in zsh’s $fpath. Restart zsh, and ensure advanced completion is enabled (`autoload -U compinit; compinit)` . You should then be able to type the name of your command and press Tab to have your command-line options completed.

### Completion metadata

Optionally, a special attribute, `compData` , may be defined on your `Options` subclass in order to provide more information to the shell-completion system. The attribute should be an instance of I DON’T KNOW WHAT TO DO WITH THIS LINK!

In addition, `compData` may be defined on parent classes in your inheritance hiearchy. The information from each I DON’T KNOW WHAT TO DO WITH THIS LINK!