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# numpy.ma.var

ma.var(self, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=0, keepdims=<no value>, mean=<no value>) = <numpy.ma.core._frommethod object>

  Compute the variance along the specified axis.

  Returns the variance of the array elements, a measure of the spread of a distribution. The variance is computed for the flattened array by default, otherwise over the specified axis.

  Parameters:
    a array_like

      Array containing numbers whose variance is desired. If a is not an array, a conversion is attempted.

    axis None or int or tuple of ints, optional

      Axis or axes along which the variance is computed. The default is to compute the variance of the flattened array. If this is a tuple of ints, a variance is performed over multiple axes, instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.

    dtype data-type, optional

      Type to use in computing the variance. For arrays of integer type the default is `float64`; for arrays of float types it is the same as the array type.

    out ndarray, optional

      Alternate output array in which to place the result. It must have the same shape as the expected output, but the type is cast if necessary.

    ddof{int, float}, optional

      “Delta Degrees of Freedom”: the divisor used in the calculation is `N - ddof`, where `N` represents the number of elements. By default ddof is zero. See notes for details about use of ddof.

    keepdims bool, optional

      If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option, the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.

      If the default value is passed, then keepdims will not be passed through to the `var` method of sub-classes of `ndarray`, however any non-default value will be. If the sub-class’ method does not implement keepdims any exceptions will be raised.

    where array_like of bool, optional

      Elements to include in the variance. See `reduce` for details.

      Added in version 1.20.0.

    mean array like, optional

      Provide the mean to prevent its recalculation. The mean should have a shape as if it was calculated with `keepdims=True`. The axis for the calculation of the mean should be the same as used in the call to this var function.

      Added in version 2.0.0.

    correction{int, float}, optional

      Array API compatible name for the `ddof` parameter. Only one of them can be provided at the same time.

      Added in version 2.0.0.

  Returns:
    variance ndarray, see dtype parameter above

      If `out=None`, returns a new array containing the variance; otherwise, a reference to the output array is returned.

  See also

  `std`, `mean`, `nanmean`, `nanstd`, `nanvar`
  Output type determination

  Notes

  There are several common variants of the array variance calculation. Assuming the input a is a one-dimensional NumPy array and `mean` is either provided as an argument or computed as `a.mean()`, NumPy computes the variance of an array as:

      N = len(a)
      d2 = abs(a - mean)**2  # abs is for complex `a`
      var = d2.sum() / (N - ddof)  # note use of `ddof`

  Different values of the argument ddof are useful in different contexts. NumPy’s default `ddof=0` corresponds with the expression:

  \[\frac{\sum_i{|a_i - \bar{a}|^2 }}{N}\]

  which is sometimes called the “population variance” in the field of statistics because it applies the definition of variance to a as if a were a complete population of possible observations.

  Many other libraries define the variance of an array differently, e.g.:

  \[\frac{\sum_i{|a_i - \bar{a}|^2}}{N - 1}\]

  In statistics, the resulting quantity is sometimes called the “sample variance” because if a is a random sample from a larger population, this calculation provides an unbiased estimate of the variance of the population. The use of \(N-1\) in the denominator is often called “Bessel’s correction” because it corrects for bias (toward lower values) in the variance estimate introduced when the sample mean of a is used in place of the true mean of the population. For this quantity, use `ddof=1`.

  Note that for complex numbers, the absolute value is taken before squaring, so that the result is always real and nonnegative.

  For floating-point input, the variance is computed using the same precision the input has. Depending on the input data, this can cause the results to be inaccurate, especially for `float32` (see example below). Specifying a higher-accuracy accumulator using the `dtype` keyword can alleviate this issue.

  Examples

      >>> import numpy as np
      >>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
      >>> np.var(a)
      1.25
      >>> np.var(a, axis=0)
      array([1.,  1.])
      >>> np.var(a, axis=1)
      array([0.25,  0.25])

  In single precision, var() can be inaccurate:

      >>> a = np.zeros((2, 512*512), dtype=np.float32)
      >>> a[0, :] = 1.0
      >>> a[1, :] = 0.1
      >>> np.var(a)
      np.float32(0.20250003)

  Computing the variance in float64 is more accurate:

      >>> np.var(a, dtype=np.float64)
      0.20249999932944759 # may vary
      >>> ((1-0.55)**2 + (0.1-0.55)**2)/2
      0.2025

  Specifying a where argument:

      >>> a = np.array([[14, 8, 11, 10], [7, 9, 10, 11], [10, 15, 5, 10]])
      >>> np.var(a)
      6.833333333333333 # may vary
      >>> np.var(a, where=[[True], [True], [False]])
      4.0

  Using the mean keyword to save computation time:

      >>> import numpy as np
      >>> from timeit import timeit
      >>>
      >>> a = np.array([[14, 8, 11, 10], [7, 9, 10, 11], [10, 15, 5, 10]])
      >>> mean = np.mean(a, axis=1, keepdims=True)
      >>>
      >>> g = globals()
      >>> n = 10000
      >>> t1 = timeit("var = np.var(a, axis=1, mean=mean)", globals=g, number=n)
      >>> t2 = timeit("var = np.var(a, axis=1)", globals=g, number=n)
      >>> print(f'Percentage execution time saved {100*(t2-t1)/t2:.0f}%')

      Percentage execution time saved 32%