#### 22.5.4 Formatting Calendar Time ¶

The functions described in this section format calendar time values as strings. These functions are declared in the header file `time.h`.

Function: `size_t` strftime `(char *s, size_t size, const char *template, const struct tm *brokentime)` ¶

  Preliminary: | MT-Safe env locale | AS-Unsafe corrupt heap lock dlopen | AC-Unsafe corrupt lock mem fd | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

  This function is similar to the `sprintf` function (see Formatted Input), but the conversion specifications that can appear in the format template template are specialized for printing components of brokentime according to the locale currently specified for time conversion (see Locales and Internationalization) and the current time zone (see State Variables for Time Zones).

  Ordinary characters appearing in the template are copied to the output string s; this can include multibyte character sequences. Conversion specifiers are introduced by a ‘`%`’ character, followed by an optional flag which can be one of the following. These flags are all GNU extensions. The first three affect only the output of numbers:

  `_`

    The number is padded with spaces.

  `-`

    The number is not padded at all.

  `0`

    The number is padded with zeros even if the format specifies padding with spaces.

  `^`

    The output uses uppercase characters, but only if this is possible (see Case Conversion).

  The default action is to pad the number with zeros to keep it a constant width. Numbers that do not have a range indicated below are never padded, since there is no natural width for them.

  Following the flag an optional specification of the width is possible. This is specified in decimal notation. If the natural size of the output of the field has less than the specified number of characters, the result is written right adjusted and space padded to the given size.

  An optional modifier can follow the optional flag and width specification. The modifiers are:

  `E`

    Use the locale’s alternative representation for date and time. This modifier applies to the `%c`, `%C`, `%x`, `%X`, `%y` and `%Y` format specifiers. In a Japanese locale, for example, `%Ex` might yield a date format based on the Japanese Emperors’ reigns.

  `O`

    With all format specifiers that produce numbers: use the locale’s alternative numeric symbols.

    With `%B`, `%b`, and `%h`: use the grammatical form for month names that is appropriate when the month is named by itself, rather than the form that is appropriate when the month is used as part of a complete date. The `%OB` and `%Ob` formats are a C23 feature, specified in C23 to use the locale’s ‘alternative’ month name; the GNU C Library extends this specification to say that the form used in a complete date is the default and the form naming the month by itself is the alternative.

  If the format supports the modifier but no alternative representation is available, it is ignored.

  The conversion specifier ends with a format specifier taken from the following list. The whole ‘`%`’ sequence is replaced in the output string as follows:

  `%a`

    The abbreviated weekday name according to the current locale.

  `%A`

    The full weekday name according to the current locale.

  `%b`

    The abbreviated month name according to the current locale, in the grammatical form used when the month is part of a complete date. As a C23 feature (with a more detailed specification in the GNU C Library), the `O` modifier can be used (`%Ob`) to get the grammatical form used when the month is named by itself.

  `%B`

    The full month name according to the current locale, in the grammatical form used when the month is part of a complete date. As a C23 feature (with a more detailed specification in the GNU C Library), the `O` modifier can be used (`%OB`) to get the grammatical form used when the month is named by itself.

    Note that not all languages need two different forms of the month names, so the text produced by `%B` and `%OB`, and by `%b` and `%Ob`, may or may not be the same, depending on the locale.

  `%c`

    The preferred calendar time representation for the current locale.

  `%C`

    The century of the year. This is equivalent to the greatest integer not greater than the year divided by 100.

    If the `E` modifier is specified (`%EC`), instead produces the name of the period for the year (e.g. an era name) in the locale’s alternative calendar.

  `%d`

    The day of the month as a decimal number (range `01` through `31`).

  `%D`

    The date using the format `%m/%d/%y`.

  `%e`

    The day of the month like with `%d`, but padded with spaces (range `1` through `31`).

  `%F`

    The date using the format `%Y-%m-%d`. This is the form specified in the ISO 8601 standard and is the preferred form for all uses.

  `%g`

    The year corresponding to the ISO week number, but without the century (range `00` through `99`). This has the same format and value as `%y`, except that if the ISO week number (see `%V`) belongs to the previous or next year, that year is used instead.

  `%G`

    The year corresponding to the ISO week number. This has the same format and value as `%Y`, except that if the ISO week number (see `%V`) belongs to the previous or next year, that year is used instead.

  `%h`

    The abbreviated month name according to the current locale. The action is the same as for `%b`.

  `%H`

    The hour as a decimal number, using a 24-hour clock (range `00` through `23`).

  `%I`

    The hour as a decimal number, using a 12-hour clock (range `01` through `12`).

  `%j`

    The day of the year as a decimal number (range `001` through `366`).

  `%k`

    The hour as a decimal number, using a 24-hour clock like `%H`, but padded with spaces (range `0` through `23`).

    This format is a GNU extension.

  `%l`

    The hour as a decimal number, using a 12-hour clock like `%I`, but padded with spaces (range `1` through `12`).

    This format is a GNU extension.

  `%m`

    The month as a decimal number (range `01` through `12`).

  `%M`

    The minute as a decimal number (range `00` through `59`).

  `%n`

    A single ‘`\n`’ (newline) character.

  `%p`

    Either ‘`AM`’ or ‘`PM`’, according to the given time value; or the corresponding strings for the current locale. Noon is treated as ‘`PM`’ and midnight as ‘`AM`’. In most locales ‘`AM`’/‘`PM`’ format is not supported, in such cases `"%p"` yields an empty string.

  `%P`

    Either ‘`am`’ or ‘`pm`’, according to the given time value; or the corresponding strings for the current locale, printed in lowercase characters. Noon is treated as ‘`pm`’ and midnight as ‘`am`’. In most locales ‘`AM`’/‘`PM`’ format is not supported, in such cases `"%P"` yields an empty string.

    This format is a GNU extension.

  `%r`

    The complete calendar time using the AM/PM format of the current locale.

    In the POSIX locale, this format is equivalent to `%I:%M:%S %p`.

  `%R`

    The hour and minute in decimal numbers using the format `%H:%M`.

  `%s`

    The number of seconds since the POSIX Epoch, i.e., since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC. Leap seconds are not counted unless leap second support is available.

    This format is a GNU extension.

  `%S`

    The seconds as a decimal number (range `00` through `60`).

  `%t`

    A single ‘`\t`’ (tabulator) character.

  `%T`

    The time of day using decimal numbers using the format `%H:%M:%S`.

  `%u`

    The day of the week as a decimal number (range `1` through `7`), Monday being `1`.

  `%U`

    The week number of the current year as a decimal number (range `00` through `53`), starting with the first Sunday as the first day of the first week. Days preceding the first Sunday in the year are considered to be in week `00`.

  `%V`

    The ISO 8601 week number as a decimal number (range `01` through `53`). ISO weeks start with Monday and end with Sunday. Week `01` of a year is the first week which has the majority of its days in that year; this is equivalent to the week containing the year’s first Thursday, and it is also equivalent to the week containing January 4. Week `01` of a year can contain days from the previous year. The week before week `01` of a year is the last week (`52` or `53`) of the previous year even if it contains days from the new year.

  `%w`

    The day of the week as a decimal number (range `0` through `6`), Sunday being `0`.

  `%W`

    The week number of the current year as a decimal number (range `00` through `53`), starting with the first Monday as the first day of the first week. All days preceding the first Monday in the year are considered to be in week `00`.

  `%x`

    The preferred date representation for the current locale.

  `%X`

    The preferred time of day representation for the current locale.

  `%y`

    The year without a century as a decimal number (range `00` through `99`). This is equivalent to the year modulo 100.

    If the `E` modifier is specified (`%Ey`), instead produces the year number according to a locale-specific alternative calendar. Unlike `%y`, the number is not reduced modulo 100. However, by default it is zero-padded to a minimum of two digits (this can be overridden by an explicit field width or by the `_` and `-` flags).

  `%Y`

    The year as a decimal number, using the Gregorian calendar. Years before the year `1` are numbered `0`, `-1`, and so on.

    If the `E` modifier is specified (`%EY`), instead produces a complete representation of the year according to the locale’s alternative calendar. Generally this will be some combination of the information produced by `%EC` and `%Ey`. As a GNU extension, the formatting flags `_` or `-` may be used with this conversion specifier; they affect how the year number is printed.

  `%z`

    RFC 5322/ISO 8601 style numeric time zone (e.g., `-0600` or `+0100`), or nothing if no time zone is determinable.

    In the POSIX locale, a full RFC 5322 timestamp is generated by the format `"%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z"` (or the equivalent `"%a, %d %b %Y %T %z"`).

  `%Z`

    The time zone abbreviation (empty if the time zone can’t be determined).

  `%%`

    A literal ‘`%`’ character.

  The size parameter can be used to specify the maximum number of characters to be stored in the array s, including the terminating null character. If the formatted time requires more than size characters, `strftime` returns zero and the contents of the array s are undefined. Otherwise the return value indicates the number of characters placed in the array s, not including the terminating null character.

  Warning: This convention for the return value which is prescribed in ISO C can lead to problems in some situations. For certain format strings and certain locales the output really can be the empty string and this cannot be discovered by testing the return value only. E.g., in most locales the AM/PM time format is not supported (most of the world uses the 24 hour time representation). In such locales `"%p"` will return the empty string, i.e., the return value is zero. To detect situations like this something similar to the following code should be used:

      buf[0] = '\1';
      len = strftime (buf, bufsize, format, tp);
      if (len == 0 && buf[0] != '\0')
        {
          /* Something went wrong in the strftime call.  */
          ...
        }

  If s is a null pointer, `strftime` does not actually write anything, but instead returns the number of characters it would have written.

  Calling `strftime` also sets the time zone state as if `tzset` were called. See State Variables for Time Zones.

  For an example of `strftime`, see Time Functions Example.

Function: `size_t` strftime_l `(char *restrict s, size_t size, const char *restrict template, const struct tm *brokentime, locale_t locale)` ¶

  Preliminary: | MT-Safe env locale | AS-Unsafe corrupt heap lock dlopen | AC-Unsafe corrupt lock mem fd | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

  The `strftime_l` function is equivalent to the `strftime` function except that it operates in locale rather than in the current locale.

Function: `size_t` wcsftime `(wchar_t *s, size_t size, const wchar_t *template, const struct tm *brokentime)` ¶

  Preliminary: | MT-Safe env locale | AS-Unsafe corrupt heap lock dlopen | AC-Unsafe corrupt lock mem fd | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

  The `wcsftime` function is equivalent to the `strftime` function with the difference that it operates on wide character strings. The buffer where the result is stored, pointed to by s, must be an array of wide characters. The parameter size which specifies the size of the output buffer gives the number of wide characters, not the number of bytes.

  Also the format string template is a wide character string. Since all characters needed to specify the format string are in the basic character set it is portably possible to write format strings in the C source code using the `L"…"` notation. The parameter brokentime has the same meaning as in the `strftime` call.

  The `wcsftime` function supports the same flags, modifiers, and format specifiers as the `strftime` function.

  The return value of `wcsftime` is the number of wide characters stored in `s`. When more characters would have to be written than can be placed in the buffer s the return value is zero, with the same problems indicated in the `strftime` documentation.

Deprecated function: `char *` asctime `(const struct tm *brokentime)` ¶

  Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:asctime locale | AS-Unsafe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

  The `asctime` function converts the broken-down time value that brokentime points to into a string in a standard format:

      "Tue May 21 13:46:22 1991\n"

  The abbreviations for the days of week are: ‘`Sun`’, ‘`Mon`’, ‘`Tue`’, ‘`Wed`’, ‘`Thu`’, ‘`Fri`’, and ‘`Sat`’.

  The abbreviations for the months are: ‘`Jan`’, ‘`Feb`’, ‘`Mar`’, ‘`Apr`’, ‘`May`’, ‘`Jun`’, ‘`Jul`’, ‘`Aug`’, ‘`Sep`’, ‘`Oct`’, ‘`Nov`’, and ‘`Dec`’.

  Behavior is undefined if the calculated year would be less than 1000 or greater than 9999.

  The return value points to a statically allocated string, which might be overwritten by subsequent calls to `asctime` or `ctime`. (No other library function overwrites the contents of this string.)

  Portability note: This obsolescent function is deprecated in C23. Programs should instead use `strftime` or even `sprintf`.

Deprecated function: `char *` asctime_r `(const struct tm *brokentime, char *buffer)` ¶

  Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

  This function is similar to `asctime` but instead of placing the result in a static buffer it writes the string in the buffer pointed to by the parameter buffer. This buffer should have room for at least 26 bytes, including the terminating null. Behavior is undefined if the calculated year would be less than 1000 or greater than 9999.

  If no error occurred the function returns a pointer to the string the result was written into, i.e., it returns buffer. Otherwise it returns `NULL`.

  Portability Note: POSIX.1-2024 removed this obsolescent function. Programs should instead use `strftime` or even `sprintf`.

Deprecated function: `char *` ctime `(const time_t *time)` ¶

  Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:tmbuf race:asctime env locale | AS-Unsafe heap lock | AC-Unsafe lock mem fd | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

  The `ctime` function is similar to `asctime`, except that you specify the calendar time argument as a `time_t` simple time value rather than in broken-down local time format. It is equivalent to

      asctime (localtime (time))

  Behavior is undefined if the calculated year would be less than 1000 or greater than 9999.

  Calling `ctime` also sets the time zone state as if `tzset` were called. See State Variables for Time Zones.

  Portability note: This obsolescent function is deprecated in C23. Programs should instead use `strftime` or even `sprintf`.

Deprecated function: `char *` ctime_r `(const time_t *time, char *buffer)` ¶

  Preliminary: | MT-Safe env locale | AS-Unsafe heap lock | AC-Unsafe lock mem fd | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

  This function is similar to `ctime`, but places the result in the string pointed to by buffer, and the time zone state is not necessarily set as if `tzset` were called. It is equivalent to:

      asctime_r (localtime_r (time, &(struct tm) {0}), buffer)

  Behavior is undefined if the calculated year would be less than 1000 or greater than 9999.

  If no error occurred the function returns a pointer to the string the result was written into, i.e., it returns buffer. Otherwise it returns `NULL`.

  Portability Note: POSIX.1-2024 removed this obsolescent function. Programs should instead use `strftime` or even `sprintf`.