#!/usr/bin/perl

use strict;
use warnings;

my $VERSION = (qw$LastChangedRevision: 1982 $)[1];

=head1 NAME

check_soa - Check nameservers for a domain


=head1 SYNOPSIS

    check_soa [-d] [-n] [-s] [-t] [-v] domain [nameserver]


=head1 DESCRIPTION

B<check_soa> builds a list of nameservers for the zone
which contains the specified domain name.
The program queries each nameserver for the relevant SOA record
and reports the zone serial number.

Error reports are generated for nameservers which reply with incorrect,
non-authoritative or outdated information.

=over 8

=item I<domain>

Fully qualified domain name to be tested.
Domains within ip6.arpa or in-addr.arpa namespaces may be specified
using the appropriate IP address or prefix notation.

=item I<nameserver>

Optional name or list of IP addresses of specific nameserver to be tested.
Addresses are used in the sequence they appear in the argument list.

=back

SOA query packets are sent to the nameservers as rapidly as the underlying hardware will allow.
The program waits for a response only when it is needed for analysis.
Execution time is determined by the slowest nameserver.

This perldoc(1) documentation page is displayed if the I<domain> argument is omitted.

The program is based on the B<check_soa> idea described by Albitz and Liu.


=head1 OPTIONS

=over 8

=item B<-d>

Turn on resolver diagnostics.

=item B<-n>

Report negative cache TTL.

=item B<-s>

Request DNSSEC resource records.

=item B<-t>

Ignore UDP datagram truncation.

=item B<-v>

Verbose output including address records for each nameserver.

=back


=head1 EXAMPLES

=over 8

=item check_soa example.com

Query all nameservers for the specified domain.

=item check_soa 192.0.2.1

Query nameservers for the corresponding in-addr.arpa subdomain.

=item check_soa 2001:DB8::8:800:200C:417A

Query nameservers for the corresponding ip6.arpa subdomain.

=item check_soa 2001:DB8:0:CD30::/60

As above, for IPv6 address prefix of specified length.

=item check_soa 192.0.2.1 z.arin.net

Query specific nameserver as above.

=back


=head1 BUGS

The program can become confused by zones which originate,
or appear to originate, from more than one primary server.

The timeout code uses the perl 4-argument select() function.
This is not guaranteed to work in non-Unix environments.


=head1 COPYRIGHT

(c)2003-2011,2014  Dick Franks E<lt>rwfranks[...]acm.orgE<gt>

All rights reserved.

FOR DEMONSTRATION PURPOSES ONLY, NO WARRANTY, NO SUPPORT


=head1 SEE ALSO

Paul Albitz, Cricket Liu.
DNS and BIND, 5th Edition.
O'Reilly, 2006.

Andrews, M.,
Locally Served DNS Zones,
RFC6303, IETF, 2011.

Andrews, M.,
Negative Caching of DNS Queries,
RFC2308, IETF Network Working Group, 1998.

Elz, R., Bush, R.,
Clarifications to the DNS Specification,
RFC2181, IETF Network Working Group, 1997.

Mockapetris, P.,
Domain Names - Implementation and Specification,
RFC 1035, USC/ISI, 1987.

Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, Jon Orwant.
Programming Perl, 3rd Edition.
O'Reilly, 2000.

=cut


my $self = $0;							# script

my $options = 'dnstv';						# options
my %option;
eval { require Getopt::Std; Getopt::Std::getopts( $options, \%option ) };
warn "Can't locate Getopt::Std\n" if $@;

my @arg = qw( domain [nameserver] );				# arguments

my @flag = map { "[-$_]" } split( //, $options );		# documentation
die eval { system("perldoc -F $self"); "" }, <<END unless scalar @ARGV;
	Synopsis:  $self @flag @arg
END


my ( $domain, @nameserver ) = @ARGV;

require Net::DNS;


my @conf = (
	debug => ( $option{d} || 0 ),				# -d	enable diagnostics
	igntc => ( $option{t} || 0 ),				# -t	ignore truncation

	udppacketsize => 1232
	);

my $negtest = $option{n};					# -n	report NCACHE TTL
my $dnssec  = $option{s};					# -s	request DNSSEC RRs
my $verbose = $option{v};					# -v	verbose

my $neg_min = 300;						# NCACHE TTL reporting threshold
my $neg_max = 86400;						# NCACHE TTL reporting threshold

my $udp_timeout = 5;						# timeout for concurrent queries
my $udp_wait	= 0.100;					# minimum polling interval

my $zone = find_zonecut($domain);				# (also inverts IP address/prefix)

local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub { };					# suppress all warnings

my $resolver = Net::DNS::Resolver->new(@conf);			# create resolver object
$resolver->nameservers(@nameserver) or die $resolver->string;


my @ns = NS($zone);						# find NS serving zone
die "\ninvalid: $domain\n\n", $resolver->string unless @ns;	# game over


my @nsname = grep { $_ ne $zone } map { $_->nsdname } @ns;	# extract server names from NS records
my @server = @nameserver ? (@nameserver) : ( sort @nsname );

$resolver->dnssec(1) if $dnssec;

my @soa = grep { $_->type eq 'SOA' } displayRR( $zone, 'SOA' );
foreach my $soa (@soa) {					# simple sanity check
	my $owner = lc $soa->name;				# zone name
	my $mname = lc $soa->mname;				# primary server
	my $rname = lc $soa->rname;				# responsible person

	my $resolved;						# check MNAME resolvable
	foreach my $rrtype (qw( A AAAA CNAME )) {
		my $probe = $resolver->send( $mname, $rrtype ) || next;
		last if ( $resolved = scalar $probe->answer );
	}

	for ($mname) {
		last unless $_ eq $owner;			# RFC6303 local zone
		displayRR( $zone, 'NS' ) unless @nameserver;	# ensure NS always listed
		last unless /(in-addr|ip6)\.arpa/i;
		report('unexpected address record in locally served zone [RFC6303]') if $resolved;
	}

	last unless @nsname;					# suppress remaining tests

	report( 'unresolved MNAME', $mname ) unless $resolved;

	unless ( $rname =~ /(@|[^\\]\.)([^@]+)$/ ) {		# parse RNAME
		report( 'incomplete RNAME', $rname ) unless $rname eq '<>';
	} elsif ( $2 ne $mname ) {
		my $resolved;					# check RNAME resolvable
		foreach my $rrtype (qw( MX A AAAA CNAME )) {
			my $probe = $resolver->send( $2, $rrtype );
			last if ( $resolved = scalar $probe->answer );
		}
		report( 'unresolved RNAME', $rname ) unless $resolved;
	}

	unless ( $soa->expire > $soa->refresh ) {		# check refresh/retry timing
		report('zone data expires with no refresh');
	} else {
		my $window = $soa->expire - $soa->refresh - 1;	# zone transfer window
		my $retry  = $soa->retry || 1;			# retry interval
		my $n	   = 1 + int( $window / $retry );	# number of transfer attempts
		my $s	   = $n > 1 ? 's' : '';
		report("zone data expires after $n transfer failure$s") unless $n > 3;
	}

	my ($min) = sort { $a <=> $b } ( $soa->minimum, $soa->ttl );	# force NCACHE test for extreme TTLs
	$negtest++ if $min < $neg_min or $soa->minimum > $neg_max;
}

my @ncache = $negtest ? NCACHE($zone) : ();			# report observed NCACHE TTL

displayRR( $zone, 'NS' ) if @nameserver;			# show NS if testing specific nameserver

@server = ( shift @server ) if $zone eq '.';			# minimal test for root zone

$resolver->usevc(1);						# no longer ok to query ANY over UDP
$resolver->nameservers(@server);
displayRR( $domain, 'ANY' );

print "----\n";

my ( $bad, $seq, $iphash ) = checkNS( $zone, @server );		# report status
$iphash->{$seq} ||= '<unidentified>';
print "\n";
my $s = $bad != 1 ? 's' : '';
print "Unsatisfactory response from $bad nameserver$s\n\n" if $bad and @server > 1;

my %mname  = reverse %$iphash;					# invert address hash
my $mcount = keys %mname;					# number of distinct MNAMEs
if ( $mcount > 1 ) {
	report('SOAs do not identify unique primary server');	# RFC1034, 4.3.5
	foreach my $mname ( sort keys %mname ) {
		foreach ( $mname, $resolver->nameservers($mname) ) { delete $iphash->{$_} }
	}
	my %serial = map { ( $iphash->{$_} => $_ ) } sort { $a <=> $b } keys %$iphash;
	foreach ( sort keys %mname ) { report( sprintf '%10s  %s', $serial{$_}, $_ ) }
}

exit;


sub checkNS0 {				## initial status vector for checkNS
	my $serial = undef;
	my $hash   = {};
	my $res	   = Net::DNS::Resolver->new(@conf);

	foreach my $soa ( grep { $_->type eq 'SOA' } @ncache, @soa ) {
		my $mname = lc $soa->mname;			# populate hash with name/IP of primary
		next if $mname eq lc $soa->name;		# RFC6303 local zone
		foreach ( $mname, $res->nameservers($mname) ) { $hash->{$_} = $mname }
		my $s = $soa->serial;
		$hash->{$s} = $mname;
		$serial = $s if ordered( $serial, $s );
	}

	return ( 0, $serial, $hash );
}


sub checkNS {				## query nameservers (concurrently) and report status
	my $zone    = shift;
	my $index   = scalar @_;				# index last element
	my $element = pop(@_) || return checkNS0;		# pop element, terminate if undef
	my ( $ns, $if ) = split / /, lc $element;		# name + optional interface IP

	my $res = Net::DNS::Resolver->new(@conf);		# use clean resolver for each test
	my @xip = $res->nameservers( $if || $ns );		# point at nameserver
	my $ip	= pop @xip;					# last (or only) interface
	$res->nameservers($ip) if @xip;

	$res->recurse(0);					# send non-recursive query to nameserver
	my ( $socket, $sent );
	( $socket, $sent ) = ( $res->bgsend( $zone, 'SOA' ), time ) if $ip;

	my ( $fail, $latest, $hash ) = checkNS( $zone, @_ );	# recurse to query others concurrently
								# pick up response as recursion unwinds
	my $packet;
	if ($socket) {
		until ( $res->bgisready($socket) ) {		# timed wait on socket
			last if time > ( $sent + $udp_timeout );
			delay($udp_wait);			# snatch a few milliseconds sleep
		}
		$packet = $res->bgread($socket) if $res->bgisready($socket);	# get response
	} elsif ($ip) {
		$packet = $res->send( $zone, 'SOA' );		# use sequential query model
	}

	my @pass = ( $fail, $latest, $hash );			# use prebuilt return values
	my @fail = ( $fail + 1, $latest, $hash );

	my %nsaddr = $ip ? ( $ip => 1 ) : ();			# special handling for multihomed server
	foreach my $xip (@xip) {				# iterate over remaining interfaces
		next if $nsaddr{$xip}++;			# silently ignore duplicate address record
		my ( $f, $x, $h ) = checkNS( $zone, (undef) x scalar(@_), "$ns $xip" );
		%$hash = ( %$hash, %$h );			# merge address hashes
		@pass = @fail if $f;				# propagate failure to caller
	}

	my $rcode;
	my @soa;
	unless ($packet) {					# ... is no more! It has ceased to be!
		$rcode = 'no response';
	} elsif ( $packet->header->rcode ne 'NOERROR' ) {
		$rcode = $packet->header->rcode;		# NXDOMAIN or fault at nameserver
	} else {
		@soa = grep { $_->type eq 'SOA' } $packet->answer;
		foreach my $soa (@soa) {
			my $mname = lc $soa->mname;		# hash MNAME by IP
			my @ip = $hash->{$mname} ? () : $res->nameservers($mname);
			foreach ( $mname, @ip ) { $hash->{$_} = $mname }
		}
	}

	my $primary = $hash->{$ip || $ns} ? '*' : '';		# flag zone primary
	unless ($ip) {						# identify nameserver
		print "\n[$index]$primary\t$ns\n";		# name only
		$rcode = 'unresolved server name';
	} elsif ( $ns eq $ip ) {
		print "\n[$index]$primary\t$ip\n";		# ip only
	} else {
		print "\n[$index]$primary\t$ns [$ip]\n";	# name and ip
	}

	if ($verbose) {						# show PTR record
		my @ptr = grep { $_->type eq 'PTR' } $ip ? displayRR($ip) : ();
		my @fwd = sort map { lc $_->ptrdname } @ptr;
		foreach my $name ( @fwd ? @fwd : ($ns) ) {	# show address records
			displayRR( $name, 'A' );
			displayRR( $name, 'AAAA' );
		}
	}

	if ($rcode) {
		return @pass if $ns eq lc $zone;		# RFC6303 local zone
		report($rcode);					# abject failure
		return @fail;
	}

	my @result = @fail;					# analyse response
	my @auth   = @soa ? () : $packet->authority;
	my @ncache = grep { $_->type eq 'SOA' } @auth;
	my @refer  = grep { $_->type eq 'NS' } @auth;
	if (@soa) {
		if ( @soa > 1 ) {
			report('multiple SOA records');		# RFC2181, 6.1
		} elsif ( $packet->header->aa ) {
			@result = @pass;			# RFC1034, 6.2.1(1)
		} else {
			my $ttl = $soa[0]->ttl;			# RFC1034, 6.2.1(2)
			report( 'non-authoritative answer', ttl($ttl) );
		}
	} elsif (@ncache) {
		my ($ttl) = map { $_->ttl } @soa = @ncache;	# RFC2308, 2.2(1)(2)
		report( 'negative cache', ttl($ttl) );
		return @fail unless grep { $_->name =~ /^$zone$/i } @ncache;
		report('requested SOA in authority section; violates RFC2308');
	} elsif (@refer) {
		my @n = grep { $_->nsdname =~ /$ns/i } @refer;	# RFC2308, 2.2(4)
		report('authoritative data expired') if @n;	# self referral
		report('not configured for zone') unless @n;
		return @fail;
	} else {
		report('NOERROR (no data)');			# RFC2308, 2.2(3)
		return @fail;
	}

	report('truncated response from nameserver') if $packet->header->tc;

	my ($serial) = map { $_->serial } @soa;			# check serial number

	if ( $primary && ordered( $serial, $latest ) ) {	# primary should have latest data
		my $response = $res->send( $zone, 'SOA' );	# repeat test before pointing finger
		my ($retest) = grep { $_->type eq 'SOA' } $response ? $response->answer : ();
		$serial = $retest->serial if ordered( $serial, $retest->serial );
	}

	print "\t\t\tzone serial\t", $serial, "\n";
	$hash->{$serial} = $hash->{$ip} if $primary;

	if ( ordered( $serial, $latest ) ) {
		report('serial number not current');
		return @fail unless $primary;
		report('discredited as unique primary nameserver');
		return @fail;
	}

	return @result if $serial == $latest;

	my $x = $if    ? 0   : ( $index - 1 ) - $fail;		# all previous out of date
	my $s = $x > 1 ? 's' : '';				# pedants really are revolting!
	report("at least $x previously unreported stale serial number$s") if $x;
	return ( $result[0] + $x, $serial, $hash );		# restate partial result
}


sub delay {				## short duration sleep
	my $duration = shift;					# seconds
	sleep( 1 + $duration ) unless eval { defined select( undef, undef, undef, $duration ) };	## no critic
	return;
}


sub displayRR {				## print specified RRs or error code
	my $packet     = $resolver->send(@_) or return ();	# get specified RRs
	my $header     = $packet->header;
	my $rcode      = $header->rcode;			# response code
	my ($question) = $packet->question;
	my $qtype      = $question->qtype;
	my $qname      = $question->qname;
	my $name       = $qname =~ /^xn--/ ? eval { $question->name } : '';
	my @annotation = $name ? ("; $name\n") : ();
	my @answer     = $packet->answer;
	my @authority  = $packet->authority;
	my @ncache     = grep { $_->type eq 'SOA' } @authority;	# per RFC2308
	my @workaround = $qtype eq 'SOA' ? @ncache : ();	# SOA misplaced/withheld?
	my @remark     = @workaround ? qw(unexpected) : ();

	foreach my $rr ( @answer, @workaround ) {		# print RRs unless shown elsewhere

		next if $qtype eq 'ANY' && $rr->type =~ /^(SOA|NS|RRSIG)$/;

		print @annotation if $rr->name eq $qname;	# annotate IDN

		for ( $rr->string ) {
			my $l = $verbose ? length($_) : 108;	# abbreviate long RR
			substr( $_, $l ) = ' ...' if length($_) > $l && $rr->type ne 'SOA';
			print "$_\n";
		}
	}

	report( @remark, "$rcode:", $question->string, @annotation ) if $rcode ne 'NOERROR';
	return @answer;
}


sub NCACHE {				## report observed NCACHE TTL for domain
	my $domain   = shift || '';
	my $seq	     = time;
	my $nxdomain = "_nx_$seq.$domain";			# intentionally perverse query
	my $reply    = $resolver->send( $nxdomain, 'PTR' ) or return ();
	for ( $reply->answer ) {
		report( 'wildcard invalidates NCACHE test:', $_->string );
		return ();
	}
	my @ncache = grep { $_->type eq 'SOA' } $reply->authority;
	for (@ncache) {
		my $serial = $_->serial;
		my ($seen) = ( @soa, @ncache );
		my @source = $serial > $seen->serial ? ("\t(SOA: $serial)") : ();
		report( 'negative cache data', ttl( $_->ttl ), @source );
	}
	return @ncache;
}


sub NS {				## find NS records for domain
	my $name = shift;

	my $packet = $resolver->send( $name, 'NS' ) or die $resolver->string;

	# Bear in mind the possibility of malformed zones!
	return ( grep { $_->type eq 'NS' } $packet->answer, $packet->authority );
}


sub find_zonecut {
	my $name = shift;
	require Net::DNS::Resolver::Recurse;
	my $resolver = Net::DNS::Resolver::Recurse->new();
	my $response = $resolver->send( $name, 'NULL' ) || die $resolver->errorstring;
	my ($cut)    = map { $_->name } $response->authority;
	return $cut || die "failed to find zone cut for $name";
}


sub ordered {				## irreflexive 32-bit partial ordering
	my ( $n1, $n2 ) = @_;

	return 0 unless defined $n2;				# ( any, undef )
	return 1 unless defined $n1;				# ( undef, any )

	# unwise to assume 64-bit arithmetic, or that 32-bit integer overflow goes unpunished
	use integer;						# fold, leaving $n2 non-negative
	$n1 = ( $n1 & 0xFFFFFFFF ) ^ ( $n2 & 0x80000000 );	# -2**31 <= $n1 < 2**32
	$n2 = ( $n2 & 0x7FFFFFFF );				#  0	 <= $n2 < 2**31

	return $n1 < $n2 ? ( $n1 > ( $n2 - 0x80000000 ) ) : ( $n2 < ( $n1 - 0x80000000 ) );
}


sub report {				## concatenate strings into fault report
	return print '### ', join( "\t", @_ ), "\n";
}


sub ttl {				## human-friendly TTL
	my $t = shift;
	my ( $s, $m, $h, $y, $d ) = ( gmtime($t) )[0 .. 2, 5, 7];

	unless ( $y == 70 ) {
		return sprintf 'TTL  %u (%uy%ud)', $t, $y - 70, $d;
	} elsif ($h) {
		return sprintf 'TTL  %u (%ud%0.2uh)', $t, $d, $h if $d;
		return sprintf 'TTL  %u (%uh%0.2um)', $t, $h, $m if $m;
		return sprintf 'TTL  %u (%uh)',	      $t, $h;
	} else {
		return sprintf 'TTL  %u (%ud)', $t, $d if $d;
		return sprintf 'TTL  %u (%um%0.2us)', $t, $m, $s if $s;
		return sprintf 'TTL  %u (%um)', $t, $m;
	}
}


__END__

