# Glossary

## 0-9

6to4

  A mechanism that allows IPv6 packets to be transmitted over an IPv4 network, providing a strategy for migrating to IPv6.

## A

absolute limit

  Impassable limits for guest VMs. Settings include total RAM size, maximum number of vCPUs, and maximum disk size.

access control list (ACL)

  A list of permissions attached to an object. An ACL specifies which users or system processes have access to objects. It also defines which operations can be performed on specified objects. Each entry in a typical ACL specifies a subject and an operation. For instance, the ACL entry `(Alice, delete)` for a file gives Alice permission to delete the file.

access key

  Alternative term for an Amazon EC2 access key. See EC2 access key.

account

  The Object Storage context of an account. Do not confuse with a user account from an authentication service, such as Active Directory, /etc/passwd, OpenLDAP, OpenStack Identity, and so on.

account auditor

  Checks for missing replicas and incorrect or corrupted objects in a specified Object Storage account by running queries against the back-end SQLite database.

account database

  A SQLite database that contains Object Storage accounts and related metadata and that the accounts server accesses.

account reaper

  An Object Storage worker that scans for and deletes account databases and that the account server has marked for deletion.

account server

  Lists containers in Object Storage and stores container information in the account database.

account service

  An Object Storage component that provides account services such as list, create, modify, and audit. Do not confuse with OpenStack Identity service, OpenLDAP, or similar user-account services.

accounting

  The Compute service provides accounting information through the event notification and system usage data facilities.

Active Directory

  Authentication and identity service by Microsoft, based on LDAP. Supported in OpenStack.

active/active configuration

  In a high-availability setup with an active/active configuration, several systems share the load together and if one fails, the load is distributed to the remaining systems.

active/passive configuration

  In a high-availability setup with an active/passive configuration, systems are set up to bring additional resources online to replace those that have failed.

address pool

  A group of fixed and/or floating IP addresses that are assigned to a project and can be used by or assigned to the VM instances in a project.

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

  The protocol by which layer-3 IP addresses are resolved into layer-2 link local addresses.

admin API

  A subset of API calls that are accessible to authorized administrators and are generally not accessible to end users or the public Internet. They can exist as a separate service (keystone) or can be a subset of another API (nova).

admin server

  In the context of the Identity service, the worker process that provides access to the admin API.

administrator

  The person responsible for installing, configuring, and managing an OpenStack cloud.

Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP)

  The open standard messaging protocol used by OpenStack components for intra-service communications, provided by RabbitMQ, Qpid, or ZeroMQ.

Advanced RISC Machine (ARM)

  Lower power consumption CPU often found in mobile and embedded devices. Supported by OpenStack.

alert

  The Compute service can send alerts through its notification system, which includes a facility to create custom notification drivers. Alerts can be sent to and displayed on the dashboard.

allocate

  The process of taking a floating IP address from the address pool so it can be associated with a fixed IP on a guest VM instance.

Amazon Kernel Image (AKI)

  Both a VM container format and disk format. Supported by Image service.

Amazon Machine Image (AMI)

  Both a VM container format and disk format. Supported by Image service.

Amazon Ramdisk Image (ARI)

  Both a VM container format and disk format. Supported by Image service.

Anvil

  A project that ports the shell script-based project named DevStack to Python.

aodh

  Part of the OpenStack Telemetry service; provides alarming functionality.

Apache

  The Apache Software Foundation supports the Apache community of open-source software projects. These projects provide software products for the public good.

Apache License 2.0

  All OpenStack core projects are provided under the terms of the Apache License 2.0 license.

Apache Web Server

  The most common web server software currently used on the Internet.

API endpoint

  The daemon, worker, or service that a client communicates with to access an API. API endpoints can provide any number of services, such as authentication, sales data, performance meters, Compute VM commands, census data, and so on.

API extension

  Custom modules that extend some OpenStack core APIs.

API extension plug-in

  Alternative term for a Networking plug-in or Networking API extension.

API key

  Alternative term for an API token.

API server

  Any node running a daemon or worker that provides an API endpoint.

API token

  Passed to API requests and used by OpenStack to verify that the client is authorized to run the requested operation.

API version

  In OpenStack, the API version for a project is part of the URL. For example, `example.com/nova/v1/foobar`.

applet

  A Java program that can be embedded into a web page.

Application Catalog service (murano)

  The project that provides an application catalog service so that users can compose and deploy composite environments on an application abstraction level while managing the application lifecycle.

Application Programming Interface (API)

  A collection of specifications used to access a service, application, or program. Includes service calls, required parameters for each call, and the expected return values.

application server

  A piece of software that makes available another piece of software over a network.

Application Service Provider (ASP)

  Companies that rent specialized applications that help businesses and organizations provide additional services with lower cost.

arptables

  Tool used for maintaining Address Resolution Protocol packet filter rules in the Linux kernel firewall modules. Used along with iptables, ebtables, and ip6tables in Compute to provide firewall services for VMs.

associate

  The process associating a Compute floating IP address with a fixed IP address.

Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX)

  A group of interrelated web development techniques used on the client-side to create asynchronous web applications. Used extensively in horizon.

ATA over Ethernet (AoE)

  A disk storage protocol tunneled within Ethernet.

attach

  The process of connecting a VIF or vNIC to a L2 network in Networking. In the context of Compute, this process connects a storage volume to an instance.

attachment (network)

  Association of an interface ID to a logical port. Plugs an interface into a port.

auditing

  Provided in Compute through the system usage data facility.

auditor

  A worker process that verifies the integrity of Object Storage objects, containers, and accounts. Auditors is the collective term for the Object Storage account auditor, container auditor, and object auditor.

Austin

  The code name for the initial release of OpenStack. The first design summit took place in Austin, Texas, US.

auth node

  Alternative term for an Object Storage authorization node.

authentication

  The process that confirms that the user, process, or client is really who they say they are through private key, secret token, password, fingerprint, or similar method.

authentication token

  A string of text provided to the client after authentication. Must be provided by the user or process in subsequent requests to the API endpoint.

AuthN

  The Identity service component that provides authentication services.

authorization

  The act of verifying that a user, process, or client is authorized to perform an action.

authorization node

  An Object Storage node that provides authorization services.

AuthZ

  The Identity component that provides high-level authorization services.

Auto ACK

  Configuration setting within RabbitMQ that enables or disables message acknowledgment. Enabled by default.

auto declare

  A Compute RabbitMQ setting that determines whether a message exchange is automatically created when the program starts.

availability zone

  An Amazon EC2 concept of an isolated area that is used for fault tolerance. Do not confuse with an OpenStack Compute zone or cell.

AWS CloudFormation template

  AWS CloudFormation allows Amazon Web Services (AWS) users to create and manage a collection of related resources. The Orchestration service supports a CloudFormation-compatible format (CFN).

## B

back end

  Interactions and processes that are obfuscated from the user, such as Compute volume mount, data transmission to an iSCSI target by a daemon, or Object Storage object integrity checks.

back-end catalog

  The storage method used by the Identity service catalog service to store and retrieve information about API endpoints that are available to the client. Examples include an SQL database, LDAP database, or KVS back end.

back-end store

  The persistent data store used to save and retrieve information for a service, such as lists of Object Storage objects, current state of guest VMs, lists of user names, and so on. Also, the method that the Image service uses to get and store VM images. Options include Object Storage, locally mounted file system, RADOS block devices, VMware datastore, and HTTP.

Backup, Restore, and Disaster Recovery service (freezer)

  The project that provides integrated tooling for backing up, restoring, and recovering file systems, instances, or database backups.

bandwidth

  The amount of available data used by communication resources, such as the Internet. Represents the amount of data that is used to download things or the amount of data available to download.

barbican

  Code name of the Key Manager service.

bare

  An Image service container format that indicates that no container exists for the VM image.

Bare Metal service (ironic)

  The OpenStack service that provides a service and associated libraries capable of managing and provisioning physical machines in a security-aware and fault-tolerant manner.

base image

  An OpenStack-provided image.

Bell-LaPadula model

  A security model that focuses on data confidentiality and controlled access to classified information. This model divides the entities into subjects and objects. The clearance of a subject is compared to the classification of the object to determine if the subject is authorized for the specific access mode. The clearance or classification scheme is expressed in terms of a lattice.

Benchmark service (rally)

  OpenStack project that provides a framework for performance analysis and benchmarking of individual OpenStack components as well as full production OpenStack cloud deployments.

Bexar

  A grouped release of projects related to OpenStack that came out in February of 2011. It included only Compute (nova) and Object Storage (swift). Bexar is the code name for the second release of OpenStack. The design summit took place in San Antonio, Texas, US, which is the county seat for Bexar county.

binary

  Information that consists solely of ones and zeroes, which is the language of computers.

bit

  A bit is a single digit number that is in base of 2 (either a zero or one). Bandwidth usage is measured in bits per second.

bits per second (BPS)

  The universal measurement of how quickly data is transferred from place to place.

block device

  A device that moves data in the form of blocks. These device nodes interface the devices, such as hard disks, CD-ROM drives, flash drives, and other addressable regions of memory.

block migration

  A method of VM live migration used by KVM to evacuate instances from one host to another with very little downtime during a user-initiated switchover. Does not require shared storage. Supported by Compute.

Block Storage API

  An API on a separate endpoint for attaching, detaching, and creating block storage for compute VMs.

Block Storage service (cinder)

  The OpenStack service that implement services and libraries to provide on-demand, self-service access to Block Storage resources via abstraction and automation on top of other block storage devices.

BMC (Baseboard Management Controller)

  The intelligence in the IPMI architecture, which is a specialized micro-controller that is embedded on the motherboard of a computer and acts as a server. Manages the interface between system management software and platform hardware.

bootable disk image

  A type of VM image that exists as a single, bootable file.

Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP)

  A network protocol used by a network client to obtain an IP address from a configuration server. Provided in Compute through the dnsmasq daemon when using either the FlatDHCP manager or VLAN manager network manager.

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

  The Border Gateway Protocol is a dynamic routing protocol that connects autonomous systems. Considered the backbone of the Internet, this protocol connects disparate networks to form a larger network.

browser

  Any client software that enables a computer or device to access the Internet.

builder file

  Contains configuration information that Object Storage uses to reconfigure a ring or to re-create it from scratch after a serious failure.

bursting

  The practice of utilizing a secondary environment to elastically build instances on-demand when the primary environment is resource constrained.

button class

  A group of related button types within horizon. Buttons to start, stop, and suspend VMs are in one class. Buttons to associate and disassociate floating IP addresses are in another class, and so on.

byte

  Set of bits that make up a single character; there are usually 8 bits to a byte.

## C

cache pruner

  A program that keeps the Image service VM image cache at or below its configured maximum size.

Cactus

  An OpenStack grouped release of projects that came out in the spring of 2011. It included Compute (nova), Object Storage (swift), and the Image service (glance). Cactus is a city in Texas, US and is the code name for the third release of OpenStack. When OpenStack releases went from three to six months long, the code name of the release changed to match a geography nearest the previous summit.

CALL

  One of the RPC primitives used by the OpenStack message queue software. Sends a message and waits for a response.

capability

  Defines resources for a cell, including CPU, storage, and networking. Can apply to the specific services within a cell or a whole cell.

capacity cache

  A Compute back-end database table that contains the current workload, amount of free RAM, and number of VMs running on each host. Used to determine on which host a VM starts.

capacity updater

  A notification driver that monitors VM instances and updates the capacity cache as needed.

CAST

  One of the RPC primitives used by the OpenStack message queue software. Sends a message and does not wait for a response.

catalog

  A list of API endpoints that are available to a user after authentication with the Identity service.

catalog service

  An Identity service that lists API endpoints that are available to a user after authentication with the Identity service.

ceilometer

  Part of the OpenStack Telemetry service; gathers and stores metrics from other OpenStack services.

cell

  Provides logical partitioning of Compute resources in a child and parent relationship. Requests are passed from parent cells to child cells if the parent cannot provide the requested resource.

cell forwarding

  A Compute option that enables parent cells to pass resource requests to child cells if the parent cannot provide the requested resource.

cell manager

  The Compute component that contains a list of the current capabilities of each host within the cell and routes requests as appropriate.

CentOS

  A Linux distribution that is compatible with OpenStack.

Ceph

  Massively scalable distributed storage system that consists of an object store, block store, and POSIX-compatible distributed file system. Compatible with OpenStack.

CephFS

  The POSIX-compliant file system provided by Ceph.

certificate authority (CA)

  In cryptography, an entity that issues digital certificates. The digital certificate certifies the ownership of a public key by the named subject of the certificate. This enables others (relying parties) to rely upon signatures or assertions made by the private key that corresponds to the certified public key. In this model of trust relationships, a CA is a trusted third party for both the subject (owner) of the certificate and the party relying upon the certificate. CAs are characteristic of many public key infrastructure (PKI) schemes. In OpenStack, a simple certificate authority is provided by Compute for cloudpipe VPNs and VM image decryption.

Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)

  An iSCSI authentication method supported by Compute.

chance scheduler

  A scheduling method used by Compute that randomly chooses an available host from the pool.

changes since

  A Compute API parameter that downloads changes to the requested item since your last request, instead of downloading a new, fresh set of data and comparing it against the old data.

Chef

  An operating system configuration management tool supporting OpenStack deployments.

child cell

  If a requested resource such as CPU time, disk storage, or memory is not available in the parent cell, the request is forwarded to its associated child cells. If the child cell can fulfill the request, it does. Otherwise, it attempts to pass the request to any of its children.

cinder

  Codename for Block Storage service.

CirrOS

  A minimal Linux distribution designed for use as a test image on clouds such as OpenStack.

Cisco neutron plug-in

  A Networking plug-in for Cisco devices and technologies, including UCS and Nexus.

cloud architect

  A person who plans, designs, and oversees the creation of clouds.

Cloud Auditing Data Federation (CADF)

  Cloud Auditing Data Federation (CADF) is a specification for audit event data. CADF is supported by OpenStack Identity.

cloud computing

  A model that enables access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources, such as networks, servers, storage, applications, and services, that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.

cloud controller

  Collection of Compute components that represent the global state of the cloud; talks to services, such as Identity authentication, Object Storage, and node/storage workers through a queue.

cloud controller node

  A node that runs network, volume, API, scheduler, and image services. Each service may be broken out into separate nodes for scalability or availability.

Cloud Data Management Interface (CDMI)

  SINA standard that defines a RESTful API for managing objects in the cloud, currently unsupported in OpenStack.

Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface (CIMI)

  An in-progress specification for cloud management. Currently unsupported in OpenStack.

cloud-init

  A package commonly installed in VM images that performs initialization of an instance after boot using information that it retrieves from the metadata service, such as the SSH public key and user data.

cloudadmin

  One of the default roles in the Compute RBAC system. Grants complete system access.

Cloudbase-Init

  A Windows project providing guest initialization features, similar to cloud-init.

cloudpipe

  A compute service that creates VPNs on a per-project basis.

cloudpipe image

  A pre-made VM image that serves as a cloudpipe server. Essentially, OpenVPN running on Linux.

Clustering service (senlin)

  The project that implements clustering services and libraries for the management of groups of homogeneous objects exposed by other OpenStack services.

command filter

  Lists allowed commands within the Compute rootwrap facility.

Common Internet File System (CIFS)

  A file sharing protocol. It is a public or open variation of the original Server Message Block (SMB) protocol developed and used by Microsoft. Like the SMB protocol, CIFS runs at a higher level and uses the TCP/IP protocol.

Common Libraries (oslo)

  The project that produces a set of python libraries containing code shared by OpenStack projects. The APIs provided by these libraries should be high quality, stable, consistent, documented and generally applicable.

community project

  A project that is not officially endorsed by the OpenStack Foundation. If the project is successful enough, it might be elevated to an incubated project and then to a core project, or it might be merged with the main code trunk.

compression

  Reducing the size of files by special encoding, the file can be decompressed again to its original content. OpenStack supports compression at the Linux file system level but does not support compression for things such as Object Storage objects or Image service VM images.

Compute API (Nova API)

  The nova-api daemon provides access to nova services. Can communicate with other APIs, such as the Amazon EC2 API.

compute controller

  The Compute component that chooses suitable hosts on which to start VM instances.

compute host

  Physical host dedicated to running compute nodes.

compute node

  A node that runs the nova-compute daemon that manages VM instances that provide a wide range of services, such as web applications and analytics.

Compute service (nova)

  The OpenStack core project that implements services and associated libraries to provide massively-scalable, on-demand, self-service access to compute resources, including bare metal, virtual machines, and containers.

compute worker

  The Compute component that runs on each compute node and manages the VM instance lifecycle, including run, reboot, terminate, attach/detach volumes, and so on. Provided by the nova-compute daemon.

concatenated object

  A set of segment objects that Object Storage combines and sends to the client.

conductor

  In Compute, conductor is the process that proxies database requests from the compute process. Using conductor improves security because compute nodes do not need direct access to the database.

congress

  Code name for the Governance service.

consistency window

  The amount of time it takes for a new Object Storage object to become accessible to all clients.

console log

  Contains the output from a Linux VM console in Compute.

container

  Organizes and stores objects in Object Storage. Similar to the concept of a Linux directory but cannot be nested. Alternative term for an Image service container format.

container auditor

  Checks for missing replicas or incorrect objects in specified Object Storage containers through queries to the SQLite back-end database.

container database

  A SQLite database that stores Object Storage containers and container metadata. The container server accesses this database.

container format

  A wrapper used by the Image service that contains a VM image and its associated metadata, such as machine state, OS disk size, and so on.

Container Infrastructure Management service (magnum)

  The project which provides a set of services for provisioning, scaling, and managing container orchestration engines.

container server

  An Object Storage server that manages containers.

container service

  The Object Storage component that provides container services, such as create, delete, list, and so on.

content delivery network (CDN)

  A content delivery network is a specialized network that is used to distribute content to clients, typically located close to the client for increased performance.

controller node

  Alternative term for a cloud controller node.

core API

  Depending on context, the core API is either the OpenStack API or the main API of a specific core project, such as Compute, Networking, Image service, and so on.

core service

  An official OpenStack service defined as core by Interop Working Group. Currently, consists of Block Storage service (cinder), Compute service (nova), Identity service (keystone), Image service (glance), Networking service (neutron), and Object Storage service (swift).

cost

  Under the Compute distributed scheduler, this is calculated by looking at the capabilities of each host relative to the flavor of the VM instance being requested.

credentials

  Data that is only known to or accessible by a user and used to verify that the user is who they say they are. Credentials are presented to the server during authentication. Examples include a password, secret key, digital certificate, and fingerprint.

CRL

  A Certificate Revocation List (CRL) in a PKI model is a list of certificates that have been revoked. End entities presenting these certificates should not be trusted.

Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS)

  A mechanism that allows many resources (for example, fonts, JavaScript) on a web page to be requested from another domain outside the domain from which the resource originated. In particular, JavaScript’s AJAX calls can use the XMLHttpRequest mechanism.

Crowbar

  An open source community project by SUSE that aims to provide all necessary services to quickly deploy and manage clouds.

current workload

  An element of the Compute capacity cache that is calculated based on the number of build, snapshot, migrate, and resize operations currently in progress on a given host.

customer

  Alternative term for project.

customization module

  A user-created Python module that is loaded by horizon to change the look and feel of the dashboard.

## D

daemon

  A process that runs in the background and waits for requests. May or may not listen on a TCP or UDP port. Do not confuse with a worker.

Dashboard (horizon)

  OpenStack project which provides an extensible, unified, web-based user interface for all OpenStack services.

data encryption

  Both Image service and Compute support encrypted virtual machine (VM) images (but not instances). In-transit data encryption is supported in OpenStack using technologies such as HTTPS, SSL, TLS, and SSH. Object Storage does not support object encryption at the application level but may support storage that uses disk encryption.

Data loss prevention (DLP) software

  Software programs used to protect sensitive information and prevent it from leaking outside a network boundary through the detection and denying of the data transportation.

Data Processing service (sahara)

  OpenStack project that provides a scalable data-processing stack and associated management interfaces.

data store

  A database engine supported by the Database service.

database ID

  A unique ID given to each replica of an Object Storage database.

database replicator

  An Object Storage component that copies changes in the account, container, and object databases to other nodes.

Database service (trove)

  An integrated project that provides scalable and reliable Cloud Database-as-a-Service functionality for both relational and non-relational database engines.

deallocate

  The process of removing the association between a floating IP address and a fixed IP address. Once this association is removed, the floating IP returns to the address pool.

Debian

  A Linux distribution that is compatible with OpenStack.

deduplication

  The process of finding duplicate data at the disk block, file, and/or object level to minimize storage use—currently unsupported within OpenStack.

default panel

  The default panel that is displayed when a user accesses the dashboard.

default project

  New users are assigned to this project if no project is specified when a user is created.

default token

  An Identity service token that is not associated with a specific project and is exchanged for a scoped token.

delayed delete

  An option within Image service so that an image is deleted after a predefined number of seconds instead of immediately.

delivery mode

  Setting for the Compute RabbitMQ message delivery mode; can be set to either transient or persistent.

denial of service (DoS)

  Denial of service (DoS) is a short form for denial-of-service attack. This is a malicious attempt to prevent legitimate users from using a service.

deprecated auth

  An option within Compute that enables administrators to create and manage users through the `nova-manage` command as opposed to using the Identity service.

designate

  Code name for the DNS service.

Desktop-as-a-Service

  A platform that provides a suite of desktop environments that users access to receive a desktop experience from any location. This may provide general use, development, or even homogeneous testing environments.

developer

  One of the default roles in the Compute RBAC system and the default role assigned to a new user.

device ID

  Maps Object Storage partitions to physical storage devices.

device weight

  Distributes partitions proportionately across Object Storage devices based on the storage capacity of each device.

DevStack

  Community project that uses shell scripts to quickly build complete OpenStack development environments.

DHCP agent

  OpenStack Networking agent that provides DHCP services for virtual networks.

Diablo

  A grouped release of projects related to OpenStack that came out in the fall of 2011, the fourth release of OpenStack. It included Compute (nova 2011.3), Object Storage (swift 1.4.3), and the Image service (glance). Diablo is the code name for the fourth release of OpenStack. The design summit took place in the Bay Area near Santa Clara, California, US and Diablo is a nearby city.

direct consumer

  An element of the Compute RabbitMQ that comes to life when a RPC call is executed. It connects to a direct exchange through a unique exclusive queue, sends the message, and terminates.

direct exchange

  A routing table that is created within the Compute RabbitMQ during RPC calls; one is created for each RPC call that is invoked.

direct publisher

  Element of RabbitMQ that provides a response to an incoming MQ message.

disassociate

  The process of removing the association between a floating IP address and fixed IP and thus returning the floating IP address to the address pool.

Discretionary Access Control (DAC)

  Governs the ability of subjects to access objects, while enabling users to make policy decisions and assign security attributes. The traditional UNIX system of users, groups, and read-write-execute permissions is an example of DAC.

disk encryption

  The ability to encrypt data at the file system, disk partition, or whole-disk level. Supported within Compute VMs.

disk format

  The underlying format that a disk image for a VM is stored as within the Image service back-end store. For example, AMI, ISO, QCOW2, VMDK, and so on.

dispersion

  In Object Storage, tools to test and ensure dispersion of objects and containers to ensure fault tolerance.

distributed virtual router (DVR)

  Mechanism for highly available multi-host routing when using OpenStack Networking (neutron).

Django

  A web framework used extensively in horizon.

DNS record

  A record that specifies information about a particular domain and belongs to the domain.

DNS service (designate)

  OpenStack project that provides scalable, on demand, self service access to authoritative DNS services, in a technology-agnostic manner.

dnsmasq

  Daemon that provides DNS, DHCP, BOOTP, and TFTP services for virtual networks.

domain

  An Identity API v3 entity. Represents a collection of projects, groups and users that defines administrative boundaries for managing OpenStack Identity entities. On the Internet, separates a website from other sites. Often, the domain name has two or more parts that are separated by dots. For example, yahoo.com, usa.gov, harvard.edu, or mail.yahoo.com. Also, a domain is an entity or container of all DNS-related information containing one or more records.

Domain Name System (DNS)

  A system by which Internet domain name-to-address and address-to-name resolutions are determined. DNS helps navigate the Internet by translating the IP address into an address that is easier to remember. For example, translating 111.111.111.1 into www.yahoo.com. All domains and their components, such as mail servers, utilize DNS to resolve to the appropriate locations. DNS servers are usually set up in a master-slave relationship such that failure of the master invokes the slave. DNS servers might also be clustered or replicated such that changes made to one DNS server are automatically propagated to other active servers. In Compute, the support that enables associating DNS entries with floating IP addresses, nodes, or cells so that hostnames are consistent across reboots.

download

  The transfer of data, usually in the form of files, from one computer to another.

durable exchange

  The Compute RabbitMQ message exchange that remains active when the server restarts.

durable queue

  A Compute RabbitMQ message queue that remains active when the server restarts.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

  A network protocol that configures devices that are connected to a network so that they can communicate on that network by using the Internet Protocol (IP). The protocol is implemented in a client-server model where DHCP clients request configuration data, such as an IP address, a default route, and one or more DNS server addresses from a DHCP server. A method to automatically configure networking for a host at boot time. Provided by both Networking and Compute.

Dynamic HyperText Markup Language (DHTML)

  Pages that use HTML, JavaScript, and Cascading Style Sheets to enable users to interact with a web page or show simple animation.

## E

east-west traffic

  Network traffic between servers in the same cloud or data center. See also north-south traffic.

EBS boot volume

  An Amazon EBS storage volume that contains a bootable VM image, currently unsupported in OpenStack.

ebtables

  Filtering tool for a Linux bridging firewall, enabling filtering of network traffic passing through a Linux bridge. Used in Compute along with arptables, iptables, and ip6tables to ensure isolation of network communications.

EC2

  The Amazon commercial compute product, similar to Compute.

EC2 access key

  Used along with an EC2 secret key to access the Compute EC2 API.

EC2 API

  OpenStack supports accessing the Amazon EC2 API through Compute.

EC2 Compatibility API

  A Compute component that enables OpenStack to communicate with Amazon EC2.

EC2 secret key

  Used along with an EC2 access key when communicating with the Compute EC2 API; used to digitally sign each request.

Elastic Block Storage (EBS)

  The Amazon commercial block storage product.

encapsulation

  The practice of placing one packet type within another for the purposes of abstracting or securing data. Examples include GRE, MPLS, or IPsec.

encryption

  OpenStack supports encryption technologies such as HTTPS, SSH, SSL, TLS, digital certificates, and data encryption.

endpoint

  See API endpoint.

endpoint registry

  Alternative term for an Identity service catalog.

endpoint template

  A list of URL and port number endpoints that indicate where a service, such as Object Storage, Compute, Identity, and so on, can be accessed.

entity

  Any piece of hardware or software that wants to connect to the network services provided by Networking, the network connectivity service. An entity can make use of Networking by implementing a VIF.

ephemeral image

  A VM image that does not save changes made to its volumes and reverts them to their original state after the instance is terminated.

ephemeral volume

  Volume that does not save the changes made to it and reverts to its original state when the current user relinquishes control.

Essex

  A grouped release of projects related to OpenStack that came out in April 2012, the fifth release of OpenStack. It included Compute (nova 2012.1), Object Storage (swift 1.4.8), Image (glance), Identity (keystone), and Dashboard (horizon). Essex is the code name for the fifth release of OpenStack. The design summit took place in Boston, Massachusetts, US and Essex is a nearby city.

ESXi

  An OpenStack-supported hypervisor.

ETag

  MD5 hash of an object within Object Storage, used to ensure data integrity.

euca2ools

  A collection of command-line tools for administering VMs; most are compatible with OpenStack.

Eucalyptus Kernel Image (EKI)

  Used along with an ERI to create an EMI.

Eucalyptus Machine Image (EMI)

  VM image container format supported by Image service.

Eucalyptus Ramdisk Image (ERI)

  Used along with an EKI to create an EMI.

evacuate

  The process of migrating one or all virtual machine (VM) instances from one host to another, compatible with both shared storage live migration and block migration.

exchange

  Alternative term for a RabbitMQ message exchange.

exchange type

  A routing algorithm in the Compute RabbitMQ.

exclusive queue

  Connected to by a direct consumer in RabbitMQ—Compute, the message can be consumed only by the current connection.

extended attributes (xattr)

  File system option that enables storage of additional information beyond owner, group, permissions, modification time, and so on. The underlying Object Storage file system must support extended attributes.

extension

  Alternative term for an API extension or plug-in. In the context of Identity service, this is a call that is specific to the implementation, such as adding support for OpenID.

external network

  A network segment typically used for instance Internet access.

extra specs

  Specifies additional requirements when Compute determines where to start a new instance. Examples include a minimum amount of network bandwidth or a GPU.

## F

FakeLDAP

  An easy method to create a local LDAP directory for testing Identity and Compute. Requires Redis.

fan-out exchange

  Within RabbitMQ and Compute, it is the messaging interface that is used by the scheduler service to receive capability messages from the compute, volume, and network nodes.

federated identity

  A method to establish trusts between identity providers and the OpenStack cloud.

Fedora

  A Linux distribution compatible with OpenStack.

Fibre Channel

  Storage protocol similar in concept to TCP/IP; encapsulates SCSI commands and data.

Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE)

  The fibre channel protocol tunneled within Ethernet.

fill-first scheduler

  The Compute scheduling method that attempts to fill a host with VMs rather than starting new VMs on a variety of hosts.

filter

  The step in the Compute scheduling process when hosts that cannot run VMs are eliminated and not chosen.

firewall

  Used to restrict communications between hosts and/or nodes, implemented in Compute using iptables, arptables, ip6tables, and ebtables.

FireWall-as-a-Service (FWaaS)

  A Networking extension that provides perimeter firewall functionality.

fixed IP address

  An IP address that is associated with the same instance each time that instance boots, is generally not accessible to end users or the public Internet, and is used for management of the instance.

Flat Manager

  The Compute component that gives IP addresses to authorized nodes and assumes DHCP, DNS, and routing configuration and services are provided by something else.

flat mode injection

  A Compute networking method where the OS network configuration information is injected into the VM image before the instance starts.

flat network

  Virtual network type that uses neither VLANs nor tunnels to segregate project traffic. Each flat network typically requires a separate underlying physical interface defined by bridge mappings. However, a flat network can contain multiple subnets.

FlatDHCP Manager

  The Compute component that provides dnsmasq (DHCP, DNS, BOOTP, TFTP) and radvd (routing) services.

flavor

  Alternative term for a VM instance type.

flavor ID

  UUID for each Compute or Image service VM flavor or instance type.

floating IP address

  An IP address that a project can associate with a VM so that the instance has the same public IP address each time that it boots. You create a pool of floating IP addresses and assign them to instances as they are launched to maintain a consistent IP address for maintaining DNS assignment.

Folsom

  A grouped release of projects related to OpenStack that came out in the fall of 2012, the sixth release of OpenStack. It includes Compute (nova), Object Storage (swift), Identity (keystone), Networking (neutron), Image service (glance), and Volumes or Block Storage (cinder). Folsom is the code name for the sixth release of OpenStack. The design summit took place in San Francisco, California, US and Folsom is a nearby city.

FormPost

  Object Storage middleware that uploads (posts) an image through a form on a web page.

freezer

  Code name for the Backup, Restore, and Disaster Recovery service.

front end

  The point where a user interacts with a service; can be an API endpoint, the dashboard, or a command-line tool.

## G

gateway

  An IP address, typically assigned to a router, that passes network traffic between different networks.

generic receive offload (GRO)

  Feature of certain network interface drivers that combines many smaller received packets into a large packet before delivery to the kernel IP stack.

generic routing encapsulation (GRE)

  Protocol that encapsulates a wide variety of network layer protocols inside virtual point-to-point links.

glance

  Codename for the Image service.

glance API server

  Alternative name for the Image API.

glance registry

  Alternative term for the Image service image registry.

global endpoint template

  The Identity service endpoint template that contains services available to all projects.

GlusterFS

  A file system designed to aggregate NAS hosts, compatible with OpenStack.

gnocchi

  Part of the OpenStack Telemetry service; provides an indexer and time-series database.

golden image

  A method of operating system installation where a finalized disk image is created and then used by all nodes without modification.

Governance service (congress)

  The project that provides Governance-as-a-Service across any collection of cloud services in order to monitor, enforce, and audit policy over dynamic infrastructure.

Graphic Interchange Format (GIF)

  A type of image file that is commonly used for animated images on web pages.

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

  Choosing a host based on the existence of a GPU is currently unsupported in OpenStack.

Green Threads

  The cooperative threading model used by Python; reduces race conditions and only context switches when specific library calls are made. Each OpenStack service is its own thread.

Grizzly

  The code name for the seventh release of OpenStack. The design summit took place in San Diego, California, US and Grizzly is an element of the state flag of California.

Group

  An Identity v3 API entity. Represents a collection of users that is owned by a specific domain.

guest OS

  An operating system instance running under the control of a hypervisor.

## H

Hadoop

  Apache Hadoop is an open source software framework that supports data-intensive distributed applications.

Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)

  A distributed, highly fault-tolerant file system designed to run on low-cost commodity hardware.

handover

  An object state in Object Storage where a new replica of the object is automatically created due to a drive failure.

HAProxy

  Provides a load balancer for TCP and HTTP-based applications that spreads requests across multiple servers.

hard reboot

  A type of reboot where a physical or virtual power button is pressed as opposed to a graceful, proper shutdown of the operating system.

Havana

  The code name for the eighth release of OpenStack. The design summit took place in Portland, Oregon, US and Havana is an unincorporated community in Oregon.

health monitor

  Determines whether back-end members of a VIP pool can process a request. A pool can have several health monitors associated with it. When a pool has several monitors associated with it, all monitors check each member of the pool. All monitors must declare a member to be healthy for it to stay active.

heat

  Codename for the Orchestration service.

Heat Orchestration Template (HOT)

  Heat input in the format native to OpenStack.

high availability (HA)

  A high availability system design approach and associated service implementation ensures that a prearranged level of operational performance will be met during a contractual measurement period. High availability systems seek to minimize system downtime and data loss.

horizon

  Codename for the Dashboard.

horizon plug-in

  A plug-in for the OpenStack Dashboard (horizon).

host

  A physical computer, not a VM instance (node).

host aggregate

  A method to further subdivide availability zones into hypervisor pools, a collection of common hosts.

Host Bus Adapter (HBA)

  Device plugged into a PCI slot, such as a fibre channel or network card.

hybrid cloud

  A hybrid cloud is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community or public) that remain distinct entities but are bound together, offering the benefits of multiple deployment models. Hybrid cloud can also mean the ability to connect colocation, managed and/or dedicated services with cloud resources.

Hyper-V

  One of the hypervisors supported by OpenStack.

hyperlink

  Any kind of text that contains a link to some other site, commonly found in documents where clicking on a word or words opens up a different website.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

  An application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. It is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web. Hypertext is structured text that uses logical links (hyperlinks) between nodes containing text. HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

  An encrypted communications protocol for secure communication over a computer network, with especially wide deployment on the Internet. Technically, it is not a protocol in and of itself; rather, it is the result of simply layering the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) on top of the TLS or SSL protocol, thus adding the security capabilities of TLS or SSL to standard HTTP communications. Most OpenStack API endpoints and many inter-component communications support HTTPS communication.

hypervisor

  Software that arbitrates and controls VM access to the actual underlying hardware.

hypervisor pool

  A collection of hypervisors grouped together through host aggregates.

## I

Icehouse

  The code name for the ninth release of OpenStack. The design summit took place in Hong Kong and Ice House is a street in that city.

ID number

  Unique numeric ID associated with each user in Identity, conceptually similar to a Linux or LDAP UID.

Identity API

  Alternative term for the Identity service API.

Identity back end

  The source used by Identity service to retrieve user information; an OpenLDAP server, for example.

identity provider

  A directory service, which allows users to login with a user name and password. It is a typical source of authentication tokens.

Identity service (keystone)

  The project that facilitates API client authentication, service discovery, distributed multi-project authorization, and auditing. It provides a central directory of users mapped to the OpenStack services they can access. It also registers endpoints for OpenStack services and acts as a common authentication system.

Identity service API

  The API used to access the OpenStack Identity service provided through keystone.

IETF

  Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is an open standards organization that develops Internet standards, particularly the standards pertaining to TCP/IP.

image

  A collection of files for a specific operating system (OS) that you use to create or rebuild a server. OpenStack provides pre-built images. You can also create custom images, or snapshots, from servers that you have launched. Custom images can be used for data backups or as “gold” images for additional servers.

Image API

  The Image service API endpoint for management of VM images. Processes client requests for VMs, updates Image service metadata on the registry server, and communicates with the store adapter to upload VM images from the back-end store.

image cache

  Used by Image service to obtain images on the local host rather than re-downloading them from the image server each time one is requested.

image ID

  Combination of a URI and UUID used to access Image service VM images through the image API.

image membership

  A list of projects that can access a given VM image within Image service.

image owner

  The project who owns an Image service virtual machine image.

image registry

  A list of VM images that are available through Image service.

Image service (glance)

  The OpenStack service that provide services and associated libraries to store, browse, share, distribute and manage bootable disk images, other data closely associated with initializing compute resources, and metadata definitions.

image status

  The current status of a VM image in Image service, not to be confused with the status of a running instance.

image store

  The back-end store used by Image service to store VM images, options include Object Storage, locally mounted file system, RADOS block devices, VMware datastore, or HTTP.

image UUID

  UUID used by Image service to uniquely identify each VM image.

incubated project

  A community project may be elevated to this status and is then promoted to a core project.

Infrastructure Optimization service (watcher)

  OpenStack project that aims to provide a flexible and scalable resource optimization service for multi-project OpenStack-based clouds.

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

  IaaS is a provisioning model in which an organization outsources physical components of a data center, such as storage, hardware, servers, and networking components. A service provider owns the equipment and is responsible for housing, operating and maintaining it. The client typically pays on a per-use basis. IaaS is a model for providing cloud services.

ingress filtering

  The process of filtering incoming network traffic. Supported by Compute.

INI format

  The OpenStack configuration files use an INI format to describe options and their values. It consists of sections and key value pairs.

injection

  The process of putting a file into a virtual machine image before the instance is started.

Input/Output Operations Per Second (IOPS)

  IOPS are a common performance measurement used to benchmark computer storage devices like hard disk drives, solid state drives, and storage area networks.

instance

  A running VM, or a VM in a known state such as suspended, that can be used like a hardware server.

instance ID

  Alternative term for instance UUID.

instance state

  The current state of a guest VM image.

instance tunnels network

  A network segment used for instance traffic tunnels between compute nodes and the network node.

instance type

  Describes the parameters of the various virtual machine images that are available to users; includes parameters such as CPU, storage, and memory. Alternative term for flavor.

instance type ID

  Alternative term for a flavor ID.

instance UUID

  Unique ID assigned to each guest VM instance.

Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI)

  IPMI is a standardized computer system interface used by system administrators for out-of-band management of computer systems and monitoring of their operation. In layman’s terms, it is a way to manage a computer using a direct network connection, whether it is turned on or not; connecting to the hardware rather than an operating system or login shell.

interface

  A physical or virtual device that provides connectivity to another device or medium.

interface ID

  Unique ID for a Networking VIF or vNIC in the form of a UUID.

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

  A network protocol used by network devices for control messages. For example, ping uses ICMP to test connectivity.

Internet protocol (IP)

  Principal communications protocol in the internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries.

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

  Any business that provides Internet access to individuals or businesses.

Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI)

  Storage protocol that encapsulates SCSI frames for transport over IP networks. Supported by Compute, Object Storage, and Image service.

IP address

  Number that is unique to every computer system on the Internet. Two versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) are in use for addresses: IPv4 and IPv6.

IP Address Management (IPAM)

  The process of automating IP address allocation, deallocation, and management. Currently provided by Compute, melange, and Networking.

ip6tables

  Tool used to set up, maintain, and inspect the tables of IPv6 packet filter rules in the Linux kernel. In OpenStack Compute, ip6tables is used along with arptables, ebtables, and iptables to create firewalls for both nodes and VMs.

ipset

  Extension to iptables that allows creation of firewall rules that match entire “sets” of IP addresses simultaneously. These sets reside in indexed data structures to increase efficiency, particularly on systems with a large quantity of rules.

iptables

  Used along with arptables and ebtables, iptables create firewalls in Compute. iptables are the tables provided by the Linux kernel firewall (implemented as different Netfilter modules) and the chains and rules it stores. Different kernel modules and programs are currently used for different protocols: iptables applies to IPv4, ip6tables to IPv6, arptables to ARP, and ebtables to Ethernet frames. Requires root privilege to manipulate.

ironic

  Codename for the Bare Metal service.

iSCSI Qualified Name (IQN)

  IQN is the format most commonly used for iSCSI names, which uniquely identify nodes in an iSCSI network. All IQNs follow the pattern iqn.yyyy-mm.domain:identifier, where ‘yyyy-mm’ is the year and month in which the domain was registered, ‘domain’ is the reversed domain name of the issuing organization, and ‘identifier’ is an optional string which makes each IQN under the same domain unique. For example, ‘iqn.2015-10.org.openstack.408ae959bce1’.

ISO9660

  One of the VM image disk formats supported by Image service.

itsec

  A default role in the Compute RBAC system that can quarantine an instance in any project.

## J

Java

  A programming language that is used to create systems that involve more than one computer by way of a network.

JavaScript

  A scripting language that is used to build web pages.

JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)

  One of the supported response formats in OpenStack.

jumbo frame

  Feature in modern Ethernet networks that supports frames up to approximately 9000 bytes.

Juno

  The code name for the tenth release of OpenStack. The design summit took place in Atlanta, Georgia, US and Juno is an unincorporated community in Georgia.

## K

Kerberos

  A network authentication protocol which works on the basis of tickets. Kerberos allows nodes communication over a non-secure network, and allows nodes to prove their identity to one another in a secure manner.

kernel-based VM (KVM)

  An OpenStack-supported hypervisor. KVM is a full virtualization solution for Linux on x86 hardware containing virtualization extensions (Intel VT or AMD-V), ARM, IBM Power, and IBM zSeries. It consists of a loadable kernel module, that provides the core virtualization infrastructure and a processor specific module.

Key Manager service (barbican)

  The project that produces a secret storage and generation system capable of providing key management for services wishing to enable encryption features.

keystone

  Codename of the Identity service.

Kickstart

  A tool to automate system configuration and installation on Red Hat, Fedora, and CentOS-based Linux distributions.

Kilo

  The code name for the eleventh release of OpenStack. The design summit took place in Paris, France. Due to delays in the name selection, the release was known only as K. Because `k` is the unit symbol for kilo and the kilogram reference artifact is stored near Paris in the Pavillon de Breteuil in Sèvres, the community chose Kilo as the release name.

## L

large object

  An object within Object Storage that is larger than 5 GB.

Launchpad

  The collaboration site for OpenStack.

Layer-2 (L2) agent

  OpenStack Networking agent that provides layer-2 connectivity for virtual networks.

Layer-2 network

  Term used in the OSI network architecture for the data link layer. The data link layer is responsible for media access control, flow control and detecting and possibly correcting errors that may occur in the physical layer.

Layer-3 (L3) agent

  OpenStack Networking agent that provides layer-3 (routing) services for virtual networks.

Layer-3 network

  Term used in the OSI network architecture for the network layer. The network layer is responsible for packet forwarding including routing from one node to another.

Liberty

  The code name for the twelfth release of OpenStack. The design summit took place in Vancouver, Canada and Liberty is the name of a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.

libvirt

  Virtualization API library used by OpenStack to interact with many of its supported hypervisors.

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)

  An application protocol for accessing and maintaining distributed directory information services over an IP network.

Linux

  Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution.

Linux bridge

  Software that enables multiple VMs to share a single physical NIC within Compute.

Linux Bridge neutron plug-in

  Enables a Linux bridge to understand a Networking port, interface attachment, and other abstractions.

Linux containers (LXC)

  An OpenStack-supported hypervisor.

live migration

  The ability within Compute to move running virtual machine instances from one host to another with only a small service interruption during switchover.

load balancer

  A load balancer is a logical device that belongs to a cloud account. It is used to distribute workloads between multiple back-end systems or services, based on the criteria defined as part of its configuration.

load balancing

  The process of spreading client requests between two or more nodes to improve performance and availability.

Load-Balancer-as-a-Service (LBaaS)

  Enables Networking to distribute incoming requests evenly between designated instances.

Load-balancing service (octavia)

  The project that aims to provide scalable, on demand, self service access to load-balancer services, in technology-agnostic manner.

Logical Volume Manager (LVM)

  Provides a method of allocating space on mass-storage devices that is more flexible than conventional partitioning schemes.

## M

magnum

  Code name for the Containers Infrastructure Management service.

management API

  Alternative term for an admin API.

management network

  A network segment used for administration, not accessible to the public Internet.

manager

  Logical groupings of related code, such as the Block Storage volume manager or network manager.

manifest

  Used to track segments of a large object within Object Storage.

manifest object

  A special Object Storage object that contains the manifest for a large object.

manila

  Codename for OpenStack Shared File Systems service.

manila-share

  Responsible for managing Shared File System Service devices, specifically the back-end devices.

maximum transmission unit (MTU)

  Maximum frame or packet size for a particular network medium. Typically 1500 bytes for Ethernet networks.

mechanism driver

  A driver for the Modular Layer 2 (ML2) neutron plug-in that provides layer-2 connectivity for virtual instances. A single OpenStack installation can use multiple mechanism drivers.

melange

  Project name for OpenStack Network Information Service. To be merged with Networking.

membership

  The association between an Image service VM image and a project. Enables images to be shared with specified projects.

membership list

  A list of projects that can access a given VM image within Image service.

memcached

  A distributed memory object caching system that is used by Object Storage for caching.

memory overcommit

  The ability to start new VM instances based on the actual memory usage of a host, as opposed to basing the decision on the amount of RAM each running instance thinks it has available. Also known as RAM overcommit.

message broker

  The software package used to provide AMQP messaging capabilities within Compute. Default package is RabbitMQ.

message bus

  The main virtual communication line used by all AMQP messages for inter-cloud communications within Compute.

message queue

  Passes requests from clients to the appropriate workers and returns the output to the client after the job completes.

Message service (zaqar)

  The project that provides a messaging service that affords a variety of distributed application patterns in an efficient, scalable and highly available manner, and to create and maintain associated Python libraries and documentation.

Meta-Data Server (MDS)

  Stores CephFS metadata.

Metadata agent

  OpenStack Networking agent that provides metadata services for instances.

migration

  The process of moving a VM instance from one host to another.

mistral

  Code name for Workflow service.

Mitaka

  The code name for the thirteenth release of OpenStack. The design summit took place in Tokyo, Japan. Mitaka is a city in Tokyo.

Modular Layer 2 (ML2) neutron plug-in

  Can concurrently use multiple layer-2 networking technologies, such as 802.1Q and VXLAN, in Networking.

monasca

  Codename for OpenStack Monitoring.

Monitor (LBaaS)

  LBaaS feature that provides availability monitoring using the `ping` command, TCP, and HTTP/HTTPS GET.

Monitor (Mon)

  A Ceph component that communicates with external clients, checks data state and consistency, and performs quorum functions.

Monitoring (monasca)

  The OpenStack service that provides a multi-project, highly scalable, performant, fault-tolerant monitoring-as-a-service solution for metrics, complex event processing and logging. To build an extensible platform for advanced monitoring services that can be used by both operators and projects to gain operational insight and visibility, ensuring availability and stability.

multi-factor authentication

  Authentication method that uses two or more credentials, such as a password and a private key. Currently not supported in Identity.

multi-host

  High-availability mode for legacy (nova) networking. Each compute node handles NAT and DHCP and acts as a gateway for all of the VMs on it. A networking failure on one compute node doesn’t affect VMs on other compute nodes.

multinic

  Facility in Compute that allows each virtual machine instance to have more than one VIF connected to it.

murano

  Codename for the Application Catalog service.

## N

Nebula

  Released as open source by NASA in 2010 and is the basis for Compute.

netadmin

  One of the default roles in the Compute RBAC system. Enables the user to allocate publicly accessible IP addresses to instances and change firewall rules.

NetApp volume driver

  Enables Compute to communicate with NetApp storage devices through the NetApp OnCommand Provisioning Manager.

network

  A virtual network that provides connectivity between entities. For example, a collection of virtual ports that share network connectivity. In Networking terminology, a network is always a layer-2 network.

Network Address Translation (NAT)

  Process of modifying IP address information while in transit. Supported by Compute and Networking.

network controller

  A Compute daemon that orchestrates the network configuration of nodes, including IP addresses, VLANs, and bridging. Also manages routing for both public and private networks.

Network File System (NFS)

  A method for making file systems available over the network. Supported by OpenStack.

network ID

  Unique ID assigned to each network segment within Networking. Same as network UUID.

network manager

  The Compute component that manages various network components, such as firewall rules, IP address allocation, and so on.

network namespace

  Linux kernel feature that provides independent virtual networking instances on a single host with separate routing tables and interfaces. Similar to virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) services on physical network equipment.

network node

  Any compute node that runs the network worker daemon.

network segment

  Represents a virtual, isolated OSI layer-2 subnet in Networking.

Network Service Header (NSH)

  Provides a mechanism for metadata exchange along the instantiated service path.

Network Time Protocol (NTP)

  Method of keeping a clock for a host or node correct via communication with a trusted, accurate time source.

network UUID

  Unique ID for a Networking network segment.

network worker

  The `nova-network` worker daemon; provides services such as giving an IP address to a booting nova instance.

Networking API (Neutron API)

  API used to access OpenStack Networking. Provides an extensible architecture to enable custom plug-in creation.

Networking service (neutron)

  The OpenStack project which implements services and associated libraries to provide on-demand, scalable, and technology-agnostic network abstraction.

neutron

  Codename for OpenStack Networking service.

neutron API

  An alternative name for Networking API.

neutron manager

  Enables Compute and Networking integration, which enables Networking to perform network management for guest VMs.

neutron plug-in

  Interface within Networking that enables organizations to create custom plug-ins for advanced features, such as QoS, ACLs, or IDS.

Newton

  The code name for the fourteenth release of OpenStack. The design summit took place in Austin, Texas, US. The release is named after “Newton House” which is located at 1013 E. Ninth St., Austin, TX. which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Nexenta volume driver

  Provides support for NexentaStor devices in Compute.

NFV Orchestration service (tacker)

  OpenStack service that aims to implement Network Function Virtualization (NFV) orchestration services and libraries for end-to-end life-cycle management of network services and Virtual Network Functions (VNFs).

Nginx

  An HTTP and reverse proxy server, a mail proxy server, and a generic TCP/UDP proxy server.

No ACK

  Disables server-side message acknowledgment in the Compute RabbitMQ. Increases performance but decreases reliability.

node

  A VM instance that runs on a host.

non-durable exchange

  Message exchange that is cleared when the service restarts. Its data is not written to persistent storage.

non-durable queue

  Message queue that is cleared when the service restarts. Its data is not written to persistent storage.

non-persistent volume

  Alternative term for an ephemeral volume.

north-south traffic

  Network traffic between a user or client (north) and a server (south), or traffic into the cloud (south) and out of the cloud (north). See also east-west traffic.

nova

  Codename for OpenStack Compute service.

Nova API

  Alternative term for the Compute API.

nova-network

  A Compute component that manages IP address allocation, firewalls, and other network-related tasks. This is the legacy networking option and an alternative to Networking.

## O

object

  A BLOB of data held by Object Storage; can be in any format.

object auditor

  Opens all objects for an object server and verifies the MD5 hash, size, and metadata for each object.

object expiration

  A configurable option within Object Storage to automatically delete objects after a specified amount of time has passed or a certain date is reached.

object hash

  Unique ID for an Object Storage object.

object path hash

  Used by Object Storage to determine the location of an object in the ring. Maps objects to partitions.

object replicator

  An Object Storage component that copies an object to remote partitions for fault tolerance.

object server

  An Object Storage component that is responsible for managing objects.

Object Storage API

  API used to access OpenStack Object Storage.

Object Storage Device (OSD)

  The Ceph storage daemon.

Object Storage service (swift)

  The OpenStack core project that provides eventually consistent and redundant storage and retrieval of fixed digital content.

object versioning

  Allows a user to set a flag on an Object Storage container so that all objects within the container are versioned.

Ocata

  The code name for the fifteenth release of OpenStack. The design summit will take place in Barcelona, Spain. Ocata is a beach north of Barcelona.

Octavia

  Code name for the Load-balancing service.

Oldie

  Term for an Object Storage process that runs for a long time. Can indicate a hung process.

Open Cloud Computing Interface (OCCI)

  A standardized interface for managing compute, data, and network resources, currently unsupported in OpenStack.

Open Virtualization Format (OVF)

  Standard for packaging VM images. Supported in OpenStack.

Open vSwitch

  Open vSwitch is a production quality, multilayer virtual switch licensed under the open source Apache 2.0 license. It is designed to enable massive network automation through programmatic extension, while still supporting standard management interfaces and protocols (for example NetFlow, sFlow, SPAN, RSPAN, CLI, LACP, 802.1ag).

Open vSwitch (OVS) agent

  Provides an interface to the underlying Open vSwitch service for the Networking plug-in.

Open vSwitch neutron plug-in

  Provides support for Open vSwitch in Networking.

OpenLDAP

  An open source LDAP server. Supported by both Compute and Identity.

OpenStack

  OpenStack is a cloud operating system that controls large pools of compute, storage, and networking resources throughout a data center, all managed through a dashboard that gives administrators control while empowering their users to provision resources through a web interface. OpenStack is an open source project licensed under the Apache License 2.0.

OpenStack code name

  Each OpenStack release has a code name. Code names ascend in alphabetical order: Austin, Bexar, Cactus, Diablo, Essex, Folsom, Grizzly, Havana, Icehouse, Juno, Kilo, Liberty, Mitaka, Newton, Ocata, Pike, Queens, and Rocky. Code names are cities or counties near where the corresponding OpenStack design summit took place. An exception, called the Waldon exception, is granted to elements of the state flag that sound especially cool. Code names are chosen by popular vote.

openSUSE

  A Linux distribution that is compatible with OpenStack.

operator

  The person responsible for planning and maintaining an OpenStack installation.

optional service

  An official OpenStack service defined as optional by Interop Working Group. Currently, consists of Dashboard (horizon), Telemetry service (Telemetry), Orchestration service (heat), Database service (trove), Bare Metal service (ironic), and so on.

Orchestration service (heat)

  The OpenStack service which orchestrates composite cloud applications using a declarative template format through an OpenStack-native REST API.

orphan

  In the context of Object Storage, this is a process that is not terminated after an upgrade, restart, or reload of the service.

Oslo

  Codename for the Common Libraries project.

## P

panko

  Part of the OpenStack Telemetry service; provides event storage.

parent cell

  If a requested resource, such as CPU time, disk storage, or memory, is not available in the parent cell, the request is forwarded to associated child cells.

partition

  A unit of storage within Object Storage used to store objects. It exists on top of devices and is replicated for fault tolerance.

partition index

  Contains the locations of all Object Storage partitions within the ring.

partition shift value

  Used by Object Storage to determine which partition data should reside on.

path MTU discovery (PMTUD)

  Mechanism in IP networks to detect end-to-end MTU and adjust packet size accordingly.

pause

  A VM state where no changes occur (no changes in memory, network communications stop, etc); the VM is frozen but not shut down.

PCI passthrough

  Gives guest VMs exclusive access to a PCI device. Currently supported in OpenStack Havana and later releases.

persistent message

  A message that is stored both in memory and on disk. The message is not lost after a failure or restart.

persistent volume

  Changes to these types of disk volumes are saved.

personality file

  A file used to customize a Compute instance. It can be used to inject SSH keys or a specific network configuration.

Pike

  The code name for the sixteenth release of OpenStack. The design summit will take place in Boston, Massachusetts, US. The release is named after the Massachusetts Turnpike, abbreviated commonly as the Mass Pike, which is the easternmost stretch of Interstate 90.

Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

  Provides to the consumer an operating system and, often, a language runtime and libraries (collectively, the “platform”) upon which they can run their own application code, without providing any control over the underlying infrastructure. Examples of Platform-as-a-Service providers include Cloud Foundry and OpenShift.

plug-in

  Software component providing the actual implementation for Networking APIs, or for Compute APIs, depending on the context.

policy service

  Component of Identity that provides a rule-management interface and a rule-based authorization engine.

policy-based routing (PBR)

  Provides a mechanism to implement packet forwarding and routing according to the policies defined by the network administrator.

pool

  A logical set of devices, such as web servers, that you group together to receive and process traffic. The load balancing function chooses which member of the pool handles the new requests or connections received on the VIP address. Each VIP has one pool.

pool member

  An application that runs on the back-end server in a load-balancing system.

port

  A virtual network port within Networking; VIFs / vNICs are connected to a port.

port UUID

  Unique ID for a Networking port.

preseed

  A tool to automate system configuration and installation on Debian-based Linux distributions.

private image

  An Image service VM image that is only available to specified projects.

private IP address

  An IP address used for management and administration, not available to the public Internet.

private network

  The Network Controller provides virtual networks to enable compute servers to interact with each other and with the public network. All machines must have a public and private network interface. A private network interface can be a flat or VLAN network interface. A flat network interface is controlled by the flat_interface with flat managers. A VLAN network interface is controlled by the `vlan_interface` option with VLAN managers.

project

  Projects represent the base unit of “ownership” in OpenStack, in that all resources in OpenStack should be owned by a specific project. In OpenStack Identity, a project must be owned by a specific domain.

project ID

  Unique ID assigned to each project by the Identity service.

project VPN

  Alternative term for a cloudpipe.

promiscuous mode

  Causes the network interface to pass all traffic it receives to the host rather than passing only the frames addressed to it.

protected property

  Generally, extra properties on an Image service image to which only cloud administrators have access. Limits which user roles can perform CRUD operations on that property. The cloud administrator can configure any image property as protected.

provider

  An administrator who has access to all hosts and instances.

proxy node

  A node that provides the Object Storage proxy service.

proxy server

  Users of Object Storage interact with the service through the proxy server, which in turn looks up the location of the requested data within the ring and returns the results to the user.

public API

  An API endpoint used for both service-to-service communication and end-user interactions.

public image

  An Image service VM image that is available to all projects.

public IP address

  An IP address that is accessible to end-users.

public key authentication

  Authentication method that uses keys rather than passwords.

public network

  The Network Controller provides virtual networks to enable compute servers to interact with each other and with the public network. All machines must have a public and private network interface. The public network interface is controlled by the `public_interface` option.

Puppet

  An operating system configuration-management tool supported by OpenStack.

Python

  Programming language used extensively in OpenStack.

## Q

QEMU Copy On Write 2 (QCOW2)

  One of the VM image disk formats supported by Image service.

Qpid

  Message queue software supported by OpenStack; an alternative to RabbitMQ.

Quality of Service (QoS)

  The ability to guarantee certain network or storage requirements to satisfy a Service Level Agreement (SLA) between an application provider and end users. Typically includes performance requirements like networking bandwidth, latency, jitter correction, and reliability as well as storage performance in Input/Output Operations Per Second (IOPS), throttling agreements, and performance expectations at peak load.

quarantine

  If Object Storage finds objects, containers, or accounts that are corrupt, they are placed in this state, are not replicated, cannot be read by clients, and a correct copy is re-replicated.

Queens

  The code name for the seventeenth release of OpenStack. The design summit will take place in Sydney, Australia. The release is named after the Queens Pound river in the South Coast region of New South Wales.

Quick EMUlator (QEMU)

  QEMU is a generic and open source machine emulator and virtualizer. One of the hypervisors supported by OpenStack, generally used for development purposes.

quota

  In Compute and Block Storage, the ability to set resource limits on a per-project basis.

## R

RabbitMQ

  The default message queue software used by OpenStack.

Rackspace Cloud Files

  Released as open source by Rackspace in 2010; the basis for Object Storage.

RADOS Block Device (RBD)

  Ceph component that enables a Linux block device to be striped over multiple distributed data stores.

radvd

  The router advertisement daemon, used by the Compute VLAN manager and FlatDHCP manager to provide routing services for VM instances.

rally

  Codename for the Benchmark service.

RAM filter

  The Compute setting that enables or disables RAM overcommitment.

RAM overcommit

  The ability to start new VM instances based on the actual memory usage of a host, as opposed to basing the decision on the amount of RAM each running instance thinks it has available. Also known as memory overcommit.

rate limit

  Configurable option within Object Storage to limit database writes on a per-account and/or per-container basis.

raw

  One of the VM image disk formats supported by Image service; an unstructured disk image.

rebalance

  The process of distributing Object Storage partitions across all drives in the ring; used during initial ring creation and after ring reconfiguration.

reboot

  Either a soft or hard reboot of a server. With a soft reboot, the operating system is signaled to restart, which enables a graceful shutdown of all processes. A hard reboot is the equivalent of power cycling the server. The virtualization platform should ensure that the reboot action has completed successfully, even in cases in which the underlying domain/VM is paused or halted/stopped.

rebuild

  Removes all data on the server and replaces it with the specified image. Server ID and IP addresses remain the same.

Recon

  An Object Storage component that collects meters.

record

  Belongs to a particular domain and is used to specify information about the domain. There are several types of DNS records. Each record type contains particular information used to describe the purpose of that record. Examples include mail exchange (MX) records, which specify the mail server for a particular domain; and name server (NS) records, which specify the authoritative name servers for a domain.

record ID

  A number within a database that is incremented each time a change is made. Used by Object Storage when replicating.

Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)

  A Linux distribution that is compatible with OpenStack.

reference architecture

  A recommended architecture for an OpenStack cloud.

region

  A discrete OpenStack environment with dedicated API endpoints that typically shares only the Identity (keystone) with other regions.

registry

  Alternative term for the Image service registry.

registry server

  An Image service that provides VM image metadata information to clients.

Reliable, Autonomic Distributed Object Store

  (RADOS)

  A collection of components that provides object storage within Ceph. Similar to OpenStack Object Storage.

Remote Procedure Call (RPC)

  The method used by the Compute RabbitMQ for intra-service communications.

replica

  Provides data redundancy and fault tolerance by creating copies of Object Storage objects, accounts, and containers so that they are not lost when the underlying storage fails.

replica count

  The number of replicas of the data in an Object Storage ring.

replication

  The process of copying data to a separate physical device for fault tolerance and performance.

replicator

  The Object Storage back-end process that creates and manages object replicas.

request ID

  Unique ID assigned to each request sent to Compute.

rescue image

  A special type of VM image that is booted when an instance is placed into rescue mode. Allows an administrator to mount the file systems for an instance to correct the problem.

resize

  Converts an existing server to a different flavor, which scales the server up or down. The original server is saved to enable rollback if a problem occurs. All resizes must be tested and explicitly confirmed, at which time the original server is removed.

RESTful

  A kind of web service API that uses REST, or Representational State Transfer. REST is the style of architecture for hypermedia systems that is used for the World Wide Web.

ring

  An entity that maps Object Storage data to partitions. A separate ring exists for each service, such as account, object, and container.

ring builder

  Builds and manages rings within Object Storage, assigns partitions to devices, and pushes the configuration to other storage nodes.

Rocky

  The code name for the eightteenth release of OpenStack. The design summit will take place in Vancouver, Kanada. The release is named after the Rocky Mountains.

role

  A personality that a user assumes to perform a specific set of operations. A role includes a set of rights and privileges. A user assuming that role inherits those rights and privileges.

Role Based Access Control (RBAC)

  Provides a predefined list of actions that the user can perform, such as start or stop VMs, reset passwords, and so on. Supported in both Identity and Compute and can be configured using the dashboard.

role ID

  Alphanumeric ID assigned to each Identity service role.

Root Cause Analysis (RCA) service (Vitrage)

  OpenStack project that aims to organize, analyze and visualize OpenStack alarms and events, yield insights regarding the root cause of problems and deduce their existence before they are directly detected.

rootwrap

  A feature of Compute that allows the unprivileged “nova” user to run a specified list of commands as the Linux root user.

round-robin scheduler

  Type of Compute scheduler that evenly distributes instances among available hosts.

router

  A physical or virtual network device that passes network traffic between different networks.

routing key

  The Compute direct exchanges, fanout exchanges, and topic exchanges use this key to determine how to process a message; processing varies depending on exchange type.

RPC driver

  Modular system that allows the underlying message queue software of Compute to be changed. For example, from RabbitMQ to ZeroMQ or Qpid.

rsync

  Used by Object Storage to push object replicas.

RXTX cap

  Absolute limit on the amount of network traffic a Compute VM instance can send and receive.

RXTX quota

  Soft limit on the amount of network traffic a Compute VM instance can send and receive.

## S

sahara

  Codename for the Data Processing service.

SAML assertion

  Contains information about a user as provided by the identity provider. It is an indication that a user has been authenticated.

scheduler manager

  A Compute component that determines where VM instances should start. Uses modular design to support a variety of scheduler types.

scoped token

  An Identity service API access token that is associated with a specific project.

scrubber

  Checks for and deletes unused VMs; the component of Image service that implements delayed delete.

secret key

  String of text known only by the user; used along with an access key to make requests to the Compute API.

secure boot

  Process whereby the system firmware validates the authenticity of the code involved in the boot process.

secure shell (SSH)

  Open source tool used to access remote hosts through an encrypted communications channel, SSH key injection is supported by Compute.

security group

  A set of network traffic filtering rules that are applied to a Compute instance.

segmented object

  An Object Storage large object that has been broken up into pieces. The re-assembled object is called a concatenated object.

self-service

  For IaaS, ability for a regular (non-privileged) account to manage a virtual infrastructure component such as networks without involving an administrator.

SELinux

  Linux kernel security module that provides the mechanism for supporting access control policies.

senlin

  Code name for the Clustering service.

server

  Computer that provides explicit services to the client software running on that system, often managing a variety of computer operations. A server is a VM instance in the Compute system. Flavor and image are requisite elements when creating a server.

server image

  Alternative term for a VM image.

server UUID

  Unique ID assigned to each guest VM instance.

service

  An OpenStack service, such as Compute, Object Storage, or Image service. Provides one or more endpoints through which users can access resources and perform operations.

service catalog

  Alternative term for the Identity service catalog.

Service Function Chain (SFC)

  For a given service, SFC is the abstracted view of the required service functions and the order in which they are to be applied.

service ID

  Unique ID assigned to each service that is available in the Identity service catalog.

Service Level Agreement (SLA)

  Contractual obligations that ensure the availability of a service.

service project

  Special project that contains all services that are listed in the catalog.

service provider

  A system that provides services to other system entities. In case of federated identity, OpenStack Identity is the service provider.

service registration

  An Identity service feature that enables services, such as Compute, to automatically register with the catalog.

service token

  An administrator-defined token used by Compute to communicate securely with the Identity service.

session back end

  The method of storage used by horizon to track client sessions, such as local memory, cookies, a database, or memcached.

session persistence

  A feature of the load-balancing service. It attempts to force subsequent connections to a service to be redirected to the same node as long as it is online.

session storage

  A horizon component that stores and tracks client session information. Implemented through the Django sessions framework.

share

  A remote, mountable file system in the context of the Shared File Systems service. You can mount a share to, and access a share from, several hosts by several users at a time.

share network

  An entity in the context of the Shared File Systems service that encapsulates interaction with the Networking service. If the driver you selected runs in the mode requiring such kind of interaction, you need to specify the share network to create a share.

Shared File Systems API

  A Shared File Systems service that provides a stable RESTful API. The service authenticates and routes requests throughout the Shared File Systems service. There is python-manilaclient to interact with the API.

Shared File Systems service (manila)

  The service that provides a set of services for management of shared file systems in a multi-project cloud environment, similar to how OpenStack provides block-based storage management through the OpenStack Block Storage service project. With the Shared File Systems service, you can create a remote file system and mount the file system on your instances. You can also read and write data from your instances to and from your file system.

shared IP address

  An IP address that can be assigned to a VM instance within the shared IP group. Public IP addresses can be shared across multiple servers for use in various high-availability scenarios. When an IP address is shared to another server, the cloud network restrictions are modified to enable each server to listen to and respond on that IP address. You can optionally specify that the target server network configuration be modified. Shared IP addresses can be used with many standard heartbeat facilities, such as keepalive, that monitor for failure and manage IP failover.

shared IP group

  A collection of servers that can share IPs with other members of the group. Any server in a group can share one or more public IPs with any other server in the group. With the exception of the first server in a shared IP group, servers must be launched into shared IP groups. A server may be a member of only one shared IP group.

shared storage

  Block storage that is simultaneously accessible by multiple clients, for example, NFS.

Sheepdog

  Distributed block storage system for QEMU, supported by OpenStack.

Simple Cloud Identity Management (SCIM)

  Specification for managing identity in the cloud, currently unsupported by OpenStack.

Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments (SPICE)

  SPICE provides remote desktop access to guest virtual machines. It is an alternative to VNC. SPICE is supported by OpenStack.

Single-root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV)

  A specification that, when implemented by a physical PCIe device, enables it to appear as multiple separate PCIe devices. This enables multiple virtualized guests to share direct access to the physical device, offering improved performance over an equivalent virtual device. Currently supported in OpenStack Havana and later releases.

SmokeStack

  Runs automated tests against the core OpenStack API; written in Rails.

snapshot

  A point-in-time copy of an OpenStack storage volume or image. Use storage volume snapshots to back up volumes. Use image snapshots to back up data, or as “gold” images for additional servers.

soft reboot

  A controlled reboot where a VM instance is properly restarted through operating system commands.

Software Development Lifecycle Automation service (solum)

  OpenStack project that aims to make cloud services easier to consume and integrate with application development process by automating the source-to-image process, and simplifying app-centric deployment.

Software-defined networking (SDN)

  Provides an approach for network administrators to manage computer network services through abstraction of lower-level functionality.

SolidFire Volume Driver

  The Block Storage driver for the SolidFire iSCSI storage appliance.

solum

  Code name for the Software Development Lifecycle Automation service.

spread-first scheduler

  The Compute VM scheduling algorithm that attempts to start a new VM on the host with the least amount of load.

SQLAlchemy

  An open source SQL toolkit for Python, used in OpenStack.

SQLite

  A lightweight SQL database, used as the default persistent storage method in many OpenStack services.

stack

  A set of OpenStack resources created and managed by the Orchestration service according to a given template (either an AWS CloudFormation template or a Heat Orchestration Template (HOT)).

StackTach

  Community project that captures Compute AMQP communications; useful for debugging.

static IP address

  Alternative term for a fixed IP address.

StaticWeb

  WSGI middleware component of Object Storage that serves container data as a static web page.

storage back end

  The method that a service uses for persistent storage, such as iSCSI, NFS, or local disk.

storage manager

  A XenAPI component that provides a pluggable interface to support a wide variety of persistent storage back ends.

storage manager back end

  A persistent storage method supported by XenAPI, such as iSCSI or NFS.

storage node

  An Object Storage node that provides container services, account services, and object services; controls the account databases, container databases, and object storage.

storage services

  Collective name for the Object Storage object services, container services, and account services.

strategy

  Specifies the authentication source used by Image service or Identity. In the Database service, it refers to the extensions implemented for a data store.

subdomain

  A domain within a parent domain. Subdomains cannot be registered. Subdomains enable you to delegate domains. Subdomains can themselves have subdomains, so third-level, fourth-level, fifth-level, and deeper levels of nesting are possible.

subnet

  Logical subdivision of an IP network.

SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES)

  A Linux distribution that is compatible with OpenStack.

suspend

  The VM instance is paused and its state is saved to disk of the host.

swap

  Disk-based virtual memory used by operating systems to provide more memory than is actually available on the system.

swauth

  An authentication and authorization service for Object Storage, implemented through WSGI middleware; uses Object Storage itself as the persistent backing store.

swift

  Codename for OpenStack Object Storage service.

swift All in One (SAIO)

  Creates a full Object Storage development environment within a single VM.

swift middleware

  Collective term for Object Storage components that provide additional functionality.

swift proxy server

  Acts as the gatekeeper to Object Storage and is responsible for authenticating the user.

swift storage node

  A node that runs Object Storage account, container, and object services.

sync point

  Point in time since the last container and accounts database sync among nodes within Object Storage.

sysadmin

  One of the default roles in the Compute RBAC system. Enables a user to add other users to a project, interact with VM images that are associated with the project, and start and stop VM instances.

system usage

  A Compute component that, along with the notification system, collects meters and usage information. This information can be used for billing.

## T

tacker

  Code name for the NFV Orchestration service

Telemetry service (telemetry)

  The OpenStack project which collects measurements of the utilization of the physical and virtual resources comprising deployed clouds, persists this data for subsequent retrieval and analysis, and triggers actions when defined criteria are met.

TempAuth

  An authentication facility within Object Storage that enables Object Storage itself to perform authentication and authorization. Frequently used in testing and development.

Tempest

  Automated software test suite designed to run against the trunk of the OpenStack core project.

TempURL

  An Object Storage middleware component that enables creation of URLs for temporary object access.

tenant

  A group of users; used to isolate access to Compute resources. An alternative term for a project.

Tenant API

  An API that is accessible to projects.

tenant endpoint

  An Identity service API endpoint that is associated with one or more projects.

tenant ID

  An alternative term for project ID.

token

  An alphanumeric string of text used to access OpenStack APIs and resources.

token services

  An Identity service component that manages and validates tokens after a user or project has been authenticated.

tombstone

  Used to mark Object Storage objects that have been deleted; ensures that the object is not updated on another node after it has been deleted.

topic publisher

  A process that is created when a RPC call is executed; used to push the message to the topic exchange.

Torpedo

  Community project used to run automated tests against the OpenStack API.

transaction ID

  Unique ID assigned to each Object Storage request; used for debugging and tracing.

transient

  Alternative term for non-durable.

transient exchange

  Alternative term for a non-durable exchange.

transient message

  A message that is stored in memory and is lost after the server is restarted.

transient queue

  Alternative term for a non-durable queue.

TripleO

  OpenStack-on-OpenStack program. The code name for the OpenStack Deployment program.

trove

  Codename for OpenStack Database service.

trusted platform module (TPM)

  Specialized microprocessor for incorporating cryptographic keys into devices for authenticating and securing a hardware platform.

## U

Ubuntu

  A Debian-based Linux distribution.

unscoped token

  Alternative term for an Identity service default token.

updater

  Collective term for a group of Object Storage components that processes queued and failed updates for containers and objects.

user

  In OpenStack Identity, entities represent individual API consumers and are owned by a specific domain. In OpenStack Compute, a user can be associated with roles, projects, or both.

user data

  A blob of data that the user can specify when they launch an instance. The instance can access this data through the metadata service or config drive. Commonly used to pass a shell script that the instance runs on boot.

User Mode Linux (UML)

  An OpenStack-supported hypervisor.

## V

VIF UUID

  Unique ID assigned to each Networking VIF.

Virtual Central Processing Unit (vCPU)

  Subdivides physical CPUs. Instances can then use those divisions.

Virtual Disk Image (VDI)

  One of the VM image disk formats supported by Image service.

Virtual Extensible LAN (VXLAN)

  A network virtualization technology that attempts to reduce the scalability problems associated with large cloud computing deployments. It uses a VLAN-like encapsulation technique to encapsulate Ethernet frames within UDP packets.

Virtual Hard Disk (VHD)

  One of the VM image disk formats supported by Image service.

virtual IP address (VIP)

  An Internet Protocol (IP) address configured on the load balancer for use by clients connecting to a service that is load balanced. Incoming connections are distributed to back-end nodes based on the configuration of the load balancer.

virtual machine (VM)

  An operating system instance that runs on top of a hypervisor. Multiple VMs can run at the same time on the same physical host.

virtual network

  An L2 network segment within Networking.

Virtual Network Computing (VNC)

  Open source GUI and CLI tools used for remote console access to VMs. Supported by Compute.

Virtual Network InterFace (VIF)

  An interface that is plugged into a port in a Networking network. Typically a virtual network interface belonging to a VM.

virtual networking

  A generic term for virtualization of network functions such as switching, routing, load balancing, and security using a combination of VMs and overlays on physical network infrastructure.

virtual port

  Attachment point where a virtual interface connects to a virtual network.

virtual private network (VPN)

  Provided by Compute in the form of cloudpipes, specialized instances that are used to create VPNs on a per-project basis.

virtual server

  Alternative term for a VM or guest.

virtual switch (vSwitch)

  Software that runs on a host or node and provides the features and functions of a hardware-based network switch.

virtual VLAN

  Alternative term for a virtual network.

VirtualBox

  An OpenStack-supported hypervisor.

Vitrage

  Code name for the Root Cause Analysis service.

VLAN manager

  A Compute component that provides dnsmasq and radvd and sets up forwarding to and from cloudpipe instances.

VLAN network

  The Network Controller provides virtual networks to enable compute servers to interact with each other and with the public network. All machines must have a public and private network interface. A VLAN network is a private network interface, which is controlled by the `vlan_interface` option with VLAN managers.

VM disk (VMDK)

  One of the VM image disk formats supported by Image service.

VM image

  Alternative term for an image.

VM Remote Control (VMRC)

  Method to access VM instance consoles using a web browser. Supported by Compute.

VMware API

  Supports interaction with VMware products in Compute.

VMware NSX Neutron plug-in

  Provides support for VMware NSX in Neutron.

VNC proxy

  A Compute component that provides users access to the consoles of their VM instances through VNC or VMRC.

volume

  Disk-based data storage generally represented as an iSCSI target with a file system that supports extended attributes; can be persistent or ephemeral.

Volume API

  Alternative name for the Block Storage API.

volume controller

  A Block Storage component that oversees and coordinates storage volume actions.

volume driver

  Alternative term for a volume plug-in.

volume ID

  Unique ID applied to each storage volume under the Block Storage control.

volume manager

  A Block Storage component that creates, attaches, and detaches persistent storage volumes.

volume node

  A Block Storage node that runs the cinder-volume daemon.

volume plug-in

  Provides support for new and specialized types of back-end storage for the Block Storage volume manager.

volume worker

  A cinder component that interacts with back-end storage to manage the creation and deletion of volumes and the creation of compute volumes, provided by the cinder-volume daemon.

vSphere

  An OpenStack-supported hypervisor.

## W

Watcher

  Code name for the Infrastructure Optimization service.

weight

  Used by Object Storage devices to determine which storage devices are suitable for the job. Devices are weighted by size.

weighted cost

  The sum of each cost used when deciding where to start a new VM instance in Compute.

weighting

  A Compute process that determines the suitability of the VM instances for a job for a particular host. For example, not enough RAM on the host, too many CPUs on the host, and so on.

worker

  A daemon that listens to a queue and carries out tasks in response to messages. For example, the cinder-volume worker manages volume creation and deletion on storage arrays.

Workflow service (mistral)

  The OpenStack service that provides a simple YAML-based language to write workflows (tasks and transition rules) and a service that allows to upload them, modify, run them at scale and in a highly available manner, manage and monitor workflow execution state and state of individual tasks.

## X

X.509

  X.509 is the most widely used standard for defining digital certificates. It is a data structure that contains the subject (entity) identifiable information such as its name along with its public key. The certificate can contain a few other attributes as well depending upon the version. The most recent and standard version of X.509 is v3.

Xen

  Xen is a hypervisor using a microkernel design, providing services that allow multiple computer operating systems to execute on the same computer hardware concurrently.

Xen API

  The Xen administrative API, which is supported by Compute.

Xen Cloud Platform (XCP)

  An OpenStack-supported hypervisor.

Xen Storage Manager Volume Driver

  A Block Storage volume plug-in that enables communication with the Xen Storage Manager API.

XenServer

  An OpenStack-supported hypervisor.

XFS

  High-performance 64-bit file system created by Silicon Graphics. Excels in parallel I/O operations and data consistency.

## Z

zaqar

  Codename for the Message service.

ZeroMQ

  Message queue software supported by OpenStack. An alternative to RabbitMQ. Also spelled 0MQ.

Zuul

  Tool used in OpenStack development to ensure correctly ordered testing of changes in parallel.

this page last updated: 2026-03-19 01:38:33

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