### 4.1 Classification of Characters ¶

This section explains the library functions for classifying characters. For example, `isalpha` is the function to test for an alphabetic character. It takes one argument, the character to test as an `unsigned char` value, and returns a nonzero integer if the character is alphabetic, and zero otherwise. You would use it like this:

    if (isalpha ((unsigned char) c))
      printf ("The character `%c' is alphabetic.\n", c);

Each of the functions in this section tests for membership in a particular class of characters; each has a name starting with ‘`is`’. Each of them takes one argument, which is a character to test. The character argument must be in the value range of `unsigned char` (0 to 255 for the GNU C Library). On a machine where the `char` type is signed, it may be necessary to cast the argument to `unsigned char`, or mask it with ‘`& 0xff`’. (On `unsigned char` machines, this step is harmless, so portable code should always perform it.) The ‘`is`’ functions return an `int` which is treated as a boolean value.

All ‘`is`’ functions accept the special value `EOF` and return zero. (Note that `EOF` must not be cast to `unsigned char` for this to work.)

As an extension, the GNU C Library accepts signed `char` values as ‘`is`’ functions arguments in the range -128 to -2, and returns the result for the corresponding unsigned character. However, as there might be an actual character corresponding to the `EOF` integer constant, doing so may introduce bugs, and it is recommended to apply the conversion to the unsigned character range as appropriate.

The attributes of any given character can vary between locales. See Locales and Internationalization, for more information on locales.

These functions are declared in the header file `ctype.h`.

Function: `int` islower `(int c)` ¶

  Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

  Returns true if c is a lower-case letter. The letter need not be from the Latin alphabet, any alphabet representable is valid.

Function: `int` isupper `(int c)` ¶

  Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

  Returns true if c is an upper-case letter. The letter need not be from the Latin alphabet, any alphabet representable is valid.

Function: `int` isalpha `(int c)` ¶

  Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

  Returns true if c is an alphabetic character (a letter). If `islower` or `isupper` is true of a character, then `isalpha` is also true.

  In some locales, there may be additional characters for which `isalpha` is true—letters which are neither upper case nor lower case. But in the standard `"C"` locale, there are no such additional characters.

Function: `int` isdigit `(int c)` ¶

  Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

  Returns true if c is a decimal digit (‘`0`’ through ‘`9`’).

Function: `int` isalnum `(int c)` ¶

  Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

  Returns true if c is an alphanumeric character (a letter or number); in other words, if either `isalpha` or `isdigit` is true of a character, then `isalnum` is also true.

Function: `int` isxdigit `(int c)` ¶

  Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

  Returns true if c is a hexadecimal digit. Hexadecimal digits include the normal decimal digits ‘`0`’ through ‘`9`’ and the letters ‘`A`’ through ‘`F`’ and ‘`a`’ through ‘`f`’.

Function: `int` ispunct `(int c)` ¶

  Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

  Returns true if c is a punctuation character. This means any printing character that is not alphanumeric or a space character.

Function: `int` isspace `(int c)` ¶

  Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

  Returns true if c is a whitespace character. In the standard `"C"` locale, `isspace` returns true for only the standard whitespace characters:

  `' '`

    space

  `'\f'`

    formfeed

  `'\n'`

    newline

  `'\r'`

    carriage return

  `'\t'`

    horizontal tab

  `'\v'`

    vertical tab

Function: `int` isblank `(int c)` ¶

  Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

  Returns true if c is a blank character; that is, a space or a tab. This function was originally a GNU extension, but was added in ISO C99.

Function: `int` isgraph `(int c)` ¶

  Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

  Returns true if c is a graphic character; that is, a character that has a glyph associated with it. The whitespace characters are not considered graphic.

Function: `int` isprint `(int c)` ¶

  Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

  Returns true if c is a printing character. Printing characters include all the graphic characters, plus the space (‘`` ’) character.

Function: `int` iscntrl `(int c)` ¶

  Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

  Returns true if c is a control character (that is, a character that is not a printing character).

Function: `int` isascii `(int c)` ¶

  Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

  Returns true if c is a 7-bit `unsigned char` value that fits into the US/UK ASCII character set. This function is a BSD extension and is also an SVID extension.