#### 25.2.1 Program Error Signals ¶

The following signals are generated when a serious program error is detected by the operating system or the computer itself. In general, all of these signals are indications that your program is seriously broken in some way, and there’s usually no way to continue the computation which encountered the error.

Some programs handle program error signals in order to tidy up before terminating; for example, programs that turn off echoing of terminal input should handle program error signals in order to turn echoing back on. The handler should end by specifying the default action for the signal that happened and then reraising it; this will cause the program to terminate with that signal, as if it had not had a handler. (See Handlers That Terminate the Process.)

Termination is the sensible ultimate outcome from a program error in most programs. However, programming systems such as Lisp that can load compiled user programs might need to keep executing even if a user program incurs an error. These programs have handlers which use `longjmp` to return control to the command level.

The default action for all of these signals is to cause the process to terminate. If you block or ignore these signals or establish handlers for them that return normally, your program will probably break horribly when such signals happen, unless they are generated by `raise` or `kill` instead of a real error.

When one of these program error signals terminates a process, it also writes a core dump file which records the state of the process at the time of termination. The core dump file is named `core` and is written in whichever directory is current in the process at the time. (On GNU/Hurd systems, you can specify the file name for core dumps with the environment variable `COREFILE`.) The purpose of core dump files is so that you can examine them with a debugger to investigate what caused the error.

Macro: `int` SIGFPE ¶

  The `SIGFPE` signal reports a fatal arithmetic error. Although the name is derived from “floating-point exception”, this signal actually covers all arithmetic errors, including division by zero and overflow. If a program stores integer data in a location which is then used in a floating-point operation, this often causes an “invalid operation” exception, because the processor cannot recognize the data as a floating-point number.

  Actual floating-point exceptions are a complicated subject because there are many types of exceptions with subtly different meanings, and the `SIGFPE` signal doesn’t distinguish between them. The IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic (ANSI/IEEE Std 754-1985 and ANSI/IEEE Std 854-1987) defines various floating-point exceptions and requires conforming computer systems to report their occurrences. However, this standard does not specify how the exceptions are reported, or what kinds of handling and control the operating system can offer to the programmer.

BSD systems provide the `SIGFPE` handler with an extra argument that distinguishes various causes of the exception. In order to access this argument, you must define the handler to accept two arguments, which means you must cast it to a one-argument function type in order to establish the handler. The GNU C Library does provide this extra argument, but the value is meaningful only on operating systems that provide the information (BSD systems and GNU systems).

`FPE_INTOVF_TRAP` ¶

  Integer overflow (impossible in a C program unless you enable overflow trapping in a hardware-specific fashion).

`FPE_INTDIV_TRAP` ¶

  Integer division by zero.

`FPE_SUBRNG_TRAP` ¶

  Subscript-range (something that C programs never check for).

`FPE_FLTOVF_TRAP` ¶

  Floating overflow trap.

`FPE_FLTDIV_TRAP` ¶

  Floating/decimal division by zero.

`FPE_FLTUND_TRAP` ¶

  Floating underflow trap. (Trapping on floating underflow is not normally enabled.)

`FPE_DECOVF_TRAP` ¶

  Decimal overflow trap. (Only a few machines have decimal arithmetic and C never uses it.)

Macro: `int` SIGILL ¶

  The name of this signal is derived from “illegal instruction”; it usually means your program is trying to execute garbage or a privileged instruction. Since the C compiler generates only valid instructions, `SIGILL` typically indicates that the executable file is corrupted, or that you are trying to execute data. Some common ways of getting into the latter situation are by passing an invalid object where a pointer to a function was expected, or by writing past the end of an automatic array (or similar problems with pointers to automatic variables) and corrupting other data on the stack such as the return address of a stack frame.

  `SIGILL` can also be generated when the stack overflows, or when the system has trouble running the handler for a signal.

Macro: `int` SIGSEGV ¶

  This signal is generated when a program tries to read or write outside the memory that is allocated for it, or to write memory that can only be read. (Actually, the signals only occur when the program goes far enough outside to be detected by the system’s memory protection mechanism.) The name is an abbreviation for “segmentation violation”.

  Common ways of getting a `SIGSEGV` condition include dereferencing a null or uninitialized pointer, or when you use a pointer to step through an array, but fail to check for the end of the array. It varies among systems whether dereferencing a null pointer generates `SIGSEGV` or `SIGBUS`.

Macro: `int` SIGBUS ¶

  This signal is generated when an invalid pointer is dereferenced. Like `SIGSEGV`, this signal is typically the result of dereferencing an uninitialized pointer. The difference between the two is that `SIGSEGV` indicates an invalid access to valid memory, while `SIGBUS` indicates an access to an invalid address. In particular, `SIGBUS` signals often result from dereferencing a misaligned pointer, such as referring to a four-word integer at an address not divisible by four. (Each kind of computer has its own requirements for address alignment.)

  The name of this signal is an abbreviation for “bus error”.

Macro: `int` SIGABRT ¶

  This signal indicates an error detected by the program itself and reported by calling `abort`. See Aborting a Program.

Macro: `int` SIGIOT ¶

  Generated by the PDP-11 “iot” instruction. On most machines, this is just another name for `SIGABRT`.

Macro: `int` SIGTRAP ¶

  Generated by the machine’s breakpoint instruction, and possibly other trap instructions. This signal is used by debuggers. Your program will probably only see `SIGTRAP` if it is somehow executing bad instructions.

Macro: `int` SIGEMT ¶

  Emulator trap; this results from certain unimplemented instructions which might be emulated in software, or the operating system’s failure to properly emulate them.

Macro: `int` SIGSYS ¶

  System call event. This signal may be generated by a valid system call which requested an invalid sub-function, and also by the SECCOMP filter when it filters or traps a system call.

  If the system call itself is invalid or unsupported by the kernel, the call will not raise this signal, but will return `ENOSYS`.

Macro: `int` SIGSTKFLT ¶

  Coprocessor stack fault. Obsolete, no longer generated. This signal may be used by applications in much the way `SIGUSR1` and `SIGUSR2` are.