# An Introduction to reStructuredText

Author:

  David Goodger

Contact:
  docutils-develop@lists.sourceforge.net
Revision:
  9906
Date:
  2024-08-15
Copyright:
  This document has been placed in the public domain.

reStructuredText is an easy-to-read, what-you-see-is-what-you-get plaintext markup syntax and parser system. It is useful for inline program documentation (such as Python docstrings), for quickly creating simple web pages, and for standalone documents. reStructuredText is a proposed revision and reinterpretation of the StructuredText and Setext lightweight markup systems.

reStructuredText is designed for extensibility for specific application domains. Its parser is a component of Docutils.

This document defines the goals of reStructuredText and provides a history of the project. It is written using the reStructuredText markup, and therefore serves as an example of its use. For a gentle introduction to using reStructuredText, please read A ReStructuredText Primer. The Quick reStructuredText user reference is also useful. The reStructuredText Markup Specification is the definitive reference. There is also an analysis of the Problems With StructuredText.

ReStructuredText's web page is https://docutils.sourceforge.io/rst.html.

## Goals

The primary goal of reStructuredText is to define a markup syntax for use in Python docstrings and other documentation domains, that is readable and simple, yet powerful enough for non-trivial use. The intended purpose of the reStructuredText markup is twofold:

- the establishment of a set of standard conventions allowing the expression of structure within plaintext, and

- the conversion of such documents into useful structured data formats.

To clarify the primary goal, here are specific design goals, in order, beginning with the most important:

1. Readable. The marked-up text must be easy to read without any prior knowledge of the markup language. It should be as easily read in raw form as in processed form.

2. Unobtrusive. The markup that is used should be as simple and unobtrusive as possible. The simplicity of markup constructs should be roughly proportional to their frequency of use. The most common constructs, with natural and obvious markup, should be the simplest and most unobtrusive. Less common constructs, for which there is no natural or obvious markup, should be distinctive.

3. Unambiguous. The rules for markup must not be open for interpretation. For any given input, there should be one and only one possible output (including error output).

4. Unsurprising. Markup constructs should not cause unexpected output upon processing. As a fallback, there must be a way to prevent unwanted markup processing when a markup construct is used in a non-markup context (for example, when documenting the markup syntax itself).

5. Intuitive. Markup should be as obvious and easily remembered as possible, for the author as well as for the reader. Constructs should take their cues from such naturally occurring sources as plaintext email messages, newsgroup postings, and text documentation such as README.rst files.

6. Easy. It should be easy to mark up text using any ordinary text editor.

7. Scalable. The markup should be applicable regardless of the length of the text.

8. Powerful. The markup should provide enough constructs to produce a reasonably rich structured document.

9. Language-neutral. The markup should apply to multiple natural (as well as artificial) languages, not only English.

10. Extensible. The markup should provide a simple syntax and interface for adding more complex general markup, and custom markup.

11. Output-format-neutral. The markup will be appropriate for processing to multiple output formats, and will not be biased toward any particular format.

The design goals above were used as criteria for accepting or rejecting syntax, or selecting between alternatives.

It is emphatically not the goal of reStructuredText to define docstring semantics, such as docstring contents or docstring length. These issues are orthogonal to the markup syntax and beyond the scope of this specification.

Also, it is not the goal of reStructuredText to maintain compatibility with StructuredText or Setext. reStructuredText shamelessly steals their great ideas and ignores the not-so-great.

Author's note:

> Due to the nature of the problem we're trying to solve (or, perhaps, due to the nature of the proposed solution), the above goals unavoidably conflict. I have tried to extract and distill the wisdom accumulated over the years in the Python Doc-SIG mailing list and elsewhere, to come up with a coherent and consistent set of syntax rules, and the above goals by which to measure them.

> There will inevitably be people who disagree with my particular choices. Some desire finer control over their markup, others prefer less. Some are concerned with very short docstrings, others with full-length documents. This specification is an effort to provide a reasonably rich set of markup constructs in a reasonably simple form, that should satisfy a reasonably large group of reasonable people.

> David Goodger (goodger@python.org), 2001-04-20