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# Source code for networkx.convert_matrix

    """Functions to convert NetworkX graphs to and from common data containers
    like numpy arrays, scipy sparse arrays, and pandas DataFrames.

    The preferred way of converting data to a NetworkX graph is through the
    graph constructor.  The constructor calls the `~networkx.convert.to_networkx_graph`
    function which attempts to guess the input type and convert it automatically.

    Examples
    --------
    Create a 10 node random graph from a numpy array

    >>> import numpy as np
    >>> rng = np.random.default_rng()
    >>> a = rng.integers(low=0, high=2, size=(10, 10))
    >>> DG = nx.from_numpy_array(a, create_using=nx.DiGraph)

    or equivalently:

    >>> DG = nx.DiGraph(a)

    which calls `from_numpy_array` internally based on the type of ``a``.

    See Also
    --------
    nx_agraph, nx_pydot
    """

    import itertools
    from collections import defaultdict

    import networkx as nx
    from networkx.utils import not_implemented_for

    __all__ = [
        "from_pandas_adjacency",
        "to_pandas_adjacency",
        "from_pandas_edgelist",
        "to_pandas_edgelist",
        "from_scipy_sparse_array",
        "to_scipy_sparse_array",
        "from_numpy_array",
        "to_numpy_array",
    ]

    @nx._dispatchable(edge_attrs="weight")
    def to_pandas_adjacency(
        G,
        nodelist=None,
        dtype=None,
        order=None,
        multigraph_weight=sum,
        weight="weight",
        nonedge=0.0,
    ):
        """Returns the graph adjacency matrix as a Pandas DataFrame.

        Parameters
        ----------
        G : graph
            The NetworkX graph used to construct the Pandas DataFrame.

        nodelist : list, optional
           The rows and columns are ordered according to the nodes in `nodelist`.
           If `nodelist` is None, then the ordering is produced by G.nodes().

        multigraph_weight : {sum, min, max}, optional
            An operator that determines how weights in multigraphs are handled.
            The default is to sum the weights of the multiple edges.

        weight : string or None, optional
            The edge attribute that holds the numerical value used for
            the edge weight.  If an edge does not have that attribute, then the
            value 1 is used instead.

        nonedge : float, optional
            The matrix values corresponding to nonedges are typically set to zero.
            However, this could be undesirable if there are matrix values
            corresponding to actual edges that also have the value zero. If so,
            one might prefer nonedges to have some other value, such as nan.

        Returns
        -------
        df : Pandas DataFrame
           Graph adjacency matrix

        Notes
        -----
        For directed graphs, entry i,j corresponds to an edge from i to j.

        The DataFrame entries are assigned to the weight edge attribute. When
        an edge does not have a weight attribute, the value of the entry is set to
        the number 1.  For multiple (parallel) edges, the values of the entries
        are determined by the 'multigraph_weight' parameter.  The default is to
        sum the weight attributes for each of the parallel edges.

        When `nodelist` does not contain every node in `G`, the matrix is built
        from the subgraph of `G` that is induced by the nodes in `nodelist`.

        The convention used for self-loop edges in graphs is to assign the
        diagonal matrix entry value to the weight attribute of the edge
        (or the number 1 if the edge has no weight attribute).  If the
        alternate convention of doubling the edge weight is desired the
        resulting Pandas DataFrame can be modified as follows::

            >>> import pandas as pd
            >>> G = nx.Graph([(1, 1), (2, 2)])
            >>> df = nx.to_pandas_adjacency(G)
            >>> df
                 1    2
            1  1.0  0.0
            2  0.0  1.0
            >>> diag_idx = list(range(len(df)))
            >>> df.iloc[diag_idx, diag_idx] *= 2
            >>> df
                 1    2
            1  2.0  0.0
            2  0.0  2.0

        Examples
        --------
        >>> G = nx.MultiDiGraph()
        >>> G.add_edge(0, 1, weight=2)
        0
        >>> G.add_edge(1, 0)
        0
        >>> G.add_edge(2, 2, weight=3)
        0
        >>> G.add_edge(2, 2)
        1
        >>> nx.to_pandas_adjacency(G, nodelist=[0, 1, 2], dtype=int)
           0  1  2
        0  0  2  0
        1  1  0  0
        2  0  0  4

        """
        import pandas as pd

        M = to_numpy_array(
            G,
            nodelist=nodelist,
            dtype=dtype,
            order=order,
            multigraph_weight=multigraph_weight,
            weight=weight,
            nonedge=nonedge,
        )
        if nodelist is None:
            nodelist = list(G)
        return pd.DataFrame(data=M, index=nodelist, columns=nodelist)

    @nx._dispatchable(graphs=None, returns_graph=True)
    def from_pandas_adjacency(df, create_using=None):
        r"""Returns a graph from Pandas DataFrame.

        The Pandas DataFrame is interpreted as an adjacency matrix for the graph.

        Parameters
        ----------
        df : Pandas DataFrame
          An adjacency matrix representation of a graph

        create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph)
           Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated.

        Notes
        -----
        For directed graphs, explicitly mention create_using=nx.DiGraph,
        and entry i,j of df corresponds to an edge from i to j.

        If `df` has a single data type for each entry it will be converted to an
        appropriate Python data type.

        If you have node attributes stored in a separate dataframe `df_nodes`,
        you can load those attributes to the graph `G` using the following code:

        ```
        df_nodes = pd.DataFrame({"node_id": [1, 2, 3], "attribute1": ["A", "B", "C"]})
        G.add_nodes_from((n, dict(d)) for n, d in df_nodes.iterrows())
        ```

        If `df` has a user-specified compound data type the names
        of the data fields will be used as attribute keys in the resulting
        NetworkX graph.

        See Also
        --------
        to_pandas_adjacency

        Examples
        --------
        Simple integer weights on edges:

        >>> import pandas as pd
        >>> pd.options.display.max_columns = 20
        >>> df = pd.DataFrame([[1, 1], [2, 1]])
        >>> df
           0  1
        0  1  1
        1  2  1
        >>> G = nx.from_pandas_adjacency(df)
        >>> G.name = "Graph from pandas adjacency matrix"
        >>> print(G)
        Graph named 'Graph from pandas adjacency matrix' with 2 nodes and 3 edges
        """

        try:
            df = df[df.index]
        except Exception as err:
            missing = list(set(df.index).difference(set(df.columns)))
            msg = f"{missing} not in columns"
            raise nx.NetworkXError("Columns must match Indices.", msg) from err

        A = df.values
        G = from_numpy_array(A, create_using=create_using, nodelist=df.columns)

        return G

    @nx._dispatchable(preserve_edge_attrs=True)
    def to_pandas_edgelist(
        G,
        source="source",
        target="target",
        nodelist=None,
        dtype=None,
        edge_key=None,
    ):
        """Returns the graph edge list as a Pandas DataFrame.

        Parameters
        ----------
        G : graph
            The NetworkX graph used to construct the Pandas DataFrame.

        source : str or int, optional
            A valid column name (string or integer) for the source nodes (for the
            directed case).

        target : str or int, optional
            A valid column name (string or integer) for the target nodes (for the
            directed case).

        nodelist : list, optional
           Use only nodes specified in nodelist

        dtype : dtype, default None
            Use to create the DataFrame. Data type to force.
            Only a single dtype is allowed. If None, infer.

        edge_key : str or int or None, optional (default=None)
            A valid column name (string or integer) for the edge keys (for the
            multigraph case). If None, edge keys are not stored in the DataFrame.

        Returns
        -------
        df : Pandas DataFrame
           Graph edge list

        Examples
        --------
        >>> G = nx.Graph(
        ...     [
        ...         ("A", "B", {"cost": 1, "weight": 7}),
        ...         ("C", "E", {"cost": 9, "weight": 10}),
        ...     ]
        ... )
        >>> df = nx.to_pandas_edgelist(G, nodelist=["A", "C"])
        >>> df[["source", "target", "cost", "weight"]]
          source target  cost  weight
        0      A      B     1       7
        1      C      E     9      10

        >>> G = nx.MultiGraph([("A", "B", {"cost": 1}), ("A", "B", {"cost": 9})])
        >>> df = nx.to_pandas_edgelist(G, nodelist=["A", "C"], edge_key="ekey")
        >>> df[["source", "target", "cost", "ekey"]]
          source target  cost  ekey
        0      A      B     1     0
        1      A      B     9     1

        """
        import pandas as pd

        if nodelist is None:
            edgelist = G.edges(data=True)
        else:
            edgelist = G.edges(nodelist, data=True)
        source_nodes = [s for s, _, _ in edgelist]
        target_nodes = [t for _, t, _ in edgelist]

        all_attrs = set().union(*(d.keys() for _, _, d in edgelist))
        if source in all_attrs:
            raise nx.NetworkXError(f"Source name {source!r} is an edge attr name")
        if target in all_attrs:
            raise nx.NetworkXError(f"Target name {target!r} is an edge attr name")

        nan = float("nan")
        edge_attr = {k: [d.get(k, nan) for _, _, d in edgelist] for k in all_attrs}

        if G.is_multigraph() and edge_key is not None:
            if edge_key in all_attrs:
                raise nx.NetworkXError(f"Edge key name {edge_key!r} is an edge attr name")
            edge_keys = [k for _, _, k in G.edges(keys=True)]
            edgelistdict = {source: source_nodes, target: target_nodes, edge_key: edge_keys}
        else:
            edgelistdict = {source: source_nodes, target: target_nodes}

        edgelistdict.update(edge_attr)
        return pd.DataFrame(edgelistdict, dtype=dtype)

    @nx._dispatchable(graphs=None, returns_graph=True)
    def from_pandas_edgelist(
        df,
        source="source",
        target="target",
        edge_attr=None,
        create_using=None,
        edge_key=None,
    ):
        """Returns a graph from Pandas DataFrame containing an edge list.

        The Pandas DataFrame should contain at least two columns of node names and
        zero or more columns of edge attributes. Each row will be processed as one
        edge instance.

        Note: This function iterates over DataFrame.values, which is not
        guaranteed to retain the data type across columns in the row. This is only
        a problem if your row is entirely numeric and a mix of ints and floats. In
        that case, all values will be returned as floats. See the
        DataFrame.iterrows documentation for an example.

        Parameters
        ----------
        df : Pandas DataFrame
            An edge list representation of a graph

        source : str or int
            A valid column name (string or integer) for the source nodes (for the
            directed case).

        target : str or int
            A valid column name (string or integer) for the target nodes (for the
            directed case).

        edge_attr : str or int, iterable, True, or None
            A valid column name (str or int) or iterable of column names that are
            used to retrieve items and add them to the graph as edge attributes.
            If `True`, all columns will be added except `source`, `target` and `edge_key`.
            If `None`, no edge attributes are added to the graph.

        create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph)
            Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated.

        edge_key : str or None, optional (default=None)
            A valid column name for the edge keys (for a MultiGraph). The values in
            this column are used for the edge keys when adding edges if create_using
            is a multigraph.

        If you have node attributes stored in a separate dataframe `df_nodes`,
        you can load those attributes to the graph `G` using the following code:

        ```
        df_nodes = pd.DataFrame({"node_id": [1, 2, 3], "attribute1": ["A", "B", "C"]})
        G.add_nodes_from((n, dict(d)) for n, d in df_nodes.iterrows())
        ```

        See Also
        --------
        to_pandas_edgelist

        Examples
        --------
        Simple integer weights on edges:

        >>> import pandas as pd
        >>> pd.options.display.max_columns = 20
        >>> import numpy as np
        >>> rng = np.random.RandomState(seed=5)
        >>> ints = rng.randint(1, 11, size=(3, 2))
        >>> a = ["A", "B", "C"]
        >>> b = ["D", "A", "E"]
        >>> df = pd.DataFrame(ints, columns=["weight", "cost"])
        >>> df[0] = a
        >>> df["b"] = b
        >>> df[["weight", "cost", 0, "b"]]
           weight  cost  0  b
        0       4     7  A  D
        1       7     1  B  A
        2      10     9  C  E
        >>> G = nx.from_pandas_edgelist(df, 0, "b", ["weight", "cost"])
        >>> G["E"]["C"]["weight"]
        10
        >>> G["E"]["C"]["cost"]
        9
        >>> edges = pd.DataFrame(
        ...     {
        ...         "source": [0, 1, 2],
        ...         "target": [2, 2, 3],
        ...         "weight": [3, 4, 5],
        ...         "color": ["red", "blue", "blue"],
        ...     }
        ... )
        >>> G = nx.from_pandas_edgelist(edges, edge_attr=True)
        >>> G[0][2]["color"]
        'red'

        Build multigraph with custom keys:

        >>> edges = pd.DataFrame(
        ...     {
        ...         "source": [0, 1, 2, 0],
        ...         "target": [2, 2, 3, 2],
        ...         "my_edge_key": ["A", "B", "C", "D"],
        ...         "weight": [3, 4, 5, 6],
        ...         "color": ["red", "blue", "blue", "blue"],
        ...     }
        ... )
        >>> G = nx.from_pandas_edgelist(
        ...     edges,
        ...     edge_key="my_edge_key",
        ...     edge_attr=["weight", "color"],
        ...     create_using=nx.MultiGraph(),
        ... )
        >>> G[0][2]
        AtlasView({'A': {'weight': 3, 'color': 'red'}, 'D': {'weight': 6, 'color': 'blue'}})

        """
        g = nx.empty_graph(0, create_using)

        if edge_attr is None:
            if g.is_multigraph() and edge_key is not None:
                for u, v, k in zip(df[source], df[target], df[edge_key]):
                    g.add_edge(u, v, k)
            else:
                g.add_edges_from(zip(df[source], df[target]))
            return g

        reserved_columns = [source, target]
        if g.is_multigraph() and edge_key is not None:
            reserved_columns.append(edge_key)

        # Additional columns requested
        attr_col_headings = []
        attribute_data = []
        if edge_attr is True:
            attr_col_headings = [c for c in df.columns if c not in reserved_columns]
        elif isinstance(edge_attr, list | tuple):
            attr_col_headings = edge_attr
        else:
            attr_col_headings = [edge_attr]
        if len(attr_col_headings) == 0:
            raise nx.NetworkXError(
                f"Invalid edge_attr argument: No columns found with name: {attr_col_headings}"
            )

        try:
            attribute_data = zip(*[df[col] for col in attr_col_headings])
        except (KeyError, TypeError) as err:
            msg = f"Invalid edge_attr argument: {edge_attr}"
            raise nx.NetworkXError(msg) from err

        if g.is_multigraph():
            # => append the edge keys from the df to the bundled data
            if edge_key is not None:
                try:
                    multigraph_edge_keys = df[edge_key]
                    attribute_data = zip(attribute_data, multigraph_edge_keys)
                except (KeyError, TypeError) as err:
                    msg = f"Invalid edge_key argument: {edge_key}"
                    raise nx.NetworkXError(msg) from err

            for s, t, attrs in zip(df[source], df[target], attribute_data):
                if edge_key is not None:
                    attrs, multigraph_edge_key = attrs
                    key = g.add_edge(s, t, key=multigraph_edge_key)
                else:
                    key = g.add_edge(s, t)

                g[s][t][key].update(zip(attr_col_headings, attrs))
        else:
            for s, t, attrs in zip(df[source], df[target], attribute_data):
                g.add_edge(s, t)
                g[s][t].update(zip(attr_col_headings, attrs))

        return g

    @nx._dispatchable(edge_attrs="weight")
    def to_scipy_sparse_array(G, nodelist=None, dtype=None, weight="weight", format="csr"):
        """Returns the graph adjacency matrix as a SciPy sparse array.

        Parameters
        ----------
        G : graph
            The NetworkX graph used to construct the sparse array.

        nodelist : list, optional
           The rows and columns are ordered according to the nodes in `nodelist`.
           If `nodelist` is None, then the ordering is produced by ``G.nodes()``.

        dtype : NumPy data-type, optional
            A valid NumPy dtype used to initialize the array. If None, then the
            NumPy default is used.

        weight : string or None, optional (default='weight')
            The edge attribute that holds the numerical value used for
            the edge weight.  If None then all edge weights are 1.

        format : str in {'bsr', 'csr', 'csc', 'coo', 'lil', 'dia', 'dok'}
            The format of the sparse array to be returned (default 'csr').  For
            some algorithms different implementations of sparse arrays
            can perform better.  See [1]_ for details.

        Returns
        -------
        A : SciPy sparse array
           Graph adjacency matrix.

        Notes
        -----
        For directed graphs, matrix entry ``i, j`` corresponds to an edge from
        ``i`` to ``j``.

        The values of the adjacency matrix are populated using the edge attribute held in
        parameter `weight`. When an edge does not have that attribute, the
        value of the entry is 1.

        For multiple edges the matrix values are the sums of the edge weights.

        When `nodelist` does not contain every node in `G`, the adjacency matrix
        is built from the subgraph of `G` that is induced by the nodes in
        `nodelist`.

        The convention used for self-loop edges in graphs is to assign the
        diagonal matrix entry value to the weight attribute of the edge
        (or the number 1 if the edge has no weight attribute).  If the
        alternate convention of doubling the edge weight is desired the
        resulting array can be modified as follows::

            >>> G = nx.Graph([(1, 1)])
            >>> A = nx.to_scipy_sparse_array(G)
            >>> A.toarray()
            array([[1]])
            >>> A.setdiag(A.diagonal() * 2)
            >>> A.toarray()
            array([[2]])

        Examples
        --------

        Basic usage:

        >>> G = nx.path_graph(4)
        >>> A = nx.to_scipy_sparse_array(G)
        >>> A  # doctest: +SKIP
        <Compressed Sparse Row sparse array of dtype 'int64'
            with 6 stored elements and shape (4, 4)>

        >>> A.toarray()
        array([[0, 1, 0, 0],
               [1, 0, 1, 0],
               [0, 1, 0, 1],
               [0, 0, 1, 0]])

        .. note:: The `toarray` method is used in these examples to better visualize
           the adjacancy matrix. For a dense representation of the adjaceny matrix,
           use `to_numpy_array` instead.

        Directed graphs:

        >>> G = nx.DiGraph([(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3)])
        >>> nx.to_scipy_sparse_array(G).toarray()
        array([[0, 1, 0, 0],
               [0, 0, 1, 0],
               [0, 0, 0, 1],
               [0, 0, 0, 0]])

        >>> H = G.reverse()
        >>> H.edges
        OutEdgeView([(1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 2)])
        >>> nx.to_scipy_sparse_array(H).toarray()
        array([[0, 0, 0, 0],
               [1, 0, 0, 0],
               [0, 1, 0, 0],
               [0, 0, 1, 0]])

        By default, the order of the rows/columns of the adjacency matrix is determined
        by the ordering of the nodes in `G`:

        >>> G = nx.Graph()
        >>> G.add_nodes_from([3, 5, 0, 1])
        >>> G.add_edges_from([(1, 3), (1, 5)])
        >>> nx.to_scipy_sparse_array(G).toarray()
        array([[0, 0, 0, 1],
               [0, 0, 0, 1],
               [0, 0, 0, 0],
               [1, 1, 0, 0]])

        The ordering of the rows can be changed with `nodelist`:

        >>> ordered = [0, 1, 3, 5]
        >>> nx.to_scipy_sparse_array(G, nodelist=ordered).toarray()
        array([[0, 0, 0, 0],
               [0, 0, 1, 1],
               [0, 1, 0, 0],
               [0, 1, 0, 0]])

        If `nodelist` contains a subset of the nodes in `G`, the adjacency matrix
        for the node-induced subgraph is produced:

        >>> nx.to_scipy_sparse_array(G, nodelist=[1, 3, 5]).toarray()
        array([[0, 1, 1],
               [1, 0, 0],
               [1, 0, 0]])

        The values of the adjacency matrix are drawn from the edge attribute
        specified by the `weight` parameter:

        >>> G = nx.path_graph(4)
        >>> nx.set_edge_attributes(
        ...     G, values={(0, 1): 1, (1, 2): 10, (2, 3): 2}, name="weight"
        ... )
        >>> nx.set_edge_attributes(
        ...     G, values={(0, 1): 50, (1, 2): 35, (2, 3): 10}, name="capacity"
        ... )
        >>> nx.to_scipy_sparse_array(G).toarray()  # Default weight="weight"
        array([[ 0,  1,  0,  0],
               [ 1,  0, 10,  0],
               [ 0, 10,  0,  2],
               [ 0,  0,  2,  0]])
        >>> nx.to_scipy_sparse_array(G, weight="capacity").toarray()
        array([[ 0, 50,  0,  0],
               [50,  0, 35,  0],
               [ 0, 35,  0, 10],
               [ 0,  0, 10,  0]])

        Any edges that don't have a `weight` attribute default to 1:

        >>> G[1][2].pop("capacity")
        35
        >>> nx.to_scipy_sparse_array(G, weight="capacity").toarray()
        array([[ 0, 50,  0,  0],
               [50,  0,  1,  0],
               [ 0,  1,  0, 10],
               [ 0,  0, 10,  0]])

        When `G` is a multigraph, the values in the adjacency matrix are given by
        the sum of the `weight` edge attribute over each edge key:

        >>> G = nx.MultiDiGraph([(0, 1), (0, 1), (0, 1), (2, 0)])
        >>> nx.to_scipy_sparse_array(G).toarray()
        array([[0, 3, 0],
               [0, 0, 0],
               [1, 0, 0]])

        References
        ----------
        .. [1] Scipy Dev. References, "Sparse Arrays",
           https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/sparse.html
        """
        import scipy as sp

        if len(G) == 0:
            raise nx.NetworkXError("Graph has no nodes or edges")

        if nodelist is None:
            nodelist = list(G)
            nlen = len(G)
        else:
            nlen = len(nodelist)
            if nlen == 0:
                raise nx.NetworkXError("nodelist has no nodes")
            nodeset = set(G.nbunch_iter(nodelist))
            if nlen != len(nodeset):
                for n in nodelist:
                    if n not in G:
                        raise nx.NetworkXError(f"Node {n} in nodelist is not in G")
                raise nx.NetworkXError("nodelist contains duplicates.")
            if nlen < len(G):
                G = G.subgraph(nodelist)

        index = dict(zip(nodelist, range(nlen)))
        coefficients = zip(
            *((index[u], index[v], wt) for u, v, wt in G.edges(data=weight, default=1))
        )
        try:
            row, col, data = coefficients
        except ValueError:
            # there is no edge in the subgraph
            row, col, data = [], [], []

        if G.is_directed():
            A = sp.sparse.coo_array((data, (row, col)), shape=(nlen, nlen), dtype=dtype)
        else:
            # symmetrize matrix
            d = data + data
            r = row + col
            c = col + row
            # selfloop entries get double counted when symmetrizing
            # so we subtract the data on the diagonal
            selfloops = list(nx.selfloop_edges(G, data=weight, default=1))
            if selfloops:
                diag_index, diag_data = zip(*((index[u], -wt) for u, v, wt in selfloops))
                d += diag_data
                r += diag_index
                c += diag_index
            A = sp.sparse.coo_array((d, (r, c)), shape=(nlen, nlen), dtype=dtype)
        try:
            return A.asformat(format)
        except ValueError as err:
            raise nx.NetworkXError(f"Unknown sparse matrix format: {format}") from err

    def _csr_gen_triples(A):
        """Converts a SciPy sparse array in **Compressed Sparse Row** format to
        an iterable of weighted edge triples.

        """
        nrows = A.shape[0]
        indptr, dst_indices, data = A.indptr, A.indices, A.data
        import numpy as np

        src_indices = np.repeat(np.arange(nrows), np.diff(indptr))
        return zip(src_indices.tolist(), dst_indices.tolist(), A.data.tolist())

    def _csc_gen_triples(A):
        """Converts a SciPy sparse array in **Compressed Sparse Column** format to
        an iterable of weighted edge triples.

        """
        ncols = A.shape[1]
        indptr, src_indices, data = A.indptr, A.indices, A.data
        import numpy as np

        dst_indices = np.repeat(np.arange(ncols), np.diff(indptr))
        return zip(src_indices.tolist(), dst_indices.tolist(), A.data.tolist())

    def _coo_gen_triples(A):
        """Converts a SciPy sparse array in **Coordinate** format to an iterable
        of weighted edge triples.

        """
        return zip(A.row.tolist(), A.col.tolist(), A.data.tolist())

    def _dok_gen_triples(A):
        """Converts a SciPy sparse array in **Dictionary of Keys** format to an
        iterable of weighted edge triples.

        """
        for (r, c), v in A.items():
            # Use `v.item()` to convert a NumPy scalar to the appropriate Python scalar
            yield int(r), int(c), v.item()

    def _generate_weighted_edges(A):
        """Returns an iterable over (u, v, w) triples, where u and v are adjacent
        vertices and w is the weight of the edge joining u and v.

        `A` is a SciPy sparse array (in any format).

        """
        if A.format == "csr":
            return _csr_gen_triples(A)
        if A.format == "csc":
            return _csc_gen_triples(A)
        if A.format == "dok":
            return _dok_gen_triples(A)
        # If A is in any other format (including COO), convert it to COO format.
        return _coo_gen_triples(A.tocoo())

    @nx._dispatchable(graphs=None, returns_graph=True)
    def from_scipy_sparse_array(
        A, parallel_edges=False, create_using=None, edge_attribute="weight"
    ):
        """Creates a new graph from an adjacency matrix given as a SciPy sparse
        array.

        Parameters
        ----------
        A: scipy.sparse array
          An adjacency matrix representation of a graph

        parallel_edges : Boolean
          If this is True, `create_using` is a multigraph, and `A` is an
          integer matrix, then entry *(i, j)* in the matrix is interpreted as the
          number of parallel edges joining vertices *i* and *j* in the graph.
          If it is False, then the entries in the matrix are interpreted as
          the weight of a single edge joining the vertices.

        create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph)
           Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated.

        edge_attribute: string
           Name of edge attribute to store matrix numeric value. The data will
           have the same type as the matrix entry (int, float, (real,imag)).

        Notes
        -----
        For directed graphs, explicitly mention create_using=nx.DiGraph,
        and entry i,j of A corresponds to an edge from i to j.

        If `create_using` is :class:`networkx.MultiGraph` or
        :class:`networkx.MultiDiGraph`, `parallel_edges` is True, and the
        entries of `A` are of type :class:`int`, then this function returns a
        multigraph (constructed from `create_using`) with parallel edges.
        In this case, `edge_attribute` will be ignored.

        If `create_using` indicates an undirected multigraph, then only the edges
        indicated by the upper triangle of the matrix `A` will be added to the
        graph.

        Examples
        --------
        >>> import scipy as sp
        >>> A = sp.sparse.eye(2, 2, 1)
        >>> G = nx.from_scipy_sparse_array(A)

        If `create_using` indicates a multigraph and the matrix has only integer
        entries and `parallel_edges` is False, then the entries will be treated
        as weights for edges joining the nodes (without creating parallel edges):

        >>> A = sp.sparse.csr_array([[1, 1], [1, 2]])
        >>> G = nx.from_scipy_sparse_array(A, create_using=nx.MultiGraph)
        >>> G[1][1]
        AtlasView({0: {'weight': 2}})

        If `create_using` indicates a multigraph and the matrix has only integer
        entries and `parallel_edges` is True, then the entries will be treated
        as the number of parallel edges joining those two vertices:

        >>> A = sp.sparse.csr_array([[1, 1], [1, 2]])
        >>> G = nx.from_scipy_sparse_array(
        ...     A, parallel_edges=True, create_using=nx.MultiGraph
        ... )
        >>> G[1][1]
        AtlasView({0: {'weight': 1}, 1: {'weight': 1}})

        """
        G = nx.empty_graph(0, create_using)
        n, m = A.shape
        if n != m:
            raise nx.NetworkXError(f"Adjacency matrix not square: nx,ny={A.shape}")
        # Make sure we get even the isolated nodes of the graph.
        G.add_nodes_from(range(n))
        # Create an iterable over (u, v, w) triples and for each triple, add an
        # edge from u to v with weight w.
        triples = _generate_weighted_edges(A)
        # If the entries in the adjacency matrix are integers, the graph is a
        # multigraph, and parallel_edges is True, then create parallel edges, each
        # with weight 1, for each entry in the adjacency matrix. Otherwise, create
        # one edge for each positive entry in the adjacency matrix and set the
        # weight of that edge to be the entry in the matrix.
        if A.dtype.kind in ("i", "u") and G.is_multigraph() and parallel_edges:
            chain = itertools.chain.from_iterable
            # The following line is equivalent to:
            #
            #     for (u, v) in edges:
            #         for d in range(A[u, v]):
            #             G.add_edge(u, v, weight=1)
            #
            triples = chain(((u, v, 1) for d in range(w)) for (u, v, w) in triples)
        # If we are creating an undirected multigraph, only add the edges from the
        # upper triangle of the matrix. Otherwise, add all the edges. This relies
        # on the fact that the vertices created in the
        # `_generated_weighted_edges()` function are actually the row/column
        # indices for the matrix `A`.
        #
        # Without this check, we run into a problem where each edge is added twice
        # when `G.add_weighted_edges_from()` is invoked below.
        if G.is_multigraph() and not G.is_directed():
            triples = ((u, v, d) for u, v, d in triples if u <= v)
        G.add_weighted_edges_from(triples, weight=edge_attribute)
        return G

    @nx._dispatchable(edge_attrs="weight")  # edge attrs may also be obtained from `dtype`
    def to_numpy_array(
        G,
        nodelist=None,
        dtype=None,
        order=None,
        multigraph_weight=sum,
        weight="weight",
        nonedge=0.0,
    ):
        """Returns the graph adjacency matrix as a NumPy array.

        Parameters
        ----------
        G : graph
            The NetworkX graph used to construct the NumPy array.

        nodelist : list, optional
            The rows and columns are ordered according to the nodes in `nodelist`.
            If `nodelist` is ``None``, then the ordering is produced by ``G.nodes()``.

        dtype : NumPy data type, optional
            A NumPy data type used to initialize the array. If None, then the NumPy
            default is used. The dtype can be structured if `weight=None`, in which
            case the dtype field names are used to look up edge attributes. The
            result is a structured array where each named field in the dtype
            corresponds to the adjacency for that edge attribute. See examples for
            details.

        order : {'C', 'F'}, optional
            Whether to store multidimensional data in C- or Fortran-contiguous
            (row- or column-wise) order in memory. If None, then the NumPy default
            is used.

        multigraph_weight : callable, optional
            An function that determines how weights in multigraphs are handled.
            The function should accept a sequence of weights and return a single
            value. The default is to sum the weights of the multiple edges.

        weight : string or None optional (default = 'weight')
            The edge attribute that holds the numerical value used for
            the edge weight. If an edge does not have that attribute, then the
            value 1 is used instead. `weight` must be ``None`` if a structured
            dtype is used.

        nonedge : array_like (default = 0.0)
            The value used to represent non-edges in the adjacency matrix.
            The array values corresponding to nonedges are typically set to zero.
            However, this could be undesirable if there are array values
            corresponding to actual edges that also have the value zero. If so,
            one might prefer nonedges to have some other value, such as ``nan``.

        Returns
        -------
        A : NumPy ndarray
            Graph adjacency matrix

        Raises
        ------
        NetworkXError
            If `dtype` is a structured dtype and `G` is a multigraph
        ValueError
            If `dtype` is a structured dtype and `weight` is not `None`

        See Also
        --------
        from_numpy_array

        Notes
        -----
        For directed graphs, entry ``i, j`` corresponds to an edge from ``i`` to ``j``.

        Entries in the adjacency matrix are given by the `weight` edge attribute.
        When an edge does not have a weight attribute, the value of the entry is
        set to the number 1.  For multiple (parallel) edges, the values of the
        entries are determined by the `multigraph_weight` parameter. The default is
        to sum the weight attributes for each of the parallel edges.

        When `nodelist` does not contain every node in `G`, the adjacency matrix is
        built from the subgraph of `G` that is induced by the nodes in `nodelist`.

        The convention used for self-loop edges in graphs is to assign the
        diagonal array entry value to the weight attribute of the edge
        (or the number 1 if the edge has no weight attribute). If the
        alternate convention of doubling the edge weight is desired the
        resulting NumPy array can be modified as follows:

        >>> import numpy as np
        >>> G = nx.Graph([(1, 1)])
        >>> A = nx.to_numpy_array(G)
        >>> A
        array([[1.]])
        >>> A[np.diag_indices_from(A)] *= 2
        >>> A
        array([[2.]])

        Examples
        --------
        >>> G = nx.MultiDiGraph()
        >>> G.add_edge(0, 1, weight=2)
        0
        >>> G.add_edge(1, 0)
        0
        >>> G.add_edge(2, 2, weight=3)
        0
        >>> G.add_edge(2, 2)
        1
        >>> nx.to_numpy_array(G, nodelist=[0, 1, 2])
        array([[0., 2., 0.],
               [1., 0., 0.],
               [0., 0., 4.]])

        When `nodelist` argument is used, nodes of `G` which do not appear in the `nodelist`
        and their edges are not included in the adjacency matrix. Here is an example:

        >>> G = nx.Graph()
        >>> G.add_edge(3, 1)
        >>> G.add_edge(2, 0)
        >>> G.add_edge(2, 1)
        >>> G.add_edge(3, 0)
        >>> nx.to_numpy_array(G, nodelist=[1, 2, 3])
        array([[0., 1., 1.],
               [1., 0., 0.],
               [1., 0., 0.]])

        This function can also be used to create adjacency matrices for multiple
        edge attributes with structured dtypes:

        >>> G = nx.Graph()
        >>> G.add_edge(0, 1, weight=10)
        >>> G.add_edge(1, 2, cost=5)
        >>> G.add_edge(2, 3, weight=3, cost=-4.0)
        >>> dtype = np.dtype([("weight", int), ("cost", float)])
        >>> A = nx.to_numpy_array(G, dtype=dtype, weight=None)
        >>> A["weight"]
        array([[ 0, 10,  0,  0],
               [10,  0,  1,  0],
               [ 0,  1,  0,  3],
               [ 0,  0,  3,  0]])
        >>> A["cost"]
        array([[ 0.,  1.,  0.,  0.],
               [ 1.,  0.,  5.,  0.],
               [ 0.,  5.,  0., -4.],
               [ 0.,  0., -4.,  0.]])

        As stated above, the argument "nonedge" is useful especially when there are
        actually edges with weight 0 in the graph. Setting a nonedge value different than 0,
        makes it much clearer to differentiate such 0-weighted edges and actual nonedge values.

        >>> G = nx.Graph()
        >>> G.add_edge(3, 1, weight=2)
        >>> G.add_edge(2, 0, weight=0)
        >>> G.add_edge(2, 1, weight=0)
        >>> G.add_edge(3, 0, weight=1)
        >>> nx.to_numpy_array(G, nonedge=-1.0)
        array([[-1.,  2., -1.,  1.],
               [ 2., -1.,  0., -1.],
               [-1.,  0., -1.,  0.],
               [ 1., -1.,  0., -1.]])
        """
        import numpy as np

        if nodelist is None:
            nodelist = list(G)
        nlen = len(nodelist)

        # Input validation
        nodeset = set(nodelist)
        if nodeset - set(G):
            raise nx.NetworkXError(f"Nodes {nodeset - set(G)} in nodelist is not in G")
        if len(nodeset) < nlen:
            raise nx.NetworkXError("nodelist contains duplicates.")

        A = np.full((nlen, nlen), fill_value=nonedge, dtype=dtype, order=order)

        # Corner cases: empty nodelist or graph without any edges
        if nlen == 0 or G.number_of_edges() == 0:
            return A

        # If dtype is structured and weight is None, use dtype field names as
        # edge attributes
        edge_attrs = None  # Only single edge attribute by default
        if A.dtype.names:
            if weight is None:
                edge_attrs = dtype.names
            else:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Specifying `weight` not supported for structured dtypes\n."
                    "To create adjacency matrices from structured dtypes, use `weight=None`."
                )

        # Map nodes to row/col in matrix
        idx = dict(zip(nodelist, range(nlen)))
        if len(nodelist) < len(G):
            G = G.subgraph(nodelist).copy()

        # Collect all edge weights and reduce with `multigraph_weights`
        if G.is_multigraph():
            if edge_attrs:
                raise nx.NetworkXError(
                    "Structured arrays are not supported for MultiGraphs"
                )
            d = defaultdict(list)
            for u, v, wt in G.edges(data=weight, default=1.0):
                d[(idx[u], idx[v])].append(wt)
            i, j = np.array(list(d.keys())).T  # indices
            wts = [multigraph_weight(ws) for ws in d.values()]  # reduced weights
        else:
            i, j, wts = [], [], []

            # Special branch: multi-attr adjacency from structured dtypes
            if edge_attrs:
                # Extract edges with all data
                for u, v, data in G.edges(data=True):
                    i.append(idx[u])
                    j.append(idx[v])
                    wts.append(data)
                # Map each attribute to the appropriate named field in the
                # structured dtype
                for attr in edge_attrs:
                    attr_data = [wt.get(attr, 1.0) for wt in wts]
                    A[attr][i, j] = attr_data
                    if not G.is_directed():
                        A[attr][j, i] = attr_data
                return A

            for u, v, wt in G.edges(data=weight, default=1.0):
                i.append(idx[u])
                j.append(idx[v])
                wts.append(wt)

        # Set array values with advanced indexing
        A[i, j] = wts
        if not G.is_directed():
            A[j, i] = wts

        return A

    @nx._dispatchable(graphs=None, returns_graph=True)
    def from_numpy_array(
        A, parallel_edges=False, create_using=None, edge_attr="weight", *, nodelist=None
    ):
        """Returns a graph from a 2D NumPy array.

        The 2D NumPy array is interpreted as an adjacency matrix for the graph.

        Parameters
        ----------
        A : a 2D numpy.ndarray
            An adjacency matrix representation of a graph

        parallel_edges : Boolean
            If this is True, `create_using` is a multigraph, and `A` is an
            integer array, then entry *(i, j)* in the array is interpreted as the
            number of parallel edges joining vertices *i* and *j* in the graph.
            If it is False, then the entries in the array are interpreted as
            the weight of a single edge joining the vertices.

        create_using : NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph)
           Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated.

        edge_attr : String, optional (default="weight")
            The attribute to which the array values are assigned on each edge. If
            it is None, edge attributes will not be assigned.

        nodelist : sequence of nodes, optional
            A sequence of objects to use as the nodes in the graph. If provided, the
            list of nodes must be the same length as the dimensions of `A`. The
            default is `None`, in which case the nodes are drawn from ``range(n)``.

        Notes
        -----
        For directed graphs, explicitly mention create_using=nx.DiGraph,
        and entry i,j of A corresponds to an edge from i to j.

        If `create_using` is :class:`networkx.MultiGraph` or
        :class:`networkx.MultiDiGraph`, `parallel_edges` is True, and the
        entries of `A` are of type :class:`int`, then this function returns a
        multigraph (of the same type as `create_using`) with parallel edges.

        If `create_using` indicates an undirected multigraph, then only the edges
        indicated by the upper triangle of the array `A` will be added to the
        graph.

        If `edge_attr` is Falsy (False or None), edge attributes will not be
        assigned, and the array data will be treated like a binary mask of
        edge presence or absence. Otherwise, the attributes will be assigned
        as follows:

        If the NumPy array has a single data type for each array entry it
        will be converted to an appropriate Python data type.

        If the NumPy array has a user-specified compound data type the names
        of the data fields will be used as attribute keys in the resulting
        NetworkX graph.

        See Also
        --------
        to_numpy_array

        Examples
        --------
        Simple integer weights on edges:

        >>> import numpy as np
        >>> A = np.array([[1, 1], [2, 1]])
        >>> G = nx.from_numpy_array(A)
        >>> G.edges(data=True)
        EdgeDataView([(0, 0, {'weight': 1}), (0, 1, {'weight': 2}), (1, 1, {'weight': 1})])

        If `create_using` indicates a multigraph and the array has only integer
        entries and `parallel_edges` is False, then the entries will be treated
        as weights for edges joining the nodes (without creating parallel edges):

        >>> A = np.array([[1, 1], [1, 2]])
        >>> G = nx.from_numpy_array(A, create_using=nx.MultiGraph)
        >>> G[1][1]
        AtlasView({0: {'weight': 2}})

        If `create_using` indicates a multigraph and the array has only integer
        entries and `parallel_edges` is True, then the entries will be treated
        as the number of parallel edges joining those two vertices:

        >>> A = np.array([[1, 1], [1, 2]])
        >>> temp = nx.MultiGraph()
        >>> G = nx.from_numpy_array(A, parallel_edges=True, create_using=temp)
        >>> G[1][1]
        AtlasView({0: {'weight': 1}, 1: {'weight': 1}})

        User defined compound data type on edges:

        >>> dt = [("weight", float), ("cost", int)]
        >>> A = np.array([[(1.0, 2)]], dtype=dt)
        >>> G = nx.from_numpy_array(A)
        >>> G.edges()
        EdgeView([(0, 0)])
        >>> G[0][0]["cost"]
        2
        >>> G[0][0]["weight"]
        1.0

        """
        kind_to_python_type = {
            "f": float,
            "i": int,
            "u": int,
            "b": bool,
            "c": complex,
            "S": str,
            "U": str,
            "V": "void",
        }
        G = nx.empty_graph(0, create_using)
        if A.ndim != 2:
            raise nx.NetworkXError(f"Input array must be 2D, not {A.ndim}")
        n, m = A.shape
        if n != m:
            raise nx.NetworkXError(f"Adjacency matrix not square: nx,ny={A.shape}")
        dt = A.dtype
        try:
            python_type = kind_to_python_type[dt.kind]
        except Exception as err:
            raise TypeError(f"Unknown numpy data type: {dt}") from err
        if _default_nodes := (nodelist is None):
            nodelist = range(n)
        else:
            if len(nodelist) != n:
                raise ValueError("nodelist must have the same length as A.shape[0]")

        # Make sure we get even the isolated nodes of the graph.
        G.add_nodes_from(nodelist)
        # Get a list of all the entries in the array with nonzero entries. These
        # coordinates become edges in the graph. (convert to int from np.int64)
        edges = ((int(e[0]), int(e[1])) for e in zip(*A.nonzero()))
        # handle numpy constructed data type
        if python_type == "void":
            # Sort the fields by their offset, then by dtype, then by name.
            fields = sorted(
                (offset, dtype, name) for name, (dtype, offset) in A.dtype.fields.items()
            )
            triples = (
                (
                    u,
                    v,
                    {}
                    if edge_attr in [False, None]
                    else {
                        name: kind_to_python_type[dtype.kind](val)
                        for (_, dtype, name), val in zip(fields, A[u, v])
                    },
                )
                for u, v in edges
            )
        # If the entries in the adjacency matrix are integers, the graph is a
        # multigraph, and parallel_edges is True, then create parallel edges, each
        # with weight 1, for each entry in the adjacency matrix. Otherwise, create
        # one edge for each positive entry in the adjacency matrix and set the
        # weight of that edge to be the entry in the matrix.
        elif python_type is int and G.is_multigraph() and parallel_edges:
            chain = itertools.chain.from_iterable
            # The following line is equivalent to:
            #
            #     for (u, v) in edges:
            #         for d in range(A[u, v]):
            #             G.add_edge(u, v, weight=1)
            #
            if edge_attr in [False, None]:
                triples = chain(((u, v, {}) for d in range(A[u, v])) for (u, v) in edges)
            else:
                triples = chain(
                    ((u, v, {edge_attr: 1}) for d in range(A[u, v])) for (u, v) in edges
                )
        else:  # basic data type
            if edge_attr in [False, None]:
                triples = ((u, v, {}) for u, v in edges)
            else:
                triples = ((u, v, {edge_attr: python_type(A[u, v])}) for u, v in edges)
        # If we are creating an undirected multigraph, only add the edges from the
        # upper triangle of the matrix. Otherwise, add all the edges. This relies
        # on the fact that the vertices created in the
        # `_generated_weighted_edges()` function are actually the row/column
        # indices for the matrix `A`.
        #
        # Without this check, we run into a problem where each edge is added twice
        # when `G.add_edges_from()` is invoked below.
        if G.is_multigraph() and not G.is_directed():
            triples = ((u, v, d) for u, v, d in triples if u <= v)
        # Remap nodes if user provided custom `nodelist`
        if not _default_nodes:
            idx_to_node = dict(enumerate(nodelist))
            triples = ((idx_to_node[u], idx_to_node[v], d) for u, v, d in triples)
        G.add_edges_from(triples)
        return G