# Source code for subprocess

    # subprocess - Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
    #
    # For more information about this module, see PEP 324.
    #
    # Copyright (c) 2003-2005 by Peter Astrand <astrand@lysator.liu.se>
    #
    # Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.

    r"""Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams

    This module allows you to spawn processes, connect to their
    input/output/error pipes, and obtain their return codes.

    For a complete description of this module see the Python documentation.

    Main API
    ========
    run(...): Runs a command, waits for it to complete, then returns a
              CompletedProcess instance.
    Popen(...): A class for flexibly executing a command in a new process

    Constants
    ---------
    DEVNULL: Special value that indicates that os.devnull should be used
    PIPE:    Special value that indicates a pipe should be created
    STDOUT:  Special value that indicates that stderr should go to stdout

    Older API
    =========
    call(...): Runs a command, waits for it to complete, then returns
        the return code.
    check_call(...): Same as call() but raises CalledProcessError()
        if return code is not 0
    check_output(...): Same as check_call() but returns the contents of
        stdout instead of a return code
    getoutput(...): Runs a command in the shell, waits for it to complete,
        then returns the output
    getstatusoutput(...): Runs a command in the shell, waits for it to complete,
        then returns a (exitcode, output) tuple
    """

    import builtins
    import errno
    import io
    import locale
    import os
    import time
    import signal
    import sys
    import threading
    import warnings
    import contextlib
    from time import monotonic as _time
    import types

    try:
        import fcntl
    except ImportError:
        fcntl = None

    __all__ = ["Popen", "PIPE", "STDOUT", "call", "check_call", "getstatusoutput",
               "getoutput", "check_output", "run", "CalledProcessError", "DEVNULL",
               "SubprocessError", "TimeoutExpired", "CompletedProcess"]
               # NOTE: We intentionally exclude list2cmdline as it is
               # considered an internal implementation detail.  issue10838.

    # use presence of msvcrt to detect Windows-like platforms (see bpo-8110)
    try:
        import msvcrt
    except ModuleNotFoundError:
        _mswindows = False
    else:
        _mswindows = True

    # some platforms do not support subprocesses
    _can_fork_exec = sys.platform not in {"emscripten", "wasi", "ios", "tvos", "watchos"}

    if _mswindows:
        import _winapi
        from _winapi import (CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE, CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP,  # noqa: F401
                             STD_INPUT_HANDLE, STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE,
                             STD_ERROR_HANDLE, SW_HIDE,
                             STARTF_USESTDHANDLES, STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW,
                             STARTF_FORCEONFEEDBACK, STARTF_FORCEOFFFEEDBACK,
                             ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS, BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS,
                             HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS, IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS,
                             NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS, REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS,
                             CREATE_NO_WINDOW, DETACHED_PROCESS,
                             CREATE_DEFAULT_ERROR_MODE, CREATE_BREAKAWAY_FROM_JOB)

        __all__.extend(["CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE", "CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP",
                        "STD_INPUT_HANDLE", "STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE",
                        "STD_ERROR_HANDLE", "SW_HIDE",
                        "STARTF_USESTDHANDLES", "STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW",
                        "STARTF_FORCEONFEEDBACK", "STARTF_FORCEOFFFEEDBACK",
                        "STARTUPINFO",
                        "ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS", "BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS",
                        "HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS", "IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS",
                        "NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS", "REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS",
                        "CREATE_NO_WINDOW", "DETACHED_PROCESS",
                        "CREATE_DEFAULT_ERROR_MODE", "CREATE_BREAKAWAY_FROM_JOB"])
    else:
        if _can_fork_exec:
            from _posixsubprocess import fork_exec as _fork_exec
            # used in methods that are called by __del__
            class _del_safe:
                waitpid = os.waitpid
                waitstatus_to_exitcode = os.waitstatus_to_exitcode
                WIFSTOPPED = os.WIFSTOPPED
                WSTOPSIG = os.WSTOPSIG
                WNOHANG = os.WNOHANG
                ECHILD = errno.ECHILD
        else:
            class _del_safe:
                waitpid = None
                waitstatus_to_exitcode = None
                WIFSTOPPED = None
                WSTOPSIG = None
                WNOHANG = None
                ECHILD = errno.ECHILD

        import select
        import selectors

    # Exception classes used by this module.
    class SubprocessError(Exception): pass

    class CalledProcessError(SubprocessError):
        """Raised when run() is called with check=True and the process
        returns a non-zero exit status.

        Attributes:
          cmd, returncode, stdout, stderr, output
        """
        def __init__(self, returncode, cmd, output=None, stderr=None):
            self.returncode = returncode
            self.cmd = cmd
            self.output = output
            self.stderr = stderr

        def __str__(self):
            if self.returncode and self.returncode < 0:
                try:
                    return "Command '%s' died with %r." % (
                            self.cmd, signal.Signals(-self.returncode))
                except ValueError:
                    return "Command '%s' died with unknown signal %d." % (
                            self.cmd, -self.returncode)
            else:
                return "Command '%s' returned non-zero exit status %d." % (
                        self.cmd, self.returncode)

        @property
        def stdout(self):
            """Alias for output attribute, to match stderr"""
            return self.output

        @stdout.setter
        def stdout(self, value):
            # There's no obvious reason to set this, but allow it anyway so
            # .stdout is a transparent alias for .output
            self.output = value

    class TimeoutExpired(SubprocessError):
        """This exception is raised when the timeout expires while waiting for a
        child process.

        Attributes:
            cmd, output, stdout, stderr, timeout
        """
        def __init__(self, cmd, timeout, output=None, stderr=None):
            self.cmd = cmd
            self.timeout = timeout
            self.output = output
            self.stderr = stderr

        def __str__(self):
            return ("Command '%s' timed out after %s seconds" %
                    (self.cmd, self.timeout))

        @property
        def stdout(self):
            return self.output

        @stdout.setter
        def stdout(self, value):
            # There's no obvious reason to set this, but allow it anyway so
            # .stdout is a transparent alias for .output
            self.output = value

    if _mswindows:
        class STARTUPINFO:
            def __init__(self, *, dwFlags=0, hStdInput=None, hStdOutput=None,
                         hStdError=None, wShowWindow=0, lpAttributeList=None):
                self.dwFlags = dwFlags
                self.hStdInput = hStdInput
                self.hStdOutput = hStdOutput
                self.hStdError = hStdError
                self.wShowWindow = wShowWindow
                self.lpAttributeList = lpAttributeList or {"handle_list": []}

            def copy(self):
                attr_list = self.lpAttributeList.copy()
                if 'handle_list' in attr_list:
                    attr_list['handle_list'] = list(attr_list['handle_list'])

                return STARTUPINFO(dwFlags=self.dwFlags,
                                   hStdInput=self.hStdInput,
                                   hStdOutput=self.hStdOutput,
                                   hStdError=self.hStdError,
                                   wShowWindow=self.wShowWindow,
                                   lpAttributeList=attr_list)

        class Handle(int):
            closed = False

            def Close(self, CloseHandle=_winapi.CloseHandle):
                if not self.closed:
                    self.closed = True
                    CloseHandle(self)

            def Detach(self):
                if not self.closed:
                    self.closed = True
                    return int(self)
                raise ValueError("already closed")

            def __repr__(self):
                return "%s(%d)" % (self.__class__.__name__, int(self))

            __del__ = Close
    else:
        # When select or poll has indicated that the file is writable,
        # we can write up to _PIPE_BUF bytes without risk of blocking.
        # POSIX defines PIPE_BUF as >= 512.
        _PIPE_BUF = getattr(select, 'PIPE_BUF', 512)

        # poll/select have the advantage of not requiring any extra file
        # descriptor, contrarily to epoll/kqueue (also, they require a single
        # syscall).
        if hasattr(selectors, 'PollSelector'):
            _PopenSelector = selectors.PollSelector
        else:
            _PopenSelector = selectors.SelectSelector

    if _mswindows:
        # On Windows we just need to close `Popen._handle` when we no longer need
        # it, so that the kernel can free it. `Popen._handle` gets closed
        # implicitly when the `Popen` instance is finalized (see `Handle.__del__`,
        # which is calling `CloseHandle` as requested in [1]), so there is nothing
        # for `_cleanup` to do.
        #
        # [1] https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/ProcThread/
        # creating-processes
        _active = None

        def _cleanup():
            pass
    else:
        # This lists holds Popen instances for which the underlying process had not
        # exited at the time its __del__ method got called: those processes are
        # wait()ed for synchronously from _cleanup() when a new Popen object is
        # created, to avoid zombie processes.
        _active = []

        def _cleanup():
            if _active is None:
                return
            for inst in _active[:]:
                res = inst._internal_poll(_deadstate=sys.maxsize)
                if res is not None:
                    try:
                        _active.remove(inst)
                    except ValueError:
                        # This can happen if two threads create a new Popen instance.
                        # It's harmless that it was already removed, so ignore.
                        pass

    PIPE = -1
    STDOUT = -2
    DEVNULL = -3

    # XXX This function is only used by multiprocessing and the test suite,
    # but it's here so that it can be imported when Python is compiled without
    # threads.

    def _optim_args_from_interpreter_flags():
        """Return a list of command-line arguments reproducing the current
        optimization settings in sys.flags."""
        args = []
        value = sys.flags.optimize
        if value > 0:
            args.append('-' + 'O' * value)
        return args

    def _args_from_interpreter_flags():
        """Return a list of command-line arguments reproducing the current
        settings in sys.flags, sys.warnoptions and sys._xoptions."""
        flag_opt_map = {
            'debug': 'd',
            # 'inspect': 'i',
            # 'interactive': 'i',
            'dont_write_bytecode': 'B',
            'no_site': 'S',
            'verbose': 'v',
            'bytes_warning': 'b',
            'quiet': 'q',
            # -O is handled in _optim_args_from_interpreter_flags()
        }
        args = _optim_args_from_interpreter_flags()
        for flag, opt in flag_opt_map.items():
            v = getattr(sys.flags, flag)
            if v > 0:
                args.append('-' + opt * v)

        if sys.flags.isolated:
            args.append('-I')
        else:
            if sys.flags.ignore_environment:
                args.append('-E')
            if sys.flags.no_user_site:
                args.append('-s')
            if sys.flags.safe_path:
                args.append('-P')

        # -W options
        warnopts = sys.warnoptions[:]
        xoptions = getattr(sys, '_xoptions', {})
        bytes_warning = sys.flags.bytes_warning
        dev_mode = sys.flags.dev_mode

        if bytes_warning > 1:
            warnopts.remove("error::BytesWarning")
        elif bytes_warning:
            warnopts.remove("default::BytesWarning")
        if dev_mode:
            warnopts.remove('default')
        for opt in warnopts:
            args.append('-W' + opt)

        # -X options
        if dev_mode:
            args.extend(('-X', 'dev'))
        for opt in sorted(xoptions):
            if opt == 'dev':
                # handled above via sys.flags.dev_mode
                continue
            value = xoptions[opt]
            if value is True:
                arg = opt
            else:
                arg = '%s=%s' % (opt, value)
            args.extend(('-X', arg))

        return args

    def _text_encoding():
        # Return default text encoding and emit EncodingWarning if
        # sys.flags.warn_default_encoding is true.
        if sys.flags.warn_default_encoding:
            f = sys._getframe()
            filename = f.f_code.co_filename
            stacklevel = 2
            while f := f.f_back:
                if f.f_code.co_filename != filename:
                    break
                stacklevel += 1
            warnings.warn("'encoding' argument not specified.",
                          EncodingWarning, stacklevel)

        if sys.flags.utf8_mode:
            return "utf-8"
        else:
            return locale.getencoding()

    def call(*popenargs, timeout=None, **kwargs):
        """Run command with arguments.  Wait for command to complete or
        for timeout seconds, then return the returncode attribute.

        The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor.  Example:

        retcode = call(["ls", "-l"])
        """
        with Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs) as p:
            try:
                return p.wait(timeout=timeout)
            except:  # Including KeyboardInterrupt, wait handled that.
                p.kill()
                # We don't call p.wait() again as p.__exit__ does that for us.
                raise

    def check_call(*popenargs, **kwargs):
        """Run command with arguments.  Wait for command to complete.  If
        the exit code was zero then return, otherwise raise
        CalledProcessError.  The CalledProcessError object will have the
        return code in the returncode attribute.

        The arguments are the same as for the call function.  Example:

        check_call(["ls", "-l"])
        """
        retcode = call(*popenargs, **kwargs)
        if retcode:
            cmd = kwargs.get("args")
            if cmd is None:
                cmd = popenargs[0]
            raise CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd)
        return 0

    def check_output(*popenargs, timeout=None, **kwargs):
        r"""Run command with arguments and return its output.

        If the exit code was non-zero it raises a CalledProcessError.  The
        CalledProcessError object will have the return code in the returncode
        attribute and output in the output attribute.

        The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor.  Example:

        >>> check_output(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"])
        b'crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Oct 18  2007 /dev/null\n'

        The stdout argument is not allowed as it is used internally.
        To capture standard error in the result, use stderr=STDOUT.

        >>> check_output(["/bin/sh", "-c",
        ...               "ls -l non_existent_file ; exit 0"],
        ...              stderr=STDOUT)
        b'ls: non_existent_file: No such file or directory\n'

        There is an additional optional argument, "input", allowing you to
        pass a string to the subprocess's stdin.  If you use this argument
        you may not also use the Popen constructor's "stdin" argument, as
        it too will be used internally.  Example:

        >>> check_output(["sed", "-e", "s/foo/bar/"],
        ...              input=b"when in the course of fooman events\n")
        b'when in the course of barman events\n'

        By default, all communication is in bytes, and therefore any "input"
        should be bytes, and the return value will be bytes.  If in text mode,
        any "input" should be a string, and the return value will be a string
        decoded according to locale encoding, or by "encoding" if set. Text mode
        is triggered by setting any of text, encoding, errors or universal_newlines.
        """
        for kw in ('stdout', 'check'):
            if kw in kwargs:
                raise ValueError(f'{kw} argument not allowed, it will be overridden.')

        if 'input' in kwargs and kwargs['input'] is None:
            # Explicitly passing input=None was previously equivalent to passing an
            # empty string. That is maintained here for backwards compatibility.
            if kwargs.get('universal_newlines') or kwargs.get('text') or kwargs.get('encoding') \
                    or kwargs.get('errors'):
                empty = ''
            else:
                empty = b''
            kwargs['input'] = empty

        return run(*popenargs, stdout=PIPE, timeout=timeout, check=True,
                   **kwargs).stdout

    class CompletedProcess(object):
        """A process that has finished running.

        This is returned by run().

        Attributes:
          args: The list or str args passed to run().
          returncode: The exit code of the process, negative for signals.
          stdout: The standard output (None if not captured).
          stderr: The standard error (None if not captured).
        """
        def __init__(self, args, returncode, stdout=None, stderr=None):
            self.args = args
            self.returncode = returncode
            self.stdout = stdout
            self.stderr = stderr

        def __repr__(self):
            args = ['args={!r}'.format(self.args),
                    'returncode={!r}'.format(self.returncode)]
            if self.stdout is not None:
                args.append('stdout={!r}'.format(self.stdout))
            if self.stderr is not None:
                args.append('stderr={!r}'.format(self.stderr))
            return "{}({})".format(type(self).__name__, ', '.join(args))

        __class_getitem__ = classmethod(types.GenericAlias)

        def check_returncode(self):
            """Raise CalledProcessError if the exit code is non-zero."""
            if self.returncode:
                raise CalledProcessError(self.returncode, self.args, self.stdout,
                                         self.stderr)

    def run(*popenargs,
            input=None, capture_output=False, timeout=None, check=False, **kwargs):
        """Run command with arguments and return a CompletedProcess instance.

        The returned instance will have attributes args, returncode, stdout and
        stderr. By default, stdout and stderr are not captured, and those attributes
        will be None. Pass stdout=PIPE and/or stderr=PIPE in order to capture them,
        or pass capture_output=True to capture both.

        If check is True and the exit code was non-zero, it raises a
        CalledProcessError. The CalledProcessError object will have the return code
        in the returncode attribute, and output & stderr attributes if those streams
        were captured.

        If timeout (seconds) is given and the process takes too long,
         a TimeoutExpired exception will be raised.

        There is an optional argument "input", allowing you to
        pass bytes or a string to the subprocess's stdin.  If you use this argument
        you may not also use the Popen constructor's "stdin" argument, as
        it will be used internally.

        By default, all communication is in bytes, and therefore any "input" should
        be bytes, and the stdout and stderr will be bytes. If in text mode, any
        "input" should be a string, and stdout and stderr will be strings decoded
        according to locale encoding, or by "encoding" if set. Text mode is
        triggered by setting any of text, encoding, errors or universal_newlines.

        The other arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor.
        """
        if input is not None:
            if kwargs.get('stdin') is not None:
                raise ValueError('stdin and input arguments may not both be used.')
            kwargs['stdin'] = PIPE

        if capture_output:
            if kwargs.get('stdout') is not None or kwargs.get('stderr') is not None:
                raise ValueError('stdout and stderr arguments may not be used '
                                 'with capture_output.')
            kwargs['stdout'] = PIPE
            kwargs['stderr'] = PIPE

        with Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs) as process:
            try:
                stdout, stderr = process.communicate(input, timeout=timeout)
            except TimeoutExpired as exc:
                process.kill()
                if _mswindows:
                    # Windows accumulates the output in a single blocking
                    # read() call run on child threads, with the timeout
                    # being done in a join() on those threads.  communicate()
                    # _after_ kill() is required to collect that and add it
                    # to the exception.
                    exc.stdout, exc.stderr = process.communicate()
                else:
                    # POSIX _communicate already populated the output so
                    # far into the TimeoutExpired exception.
                    process.wait()
                raise
            except:  # Including KeyboardInterrupt, communicate handled that.
                process.kill()
                # We don't call process.wait() as .__exit__ does that for us.
                raise
            retcode = process.poll()
            if check and retcode:
                raise CalledProcessError(retcode, process.args,
                                         output=stdout, stderr=stderr)
        return CompletedProcess(process.args, retcode, stdout, stderr)

    def list2cmdline(seq):
        """
        Translate a sequence of arguments into a command line
        string, using the same rules as the MS C runtime:

        1) Arguments are delimited by white space, which is either a
           space or a tab.

        2) A string surrounded by double quotation marks is
           interpreted as a single argument, regardless of white space
           contained within.  A quoted string can be embedded in an
           argument.

        3) A double quotation mark preceded by a backslash is
           interpreted as a literal double quotation mark.

        4) Backslashes are interpreted literally, unless they
           immediately precede a double quotation mark.

        5) If backslashes immediately precede a double quotation mark,
           every pair of backslashes is interpreted as a literal
           backslash.  If the number of backslashes is odd, the last
           backslash escapes the next double quotation mark as
           described in rule 3.
        """

        # See
        # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/17w5ykft.aspx
        # or search http://msdn.microsoft.com for
        # "Parsing C++ Command-Line Arguments"
        result = []
        needquote = False
        for arg in map(os.fsdecode, seq):
            bs_buf = []

            # Add a space to separate this argument from the others
            if result:
                result.append(' ')

            needquote = (" " in arg) or ("\t" in arg) or not arg
            if needquote:
                result.append('"')

            for c in arg:
                if c == '\\':
                    # Don't know if we need to double yet.
                    bs_buf.append(c)
                elif c == '"':
                    # Double backslashes.
                    result.append('\\' * len(bs_buf)*2)
                    bs_buf = []
                    result.append('\\"')
                else:
                    # Normal char
                    if bs_buf:
                        result.extend(bs_buf)
                        bs_buf = []
                    result.append(c)

            # Add remaining backslashes, if any.
            if bs_buf:
                result.extend(bs_buf)

            if needquote:
                result.extend(bs_buf)
                result.append('"')

        return ''.join(result)

    # Various tools for executing commands and looking at their output and status.
    #

    def getstatusoutput(cmd, *, encoding=None, errors=None):
        """Return (exitcode, output) of executing cmd in a shell.

        Execute the string 'cmd' in a shell with 'check_output' and
        return a 2-tuple (status, output). The locale encoding is used
        to decode the output and process newlines.

        A trailing newline is stripped from the output.
        The exit status for the command can be interpreted
        according to the rules for the function 'wait'. Example:

        >>> import subprocess
        >>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('ls /bin/ls')
        (0, '/bin/ls')
        >>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('cat /bin/junk')
        (1, 'cat: /bin/junk: No such file or directory')
        >>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('/bin/junk')
        (127, 'sh: /bin/junk: not found')
        >>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('/bin/kill $$')
        (-15, '')
        """
        try:
            data = check_output(cmd, shell=True, text=True, stderr=STDOUT,
                                encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
            exitcode = 0
        except CalledProcessError as ex:
            data = ex.output
            exitcode = ex.returncode
        if data[-1:] == '\n':
            data = data[:-1]
        return exitcode, data

    def getoutput(cmd, *, encoding=None, errors=None):
        """Return output (stdout or stderr) of executing cmd in a shell.

        Like getstatusoutput(), except the exit status is ignored and the return
        value is a string containing the command's output.  Example:

        >>> import subprocess
        >>> subprocess.getoutput('ls /bin/ls')
        '/bin/ls'
        """
        return getstatusoutput(cmd, encoding=encoding, errors=errors)[1]

    def _use_posix_spawn():
        """Check if posix_spawn() can be used for subprocess.

        subprocess requires a posix_spawn() implementation that properly reports
        errors to the parent process, & sets errno on the following failures:

        * Process attribute actions failed.
        * File actions failed.
        * exec() failed.

        Prefer an implementation which can use vfork() in some cases for best
        performance.
        """
        if _mswindows or not hasattr(os, 'posix_spawn'):
            # os.posix_spawn() is not available
            return False

        if ((_env := os.environ.get('_PYTHON_SUBPROCESS_USE_POSIX_SPAWN')) in ('0', '1')):
            return bool(int(_env))

        if sys.platform in ('darwin', 'sunos5'):
            # posix_spawn() is a syscall on both macOS and Solaris,
            # and properly reports errors
            return True

        # Check libc name and runtime libc version
        try:
            ver = os.confstr('CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION')
            # parse 'glibc 2.28' as ('glibc', (2, 28))
            parts = ver.split(maxsplit=1)
            if len(parts) != 2:
                # reject unknown format
                raise ValueError
            libc = parts[0]
            version = tuple(map(int, parts[1].split('.')))

            if sys.platform == 'linux' and libc == 'glibc' and version >= (2, 24):
                # glibc 2.24 has a new Linux posix_spawn implementation using vfork
                # which properly reports errors to the parent process.
                return True
            # Note: Don't use the implementation in earlier glibc because it doesn't
            # use vfork (even if glibc 2.26 added a pipe to properly report errors
            # to the parent process).
        except (AttributeError, ValueError, OSError):
            # os.confstr() or CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION value not available
            pass

        # By default, assume that posix_spawn() does not properly report errors.
        return False

    # These are primarily fail-safe knobs for negatives. A True value does not
    # guarantee the given libc/syscall API will be used.
    _USE_POSIX_SPAWN = _use_posix_spawn()
    _HAVE_POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSEFROM = hasattr(os, 'POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSEFROM')

    class Popen:
        """ Execute a child program in a new process.

        For a complete description of the arguments see the Python documentation.

        Arguments:
          args: A string, or a sequence of program arguments.

          bufsize: supplied as the buffering argument to the open() function when
              creating the stdin/stdout/stderr pipe file objects

          executable: A replacement program to execute.

          stdin, stdout and stderr: These specify the executed programs' standard
              input, standard output and standard error file handles, respectively.

          preexec_fn: (POSIX only) An object to be called in the child process
              just before the child is executed.

          close_fds: Controls closing or inheriting of file descriptors.

          shell: If true, the command will be executed through the shell.

          cwd: Sets the current directory before the child is executed.

          env: Defines the environment variables for the new process.

          text: If true, decode stdin, stdout and stderr using the given encoding
              (if set) or the system default otherwise.

          universal_newlines: Alias of text, provided for backwards compatibility.

          startupinfo and creationflags (Windows only)

          restore_signals (POSIX only)

          start_new_session (POSIX only)

          process_group (POSIX only)

          group (POSIX only)

          extra_groups (POSIX only)

          user (POSIX only)

          umask (POSIX only)

          pass_fds (POSIX only)

          encoding and errors: Text mode encoding and error handling to use for
              file objects stdin, stdout and stderr.

        Attributes:
            stdin, stdout, stderr, pid, returncode
        """
        _child_created = False  # Set here since __del__ checks it

        def __init__(self, args, bufsize=-1, executable=None,
                     stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None,
                     preexec_fn=None, close_fds=True,
                     shell=False, cwd=None, env=None, universal_newlines=None,
                     startupinfo=None, creationflags=0,
                     restore_signals=True, start_new_session=False,
                     pass_fds=(), *, user=None, group=None, extra_groups=None,
                     encoding=None, errors=None, text=None, umask=-1, pipesize=-1,
                     process_group=None):
            """Create new Popen instance."""
            if not _can_fork_exec:
                raise OSError(
                    errno.ENOTSUP, f"{sys.platform} does not support processes."
                )

            _cleanup()
            # Held while anything is calling waitpid before returncode has been
            # updated to prevent clobbering returncode if wait() or poll() are
            # called from multiple threads at once.  After acquiring the lock,
            # code must re-check self.returncode to see if another thread just
            # finished a waitpid() call.
            self._waitpid_lock = threading.Lock()

            self._input = None
            self._communication_started = False
            if bufsize is None:
                bufsize = -1  # Restore default
            if not isinstance(bufsize, int):
                raise TypeError("bufsize must be an integer")

            if stdout is STDOUT:
                raise ValueError("STDOUT can only be used for stderr")

            if pipesize is None:
                pipesize = -1  # Restore default
            if not isinstance(pipesize, int):
                raise TypeError("pipesize must be an integer")

            if _mswindows:
                if preexec_fn is not None:
                    raise ValueError("preexec_fn is not supported on Windows "
                                     "platforms")
            else:
                # POSIX
                if pass_fds and not close_fds:
                    warnings.warn("pass_fds overriding close_fds.", RuntimeWarning)
                    close_fds = True
                if startupinfo is not None:
                    raise ValueError("startupinfo is only supported on Windows "
                                     "platforms")
                if creationflags != 0:
                    raise ValueError("creationflags is only supported on Windows "
                                     "platforms")

            self.args = args
            self.stdin = None
            self.stdout = None
            self.stderr = None
            self.pid = None
            self.returncode = None
            self.encoding = encoding
            self.errors = errors
            self.pipesize = pipesize

            # Validate the combinations of text and universal_newlines
            if (text is not None and universal_newlines is not None
                and bool(universal_newlines) != bool(text)):
                raise SubprocessError('Cannot disambiguate when both text '
                                      'and universal_newlines are supplied but '
                                      'different. Pass one or the other.')

            self.text_mode = encoding or errors or text or universal_newlines
            if self.text_mode and encoding is None:
                self.encoding = encoding = _text_encoding()

            # How long to resume waiting on a child after the first ^C.
            # There is no right value for this.  The purpose is to be polite
            # yet remain good for interactive users trying to exit a tool.
            self._sigint_wait_secs = 0.25  # 1/xkcd221.getRandomNumber()

            self._closed_child_pipe_fds = False

            if self.text_mode:
                if bufsize == 1:
                    line_buffering = True
                    # Use the default buffer size for the underlying binary streams
                    # since they don't support line buffering.
                    bufsize = -1
                else:
                    line_buffering = False

            if process_group is None:
                process_group = -1  # The internal APIs are int-only

            gid = None
            if group is not None:
                if not hasattr(os, 'setregid'):
                    raise ValueError("The 'group' parameter is not supported on the "
                                     "current platform")

                elif isinstance(group, str):
                    try:
                        import grp
                    except ImportError:
                        raise ValueError("The group parameter cannot be a string "
                                         "on systems without the grp module")

                    gid = grp.getgrnam(group).gr_gid
                elif isinstance(group, int):
                    gid = group
                else:
                    raise TypeError("Group must be a string or an integer, not {}"
                                    .format(type(group)))

                if gid < 0:
                    raise ValueError(f"Group ID cannot be negative, got {gid}")

            gids = None
            if extra_groups is not None:
                if not hasattr(os, 'setgroups'):
                    raise ValueError("The 'extra_groups' parameter is not "
                                     "supported on the current platform")

                elif isinstance(extra_groups, str):
                    raise ValueError("Groups must be a list, not a string")

                gids = []
                for extra_group in extra_groups:
                    if isinstance(extra_group, str):
                        try:
                            import grp
                        except ImportError:
                            raise ValueError("Items in extra_groups cannot be "
                                             "strings on systems without the "
                                             "grp module")

                        gids.append(grp.getgrnam(extra_group).gr_gid)
                    elif isinstance(extra_group, int):
                        gids.append(extra_group)
                    else:
                        raise TypeError("Items in extra_groups must be a string "
                                        "or integer, not {}"
                                        .format(type(extra_group)))

                # make sure that the gids are all positive here so we can do less
                # checking in the C code
                for gid_check in gids:
                    if gid_check < 0:
                        raise ValueError(f"Group ID cannot be negative, got {gid_check}")

            uid = None
            if user is not None:
                if not hasattr(os, 'setreuid'):
                    raise ValueError("The 'user' parameter is not supported on "
                                     "the current platform")

                elif isinstance(user, str):
                    try:
                        import pwd
                    except ImportError:
                        raise ValueError("The user parameter cannot be a string "
                                         "on systems without the pwd module")
                    uid = pwd.getpwnam(user).pw_uid
                elif isinstance(user, int):
                    uid = user
                else:
                    raise TypeError("User must be a string or an integer")

                if uid < 0:
                    raise ValueError(f"User ID cannot be negative, got {uid}")

            # Input and output objects. The general principle is like
            # this:
            #
            # Parent                   Child
            # ------                   -----
            # p2cwrite   ---stdin--->  p2cread
            # c2pread    <--stdout---  c2pwrite
            # errread    <--stderr---  errwrite
            #
            # On POSIX, the child objects are file descriptors.  On
            # Windows, these are Windows file handles.  The parent objects
            # are file descriptors on both platforms.  The parent objects
            # are -1 when not using PIPEs. The child objects are -1
            # when not redirecting.

            (p2cread, p2cwrite,
             c2pread, c2pwrite,
             errread, errwrite) = self._get_handles(stdin, stdout, stderr)

            # From here on, raising exceptions may cause file descriptor leakage

            # We wrap OS handles *before* launching the child, otherwise a
            # quickly terminating child could make our fds unwrappable
            # (see #8458).

            if _mswindows:
                if p2cwrite != -1:
                    p2cwrite = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(p2cwrite.Detach(), 0)
                if c2pread != -1:
                    c2pread = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(c2pread.Detach(), 0)
                if errread != -1:
                    errread = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(errread.Detach(), 0)

            try:
                if p2cwrite != -1:
                    self.stdin = io.open(p2cwrite, 'wb', bufsize)
                    if self.text_mode:
                        self.stdin = io.TextIOWrapper(self.stdin, write_through=True,
                                line_buffering=line_buffering,
                                encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
                if c2pread != -1:
                    self.stdout = io.open(c2pread, 'rb', bufsize)
                    if self.text_mode:
                        self.stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(self.stdout,
                                encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
                if errread != -1:
                    self.stderr = io.open(errread, 'rb', bufsize)
                    if self.text_mode:
                        self.stderr = io.TextIOWrapper(self.stderr,
                                encoding=encoding, errors=errors)

                self._execute_child(args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
                                    pass_fds, cwd, env,
                                    startupinfo, creationflags, shell,
                                    p2cread, p2cwrite,
                                    c2pread, c2pwrite,
                                    errread, errwrite,
                                    restore_signals,
                                    gid, gids, uid, umask,
                                    start_new_session, process_group)
            except:
                # Cleanup if the child failed starting.
                for f in filter(None, (self.stdin, self.stdout, self.stderr)):
                    try:
                        f.close()
                    except OSError:
                        pass  # Ignore EBADF or other errors.

                if not self._closed_child_pipe_fds:
                    to_close = []
                    if stdin == PIPE:
                        to_close.append(p2cread)
                    if stdout == PIPE:
                        to_close.append(c2pwrite)
                    if stderr == PIPE:
                        to_close.append(errwrite)
                    if hasattr(self, '_devnull'):
                        to_close.append(self._devnull)
                    for fd in to_close:
                        try:
                            if _mswindows and isinstance(fd, Handle):
                                fd.Close()
                            else:
                                os.close(fd)
                        except OSError:
                            pass

                raise

        def __repr__(self):
            obj_repr = (
                f"<{self.__class__.__name__}: "
                f"returncode: {self.returncode} args: {self.args!r}>"
            )
            if len(obj_repr) > 80:
                obj_repr = obj_repr[:76] + "...>"
            return obj_repr

        __class_getitem__ = classmethod(types.GenericAlias)

        @property
        def universal_newlines(self):
            # universal_newlines as retained as an alias of text_mode for API
            # compatibility. bpo-31756
            return self.text_mode

        @universal_newlines.setter
        def universal_newlines(self, universal_newlines):
            self.text_mode = bool(universal_newlines)

        def _translate_newlines(self, data, encoding, errors):
            data = data.decode(encoding, errors)
            return data.replace("\r\n", "\n").replace("\r", "\n")

        def __enter__(self):
            return self

        def __exit__(self, exc_type, value, traceback):
            if self.stdout:
                self.stdout.close()
            if self.stderr:
                self.stderr.close()
            try:  # Flushing a BufferedWriter may raise an error
                if self.stdin:
                    self.stdin.close()
            finally:
                if exc_type == KeyboardInterrupt:
                    # https://bugs.python.org/issue25942
                    # In the case of a KeyboardInterrupt we assume the SIGINT
                    # was also already sent to our child processes.  We can't
                    # block indefinitely as that is not user friendly.
                    # If we have not already waited a brief amount of time in
                    # an interrupted .wait() or .communicate() call, do so here
                    # for consistency.
                    if self._sigint_wait_secs > 0:
                        try:
                            self._wait(timeout=self._sigint_wait_secs)
                        except TimeoutExpired:
                            pass
                    self._sigint_wait_secs = 0  # Note that this has been done.
                else:
                    # Wait for the process to terminate, to avoid zombies.
                    self.wait()

        def __del__(self, _maxsize=sys.maxsize, _warn=warnings.warn):
            if not self._child_created:
                # We didn't get to successfully create a child process.
                return
            if self.returncode is None:
                # Not reading subprocess exit status creates a zombie process which
                # is only destroyed at the parent python process exit
                _warn("subprocess %s is still running" % self.pid,
                      ResourceWarning, source=self)
            # In case the child hasn't been waited on, check if it's done.
            self._internal_poll(_deadstate=_maxsize)
            if self.returncode is None and _active is not None:
                # Child is still running, keep us alive until we can wait on it.
                _active.append(self)

        def _get_devnull(self):
            if not hasattr(self, '_devnull'):
                self._devnull = os.open(os.devnull, os.O_RDWR)
            return self._devnull

        def _stdin_write(self, input):
            if input:
                try:
                    self.stdin.write(input)
                except BrokenPipeError:
                    pass  # communicate() must ignore broken pipe errors.
                except OSError as exc:
                    if exc.errno == errno.EINVAL:
                        # bpo-19612, bpo-30418: On Windows, stdin.write() fails
                        # with EINVAL if the child process exited or if the child
                        # process is still running but closed the pipe.
                        pass
                    else:
                        raise

            try:
                self.stdin.close()
            except BrokenPipeError:
                pass  # communicate() must ignore broken pipe errors.
            except OSError as exc:
                if exc.errno == errno.EINVAL:
                    pass
                else:
                    raise

        def communicate(self, input=None, timeout=None):
            """Interact with process: Send data to stdin and close it.
            Read data from stdout and stderr, until end-of-file is
            reached.  Wait for process to terminate.

            The optional "input" argument should be data to be sent to the
            child process, or None, if no data should be sent to the child.
            communicate() returns a tuple (stdout, stderr).

            By default, all communication is in bytes, and therefore any
            "input" should be bytes, and the (stdout, stderr) will be bytes.
            If in text mode (indicated by self.text_mode), any "input" should
            be a string, and (stdout, stderr) will be strings decoded
            according to locale encoding, or by "encoding" if set. Text mode
            is triggered by setting any of text, encoding, errors or
            universal_newlines.
            """

            if self._communication_started and input:
                raise ValueError("Cannot send input after starting communication")

            # Optimization: If we are not worried about timeouts, we haven't
            # started communicating, and we have one or zero pipes, using select()
            # or threads is unnecessary.
            if (timeout is None and not self._communication_started and
                [self.stdin, self.stdout, self.stderr].count(None) >= 2):
                stdout = None
                stderr = None
                if self.stdin:
                    self._stdin_write(input)
                elif self.stdout:
                    stdout = self.stdout.read()
                    self.stdout.close()
                elif self.stderr:
                    stderr = self.stderr.read()
                    self.stderr.close()
                self.wait()
            else:
                if timeout is not None:
                    endtime = _time() + timeout
                else:
                    endtime = None

                try:
                    stdout, stderr = self._communicate(input, endtime, timeout)
                except KeyboardInterrupt:
                    # https://bugs.python.org/issue25942
                    # See the detailed comment in .wait().
                    if timeout is not None:
                        sigint_timeout = min(self._sigint_wait_secs,
                                             self._remaining_time(endtime))
                    else:
                        sigint_timeout = self._sigint_wait_secs
                    self._sigint_wait_secs = 0  # nothing else should wait.
                    try:
                        self._wait(timeout=sigint_timeout)
                    except TimeoutExpired:
                        pass
                    raise  # resume the KeyboardInterrupt

                finally:
                    self._communication_started = True
                try:
                    sts = self.wait(timeout=self._remaining_time(endtime))
                except TimeoutExpired as exc:
                    exc.timeout = timeout
                    raise

            return (stdout, stderr)

        def poll(self):
            """Check if child process has terminated. Set and return returncode
            attribute."""
            return self._internal_poll()

        def _remaining_time(self, endtime):
            """Convenience for _communicate when computing timeouts."""
            if endtime is None:
                return None
            else:
                return endtime - _time()

        def _check_timeout(self, endtime, orig_timeout, stdout_seq, stderr_seq,
                           skip_check_and_raise=False):
            """Convenience for checking if a timeout has expired."""
            if endtime is None:
                return
            if skip_check_and_raise or _time() > endtime:
                raise TimeoutExpired(
                        self.args, orig_timeout,
                        output=b''.join(stdout_seq) if stdout_seq else None,
                        stderr=b''.join(stderr_seq) if stderr_seq else None)

        def wait(self, timeout=None):
            """Wait for child process to terminate; returns self.returncode."""
            if timeout is not None:
                endtime = _time() + timeout
            try:
                return self._wait(timeout=timeout)
            except KeyboardInterrupt:
                # https://bugs.python.org/issue25942
                # The first keyboard interrupt waits briefly for the child to
                # exit under the common assumption that it also received the ^C
                # generated SIGINT and will exit rapidly.
                if timeout is not None:
                    sigint_timeout = min(self._sigint_wait_secs,
                                         self._remaining_time(endtime))
                else:
                    sigint_timeout = self._sigint_wait_secs
                self._sigint_wait_secs = 0  # nothing else should wait.
                try:
                    self._wait(timeout=sigint_timeout)
                except TimeoutExpired:
                    pass
                raise  # resume the KeyboardInterrupt

        def _close_pipe_fds(self,
                            p2cread, p2cwrite,
                            c2pread, c2pwrite,
                            errread, errwrite):
            # self._devnull is not always defined.
            devnull_fd = getattr(self, '_devnull', None)

            with contextlib.ExitStack() as stack:
                if _mswindows:
                    if p2cread != -1:
                        stack.callback(p2cread.Close)
                    if c2pwrite != -1:
                        stack.callback(c2pwrite.Close)
                    if errwrite != -1:
                        stack.callback(errwrite.Close)
                else:
                    if p2cread != -1 and p2cwrite != -1 and p2cread != devnull_fd:
                        stack.callback(os.close, p2cread)
                    if c2pwrite != -1 and c2pread != -1 and c2pwrite != devnull_fd:
                        stack.callback(os.close, c2pwrite)
                    if errwrite != -1 and errread != -1 and errwrite != devnull_fd:
                        stack.callback(os.close, errwrite)

                if devnull_fd is not None:
                    stack.callback(os.close, devnull_fd)

            # Prevent a double close of these handles/fds from __init__ on error.
            self._closed_child_pipe_fds = True

        @contextlib.contextmanager
        def _on_error_fd_closer(self):
            """Helper to ensure file descriptors opened in _get_handles are closed"""
            to_close = []
            try:
                yield to_close
            except:
                if hasattr(self, '_devnull'):
                    to_close.append(self._devnull)
                    del self._devnull
                for fd in to_close:
                    try:
                        if _mswindows and isinstance(fd, Handle):
                            fd.Close()
                        else:
                            os.close(fd)
                    except OSError:
                        pass
                raise

        if _mswindows:
            #
            # Windows methods
            #
            def _get_handles(self, stdin, stdout, stderr):
                """Construct and return tuple with IO objects:
                p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite
                """
                if stdin is None and stdout is None and stderr is None:
                    return (-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1)

                p2cread, p2cwrite = -1, -1
                c2pread, c2pwrite = -1, -1
                errread, errwrite = -1, -1

                with self._on_error_fd_closer() as err_close_fds:
                    if stdin is None:
                        p2cread = _winapi.GetStdHandle(_winapi.STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
                        if p2cread is None:
                            p2cread, _ = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0)
                            p2cread = Handle(p2cread)
                            err_close_fds.append(p2cread)
                            _winapi.CloseHandle(_)
                    elif stdin == PIPE:
                        p2cread, p2cwrite = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0)
                        p2cread, p2cwrite = Handle(p2cread), Handle(p2cwrite)
                        err_close_fds.extend((p2cread, p2cwrite))
                    elif stdin == DEVNULL:
                        p2cread = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(self._get_devnull())
                    elif isinstance(stdin, int):
                        p2cread = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdin)
                    else:
                        # Assuming file-like object
                        p2cread = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdin.fileno())
                    p2cread = self._make_inheritable(p2cread)

                    if stdout is None:
                        c2pwrite = _winapi.GetStdHandle(_winapi.STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)
                        if c2pwrite is None:
                            _, c2pwrite = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0)
                            c2pwrite = Handle(c2pwrite)
                            err_close_fds.append(c2pwrite)
                            _winapi.CloseHandle(_)
                    elif stdout == PIPE:
                        c2pread, c2pwrite = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0)
                        c2pread, c2pwrite = Handle(c2pread), Handle(c2pwrite)
                        err_close_fds.extend((c2pread, c2pwrite))
                    elif stdout == DEVNULL:
                        c2pwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(self._get_devnull())
                    elif isinstance(stdout, int):
                        c2pwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdout)
                    else:
                        # Assuming file-like object
                        c2pwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdout.fileno())
                    c2pwrite = self._make_inheritable(c2pwrite)

                    if stderr is None:
                        errwrite = _winapi.GetStdHandle(_winapi.STD_ERROR_HANDLE)
                        if errwrite is None:
                            _, errwrite = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0)
                            errwrite = Handle(errwrite)
                            err_close_fds.append(errwrite)
                            _winapi.CloseHandle(_)
                    elif stderr == PIPE:
                        errread, errwrite = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0)
                        errread, errwrite = Handle(errread), Handle(errwrite)
                        err_close_fds.extend((errread, errwrite))
                    elif stderr == STDOUT:
                        errwrite = c2pwrite
                    elif stderr == DEVNULL:
                        errwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(self._get_devnull())
                    elif isinstance(stderr, int):
                        errwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stderr)
                    else:
                        # Assuming file-like object
                        errwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stderr.fileno())
                    errwrite = self._make_inheritable(errwrite)

                return (p2cread, p2cwrite,
                        c2pread, c2pwrite,
                        errread, errwrite)

            def _make_inheritable(self, handle):
                """Return a duplicate of handle, which is inheritable"""
                h = _winapi.DuplicateHandle(
                    _winapi.GetCurrentProcess(), handle,
                    _winapi.GetCurrentProcess(), 0, 1,
                    _winapi.DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS)
                return Handle(h)

            def _filter_handle_list(self, handle_list):
                """Filter out console handles that can't be used
                in lpAttributeList["handle_list"] and make sure the list
                isn't empty. This also removes duplicate handles."""
                # An handle with it's lowest two bits set might be a special console
                # handle that if passed in lpAttributeList["handle_list"], will
                # cause it to fail.
                return list({handle for handle in handle_list
                             if handle & 0x3 != 0x3
                             or _winapi.GetFileType(handle) !=
                                _winapi.FILE_TYPE_CHAR})

            def _execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
                               pass_fds, cwd, env,
                               startupinfo, creationflags, shell,
                               p2cread, p2cwrite,
                               c2pread, c2pwrite,
                               errread, errwrite,
                               unused_restore_signals,
                               unused_gid, unused_gids, unused_uid,
                               unused_umask,
                               unused_start_new_session, unused_process_group):
                """Execute program (MS Windows version)"""

                assert not pass_fds, "pass_fds not supported on Windows."

                if isinstance(args, str):
                    pass
                elif isinstance(args, bytes):
                    if shell:
                        raise TypeError('bytes args is not allowed on Windows')
                    args = list2cmdline([args])
                elif isinstance(args, os.PathLike):
                    if shell:
                        raise TypeError('path-like args is not allowed when '
                                        'shell is true')
                    args = list2cmdline([args])
                else:
                    args = list2cmdline(args)

                if executable is not None:
                    executable = os.fsdecode(executable)

                # Process startup details
                if startupinfo is None:
                    startupinfo = STARTUPINFO()
                else:
                    # bpo-34044: Copy STARTUPINFO since it is modified above,
                    # so the caller can reuse it multiple times.
                    startupinfo = startupinfo.copy()

                use_std_handles = -1 not in (p2cread, c2pwrite, errwrite)
                if use_std_handles:
                    startupinfo.dwFlags |= _winapi.STARTF_USESTDHANDLES
                    startupinfo.hStdInput = p2cread
                    startupinfo.hStdOutput = c2pwrite
                    startupinfo.hStdError = errwrite

                attribute_list = startupinfo.lpAttributeList
                have_handle_list = bool(attribute_list and
                                        "handle_list" in attribute_list and
                                        attribute_list["handle_list"])

                # If we were given an handle_list or need to create one
                if have_handle_list or (use_std_handles and close_fds):
                    if attribute_list is None:
                        attribute_list = startupinfo.lpAttributeList = {}
                    handle_list = attribute_list["handle_list"] = \
                        list(attribute_list.get("handle_list", []))

                    if use_std_handles:
                        handle_list += [int(p2cread), int(c2pwrite), int(errwrite)]

                    handle_list[:] = self._filter_handle_list(handle_list)

                    if handle_list:
                        if not close_fds:
                            warnings.warn("startupinfo.lpAttributeList['handle_list'] "
                                          "overriding close_fds", RuntimeWarning)

                        # When using the handle_list we always request to inherit
                        # handles but the only handles that will be inherited are
                        # the ones in the handle_list
                        close_fds = False

                if shell:
                    startupinfo.dwFlags |= _winapi.STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW
                    startupinfo.wShowWindow = _winapi.SW_HIDE
                    if not executable:
                        # gh-101283: without a fully-qualified path, before Windows
                        # checks the system directories, it first looks in the
                        # application directory, and also the current directory if
                        # NeedCurrentDirectoryForExePathW(ExeName) is true, so try
                        # to avoid executing unqualified "cmd.exe".
                        comspec = os.environ.get('ComSpec')
                        if not comspec:
                            system_root = os.environ.get('SystemRoot', '')
                            comspec = os.path.join(system_root, 'System32', 'cmd.exe')
                            if not os.path.isabs(comspec):
                                raise FileNotFoundError('shell not found: neither %ComSpec% nor %SystemRoot% is set')
                        if os.path.isabs(comspec):
                            executable = comspec
                    else:
                        comspec = executable

                    args = '{} /c "{}"'.format (comspec, args)

                if cwd is not None:
                    cwd = os.fsdecode(cwd)

                sys.audit("subprocess.Popen", executable, args, cwd, env)

                # Start the process
                try:
                    hp, ht, pid, tid = _winapi.CreateProcess(executable, args,
                                             # no special security
                                             None, None,
                                             int(not close_fds),
                                             creationflags,
                                             env,
                                             cwd,
                                             startupinfo)
                finally:
                    # Child is launched. Close the parent's copy of those pipe
                    # handles that only the child should have open.  You need
                    # to make sure that no handles to the write end of the
                    # output pipe are maintained in this process or else the
                    # pipe will not close when the child process exits and the
                    # ReadFile will hang.
                    self._close_pipe_fds(p2cread, p2cwrite,
                                         c2pread, c2pwrite,
                                         errread, errwrite)

                # Retain the process handle, but close the thread handle
                self._child_created = True
                self._handle = Handle(hp)
                self.pid = pid
                _winapi.CloseHandle(ht)

            def _internal_poll(self, _deadstate=None,
                    _WaitForSingleObject=_winapi.WaitForSingleObject,
                    _WAIT_OBJECT_0=_winapi.WAIT_OBJECT_0,
                    _GetExitCodeProcess=_winapi.GetExitCodeProcess):
                """Check if child process has terminated.  Returns returncode
                attribute.

                This method is called by __del__, so it can only refer to objects
                in its local scope.

                """
                if self.returncode is None:
                    if _WaitForSingleObject(self._handle, 0) == _WAIT_OBJECT_0:
                        self.returncode = _GetExitCodeProcess(self._handle)
                return self.returncode

            def _wait(self, timeout):
                """Internal implementation of wait() on Windows."""
                if timeout is None:
                    timeout_millis = _winapi.INFINITE
                elif timeout <= 0:
                    timeout_millis = 0
                else:
                    timeout_millis = int(timeout * 1000)
                if self.returncode is None:
                    # API note: Returns immediately if timeout_millis == 0.
                    result = _winapi.WaitForSingleObject(self._handle,
                                                         timeout_millis)
                    if result == _winapi.WAIT_TIMEOUT:
                        raise TimeoutExpired(self.args, timeout)
                    self.returncode = _winapi.GetExitCodeProcess(self._handle)
                return self.returncode

            def _readerthread(self, fh, buffer):
                buffer.append(fh.read())
                fh.close()

            def _writerthread(self, input):
                self._stdin_write(input)

            def _communicate(self, input, endtime, orig_timeout):
                # Start reader threads feeding into a list hanging off of this
                # object, unless they've already been started.
                if self.stdout and not hasattr(self, "_stdout_buff"):
                    self._stdout_buff = []
                    self.stdout_thread = \
                            threading.Thread(target=self._readerthread,
                                             args=(self.stdout, self._stdout_buff))
                    self.stdout_thread.daemon = True
                    self.stdout_thread.start()
                if self.stderr and not hasattr(self, "_stderr_buff"):
                    self._stderr_buff = []
                    self.stderr_thread = \
                            threading.Thread(target=self._readerthread,
                                             args=(self.stderr, self._stderr_buff))
                    self.stderr_thread.daemon = True
                    self.stderr_thread.start()

                # Start writer thread to send input to stdin, unless already
                # started.  The thread writes input and closes stdin when done,
                # or continues in the background on timeout.
                if self.stdin and not hasattr(self, "_stdin_thread"):
                    self._stdin_thread = \
                            threading.Thread(target=self._writerthread,
                                             args=(input,))
                    self._stdin_thread.daemon = True
                    self._stdin_thread.start()

                # Wait for the writer thread, or time out.  If we time out, the
                # thread remains writing and the fd left open in case the user
                # calls communicate again.
                if hasattr(self, "_stdin_thread"):
                    self._stdin_thread.join(self._remaining_time(endtime))
                    if self._stdin_thread.is_alive():
                        raise TimeoutExpired(self.args, orig_timeout)

                # Wait for the reader threads, or time out.  If we time out, the
                # threads remain reading and the fds left open in case the user
                # calls communicate again.
                if self.stdout is not None:
                    self.stdout_thread.join(self._remaining_time(endtime))
                    if self.stdout_thread.is_alive():
                        raise TimeoutExpired(self.args, orig_timeout)
                if self.stderr is not None:
                    self.stderr_thread.join(self._remaining_time(endtime))
                    if self.stderr_thread.is_alive():
                        raise TimeoutExpired(self.args, orig_timeout)

                # Collect the output from and close both pipes, now that we know
                # both have been read successfully.
                stdout = None
                stderr = None
                if self.stdout:
                    stdout = self._stdout_buff
                    self.stdout.close()
                if self.stderr:
                    stderr = self._stderr_buff
                    self.stderr.close()

                # All data exchanged.  Translate lists into strings.
                stdout = stdout[0] if stdout else None
                stderr = stderr[0] if stderr else None

                return (stdout, stderr)

            def send_signal(self, sig):
                """Send a signal to the process."""
                # Don't signal a process that we know has already died.
                if self.returncode is not None:
                    return
                if sig == signal.SIGTERM:
                    self.terminate()
                elif sig == signal.CTRL_C_EVENT:
                    os.kill(self.pid, signal.CTRL_C_EVENT)
                elif sig == signal.CTRL_BREAK_EVENT:
                    os.kill(self.pid, signal.CTRL_BREAK_EVENT)
                else:
                    raise ValueError("Unsupported signal: {}".format(sig))

            def terminate(self):
                """Terminates the process."""
                # Don't terminate a process that we know has already died.
                if self.returncode is not None:
                    return
                try:
                    _winapi.TerminateProcess(self._handle, 1)
                except PermissionError:
                    # ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED (winerror 5) is received when the
                    # process already died.
                    rc = _winapi.GetExitCodeProcess(self._handle)
                    if rc == _winapi.STILL_ACTIVE:
                        raise
                    self.returncode = rc

            kill = terminate

        else:
            #
            # POSIX methods
            #
            def _get_handles(self, stdin, stdout, stderr):
                """Construct and return tuple with IO objects:
                p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite
                """
                p2cread, p2cwrite = -1, -1
                c2pread, c2pwrite = -1, -1
                errread, errwrite = -1, -1

                with self._on_error_fd_closer() as err_close_fds:
                    if stdin is None:
                        pass
                    elif stdin == PIPE:
                        p2cread, p2cwrite = os.pipe()
                        err_close_fds.extend((p2cread, p2cwrite))
                        if self.pipesize > 0 and hasattr(fcntl, "F_SETPIPE_SZ"):
                            fcntl.fcntl(p2cwrite, fcntl.F_SETPIPE_SZ, self.pipesize)
                    elif stdin == DEVNULL:
                        p2cread = self._get_devnull()
                    elif isinstance(stdin, int):
                        p2cread = stdin
                    else:
                        # Assuming file-like object
                        p2cread = stdin.fileno()

                    if stdout is None:
                        pass
                    elif stdout == PIPE:
                        c2pread, c2pwrite = os.pipe()
                        err_close_fds.extend((c2pread, c2pwrite))
                        if self.pipesize > 0 and hasattr(fcntl, "F_SETPIPE_SZ"):
                            fcntl.fcntl(c2pwrite, fcntl.F_SETPIPE_SZ, self.pipesize)
                    elif stdout == DEVNULL:
                        c2pwrite = self._get_devnull()
                    elif isinstance(stdout, int):
                        c2pwrite = stdout
                    else:
                        # Assuming file-like object
                        c2pwrite = stdout.fileno()

                    if stderr is None:
                        pass
                    elif stderr == PIPE:
                        errread, errwrite = os.pipe()
                        err_close_fds.extend((errread, errwrite))
                        if self.pipesize > 0 and hasattr(fcntl, "F_SETPIPE_SZ"):
                            fcntl.fcntl(errwrite, fcntl.F_SETPIPE_SZ, self.pipesize)
                    elif stderr == STDOUT:
                        if c2pwrite != -1:
                            errwrite = c2pwrite
                        else: # child's stdout is not set, use parent's stdout
                            errwrite = sys.__stdout__.fileno()
                    elif stderr == DEVNULL:
                        errwrite = self._get_devnull()
                    elif isinstance(stderr, int):
                        errwrite = stderr
                    else:
                        # Assuming file-like object
                        errwrite = stderr.fileno()

                return (p2cread, p2cwrite,
                        c2pread, c2pwrite,
                        errread, errwrite)

            def _posix_spawn(self, args, executable, env, restore_signals, close_fds,
                             p2cread, p2cwrite,
                             c2pread, c2pwrite,
                             errread, errwrite):
                """Execute program using os.posix_spawn()."""
                kwargs = {}
                if restore_signals:
                    # See _Py_RestoreSignals() in Python/pylifecycle.c
                    sigset = []
                    for signame in ('SIGPIPE', 'SIGXFZ', 'SIGXFSZ'):
                        signum = getattr(signal, signame, None)
                        if signum is not None:
                            sigset.append(signum)
                    kwargs['setsigdef'] = sigset

                file_actions = []
                for fd in (p2cwrite, c2pread, errread):
                    if fd != -1:
                        file_actions.append((os.POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSE, fd))
                for fd, fd2 in (
                    (p2cread, 0),
                    (c2pwrite, 1),
                    (errwrite, 2),
                ):
                    if fd != -1:
                        file_actions.append((os.POSIX_SPAWN_DUP2, fd, fd2))

                if close_fds:
                    file_actions.append((os.POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSEFROM, 3))

                if file_actions:
                    kwargs['file_actions'] = file_actions

                self.pid = os.posix_spawn(executable, args, env, **kwargs)
                self._child_created = True

                self._close_pipe_fds(p2cread, p2cwrite,
                                     c2pread, c2pwrite,
                                     errread, errwrite)

            def _execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
                               pass_fds, cwd, env,
                               startupinfo, creationflags, shell,
                               p2cread, p2cwrite,
                               c2pread, c2pwrite,
                               errread, errwrite,
                               restore_signals,
                               gid, gids, uid, umask,
                               start_new_session, process_group):
                """Execute program (POSIX version)"""

                if isinstance(args, (str, bytes)):
                    args = [args]
                elif isinstance(args, os.PathLike):
                    if shell:
                        raise TypeError('path-like args is not allowed when '
                                        'shell is true')
                    args = [args]
                else:
                    args = list(args)

                if shell:
                    # On Android the default shell is at '/system/bin/sh'.
                    unix_shell = ('/system/bin/sh' if
                              hasattr(sys, 'getandroidapilevel') else '/bin/sh')
                    args = [unix_shell, "-c"] + args
                    if executable:
                        args[0] = executable

                if executable is None:
                    executable = args[0]

                sys.audit("subprocess.Popen", executable, args, cwd, env)

                if (_USE_POSIX_SPAWN
                        and os.path.dirname(executable)
                        and preexec_fn is None
                        and (not close_fds or _HAVE_POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSEFROM)
                        and not pass_fds
                        and cwd is None
                        and (p2cread == -1 or p2cread > 2)
                        and (c2pwrite == -1 or c2pwrite > 2)
                        and (errwrite == -1 or errwrite > 2)
                        and not start_new_session
                        and process_group == -1
                        and gid is None
                        and gids is None
                        and uid is None
                        and umask < 0):
                    self._posix_spawn(args, executable, env, restore_signals, close_fds,
                                      p2cread, p2cwrite,
                                      c2pread, c2pwrite,
                                      errread, errwrite)
                    return

                orig_executable = executable

                # For transferring possible exec failure from child to parent.
                # Data format: "exception name:hex errno:description"
                # Pickle is not used; it is complex and involves memory allocation.
                errpipe_read, errpipe_write = os.pipe()
                # errpipe_write must not be in the standard io 0, 1, or 2 fd range.
                low_fds_to_close = []
                while errpipe_write < 3:
                    low_fds_to_close.append(errpipe_write)
                    errpipe_write = os.dup(errpipe_write)
                for low_fd in low_fds_to_close:
                    os.close(low_fd)
                try:
                    try:
                        # We must avoid complex work that could involve
                        # malloc or free in the child process to avoid
                        # potential deadlocks, thus we do all this here.
                        # and pass it to fork_exec()

                        if env is not None:
                            env_list = []
                            for k, v in env.items():
                                k = os.fsencode(k)
                                if b'=' in k:
                                    raise ValueError("illegal environment variable name")
                                env_list.append(k + b'=' + os.fsencode(v))
                        else:
                            env_list = None  # Use execv instead of execve.
                        executable = os.fsencode(executable)
                        if os.path.dirname(executable):
                            executable_list = (executable,)
                        else:
                            # This matches the behavior of os._execvpe().
                            executable_list = tuple(
                                os.path.join(os.fsencode(dir), executable)
                                for dir in os.get_exec_path(env))
                        fds_to_keep = set(pass_fds)
                        fds_to_keep.add(errpipe_write)
                        self.pid = _fork_exec(
                                args, executable_list,
                                close_fds, tuple(sorted(map(int, fds_to_keep))),
                                cwd, env_list,
                                p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite,
                                errread, errwrite,
                                errpipe_read, errpipe_write,
                                restore_signals, start_new_session,
                                process_group, gid, gids, uid, umask,
                                preexec_fn)
                        self._child_created = True
                    finally:
                        # be sure the FD is closed no matter what
                        os.close(errpipe_write)

                    self._close_pipe_fds(p2cread, p2cwrite,
                                         c2pread, c2pwrite,
                                         errread, errwrite)

                    # Wait for exec to fail or succeed; possibly raising an
                    # exception (limited in size)
                    errpipe_data = bytearray()
                    while True:
                        part = os.read(errpipe_read, 50000)
                        errpipe_data += part
                        if not part or len(errpipe_data) > 50000:
                            break
                finally:
                    # be sure the FD is closed no matter what
                    os.close(errpipe_read)

                if errpipe_data:
                    try:
                        pid, sts = os.waitpid(self.pid, 0)
                        if pid == self.pid:
                            self._handle_exitstatus(sts)
                        else:
                            self.returncode = sys.maxsize
                    except ChildProcessError:
                        pass

                    try:
                        exception_name, hex_errno, err_msg = (
                                errpipe_data.split(b':', 2))
                        # The encoding here should match the encoding
                        # written in by the subprocess implementations
                        # like _posixsubprocess
                        err_msg = err_msg.decode()
                    except ValueError:
                        exception_name = b'SubprocessError'
                        hex_errno = b'0'
                        err_msg = 'Bad exception data from child: {!r}'.format(
                                      bytes(errpipe_data))
                    child_exception_type = getattr(
                            builtins, exception_name.decode('ascii'),
                            SubprocessError)
                    if issubclass(child_exception_type, OSError) and hex_errno:
                        errno_num = int(hex_errno, 16)
                        if err_msg == "noexec:chdir":
                            err_msg = ""
                            # The error must be from chdir(cwd).
                            err_filename = cwd
                        elif err_msg == "noexec":
                            err_msg = ""
                            err_filename = None
                        else:
                            err_filename = orig_executable
                        if errno_num != 0:
                            err_msg = os.strerror(errno_num)
                        if err_filename is not None:
                            raise child_exception_type(errno_num, err_msg, err_filename)
                        else:
                            raise child_exception_type(errno_num, err_msg)
                    raise child_exception_type(err_msg)

            def _handle_exitstatus(self, sts, _del_safe=_del_safe):
                """All callers to this function MUST hold self._waitpid_lock."""
                # This method is called (indirectly) by __del__, so it cannot
                # refer to anything outside of its local scope.
                if _del_safe.WIFSTOPPED(sts):
                    self.returncode = -_del_safe.WSTOPSIG(sts)
                else:
                    self.returncode = _del_safe.waitstatus_to_exitcode(sts)

            def _internal_poll(self, _deadstate=None, _del_safe=_del_safe):
                """Check if child process has terminated.  Returns returncode
                attribute.

                This method is called by __del__, so it cannot reference anything
                outside of the local scope (nor can any methods it calls).

                """
                if self.returncode is None:
                    if not self._waitpid_lock.acquire(False):
                        # Something else is busy calling waitpid.  Don't allow two
                        # at once.  We know nothing yet.
                        return None
                    try:
                        if self.returncode is not None:
                            return self.returncode  # Another thread waited.
                        pid, sts = _del_safe.waitpid(self.pid, _del_safe.WNOHANG)
                        if pid == self.pid:
                            self._handle_exitstatus(sts)
                    except OSError as e:
                        if _deadstate is not None:
                            self.returncode = _deadstate
                        elif e.errno == _del_safe.ECHILD:
                            # This happens if SIGCLD is set to be ignored or
                            # waiting for child processes has otherwise been
                            # disabled for our process.  This child is dead, we
                            # can't get the status.
                            # http://bugs.python.org/issue15756
                            self.returncode = 0
                    finally:
                        self._waitpid_lock.release()
                return self.returncode

            def _try_wait(self, wait_flags):
                """All callers to this function MUST hold self._waitpid_lock."""
                try:
                    (pid, sts) = os.waitpid(self.pid, wait_flags)
                except ChildProcessError:
                    # This happens if SIGCLD is set to be ignored or waiting
                    # for child processes has otherwise been disabled for our
                    # process.  This child is dead, we can't get the status.
                    pid = self.pid
                    sts = 0
                return (pid, sts)

            def _wait(self, timeout):
                """Internal implementation of wait() on POSIX."""
                if self.returncode is not None:
                    return self.returncode

                if timeout is not None:
                    endtime = _time() + timeout
                    # Enter a busy loop if we have a timeout.  This busy loop was
                    # cribbed from Lib/threading.py in Thread.wait() at r71065.
                    delay = 0.0005 # 500 us -> initial delay of 1 ms
                    while True:
                        if self._waitpid_lock.acquire(False):
                            try:
                                if self.returncode is not None:
                                    break  # Another thread waited.
                                (pid, sts) = self._try_wait(os.WNOHANG)
                                assert pid == self.pid or pid == 0
                                if pid == self.pid:
                                    self._handle_exitstatus(sts)
                                    break
                            finally:
                                self._waitpid_lock.release()
                        remaining = self._remaining_time(endtime)
                        if remaining <= 0:
                            raise TimeoutExpired(self.args, timeout)
                        delay = min(delay * 2, remaining, .05)
                        time.sleep(delay)
                else:
                    while self.returncode is None:
                        with self._waitpid_lock:
                            if self.returncode is not None:
                                break  # Another thread waited.
                            (pid, sts) = self._try_wait(0)
                            # Check the pid and loop as waitpid has been known to
                            # return 0 even without WNOHANG in odd situations.
                            # http://bugs.python.org/issue14396.
                            if pid == self.pid:
                                self._handle_exitstatus(sts)
                return self.returncode

            def _communicate(self, input, endtime, orig_timeout):
                if self.stdin and not self._communication_started:
                    # Flush stdio buffer.  This might block, if the user has
                    # been writing to .stdin in an uncontrolled fashion.
                    try:
                        self.stdin.flush()
                    except BrokenPipeError:
                        pass  # communicate() must ignore BrokenPipeError.
                    except ValueError:
                        # ignore ValueError: I/O operation on closed file.
                        if not self.stdin.closed:
                            raise
                    if not input:
                        try:
                            self.stdin.close()
                        except BrokenPipeError:
                            pass  # communicate() must ignore BrokenPipeError.

                stdout = None
                stderr = None

                # Only create this mapping if we haven't already.
                if not self._communication_started:
                    self._fileobj2output = {}
                    if self.stdout:
                        self._fileobj2output[self.stdout] = []
                    if self.stderr:
                        self._fileobj2output[self.stderr] = []

                if self.stdout:
                    stdout = self._fileobj2output[self.stdout]
                if self.stderr:
                    stderr = self._fileobj2output[self.stderr]

                self._save_input(input)

                if self._input:
                    if not isinstance(self._input, memoryview):
                        input_view = memoryview(self._input)
                    else:
                        input_view = self._input.cast("b")  # byte input required

                with _PopenSelector() as selector:
                    if self.stdin and not self.stdin.closed and self._input:
                        selector.register(self.stdin, selectors.EVENT_WRITE)
                    if self.stdout and not self.stdout.closed:
                        selector.register(self.stdout, selectors.EVENT_READ)
                    if self.stderr and not self.stderr.closed:
                        selector.register(self.stderr, selectors.EVENT_READ)

                    while selector.get_map():
                        timeout = self._remaining_time(endtime)
                        if timeout is not None and timeout <= 0:
                            self._check_timeout(endtime, orig_timeout,
                                                stdout, stderr,
                                                skip_check_and_raise=True)
                            raise RuntimeError(  # Impossible :)
                                '_check_timeout(..., skip_check_and_raise=True) '
                                'failed to raise TimeoutExpired.')

                        ready = selector.select(timeout)
                        self._check_timeout(endtime, orig_timeout, stdout, stderr)

                        # XXX Rewrite these to use non-blocking I/O on the file
                        # objects; they are no longer using C stdio!

                        for key, events in ready:
                            if key.fileobj is self.stdin:
                                chunk = input_view[self._input_offset :
                                                   self._input_offset + _PIPE_BUF]
                                try:
                                    self._input_offset += os.write(key.fd, chunk)
                                except BrokenPipeError:
                                    selector.unregister(key.fileobj)
                                    key.fileobj.close()
                                else:
                                    if self._input_offset >= len(input_view):
                                        selector.unregister(key.fileobj)
                                        key.fileobj.close()
                            elif key.fileobj in (self.stdout, self.stderr):
                                data = os.read(key.fd, 32768)
                                if not data:
                                    selector.unregister(key.fileobj)
                                    key.fileobj.close()
                                self._fileobj2output[key.fileobj].append(data)
                try:
                    self.wait(timeout=self._remaining_time(endtime))
                except TimeoutExpired as exc:
                    exc.timeout = orig_timeout
                    raise

                # All data exchanged.  Translate lists into strings.
                if stdout is not None:
                    stdout = b''.join(stdout)
                if stderr is not None:
                    stderr = b''.join(stderr)

                # Translate newlines, if requested.
                # This also turns bytes into strings.
                if self.text_mode:
                    if stdout is not None:
                        stdout = self._translate_newlines(stdout,
                                                          self.stdout.encoding,
                                                          self.stdout.errors)
                    if stderr is not None:
                        stderr = self._translate_newlines(stderr,
                                                          self.stderr.encoding,
                                                          self.stderr.errors)

                return (stdout, stderr)

            def _save_input(self, input):
                # This method is called from the _communicate_with_*() methods
                # so that if we time out while communicating, we can continue
                # sending input if we retry.
                if self.stdin and self._input is None:
                    self._input_offset = 0
                    self._input = input
                    if input is not None and self.text_mode:
                        self._input = self._input.encode(self.stdin.encoding,
                                                         self.stdin.errors)

            def send_signal(self, sig):
                """Send a signal to the process."""
                # bpo-38630: Polling reduces the risk of sending a signal to the
                # wrong process if the process completed, the Popen.returncode
                # attribute is still None, and the pid has been reassigned
                # (recycled) to a new different process. This race condition can
                # happens in two cases.
                #
                # Case 1. Thread A calls Popen.poll(), thread B calls
                # Popen.send_signal(). In thread A, waitpid() succeed and returns
                # the exit status. Thread B calls kill() because poll() in thread A
                # did not set returncode yet. Calling poll() in thread B prevents
                # the race condition thanks to Popen._waitpid_lock.
                #
                # Case 2. waitpid(pid, 0) has been called directly, without
                # using Popen methods: returncode is still None is this case.
                # Calling Popen.poll() will set returncode to a default value,
                # since waitpid() fails with ProcessLookupError.
                self.poll()
                if self.returncode is not None:
                    # Skip signalling a process that we know has already died.
                    return

                # The race condition can still happen if the race condition
                # described above happens between the returncode test
                # and the kill() call.
                try:
                    os.kill(self.pid, sig)
                except ProcessLookupError:
                    # Suppress the race condition error; bpo-40550.
                    pass

            def terminate(self):
                """Terminate the process with SIGTERM
                """
                self.send_signal(signal.SIGTERM)

            def kill(self):
                """Kill the process with SIGKILL
                """
                self.send_signal(signal.SIGKILL)